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Seibert H, Gulden M, Kolossa M, Schepers G. Evaluation of the Relevance of Selected In Vitro Toxicity Test Systems for Acute Systemic Toxicity. Altern Lab Anim 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/026119299202000211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Progress in the implementation of in vitro methods in testing procedures for non-genetic toxicity is limited by poor or missing validation of the various approaches. Many efforts have focused on determinations of general cytotoxicity in vitro using proliferating, non-differentiated cell lines. The aim of our present studies is to evaluate the relevance to acute systemic toxicity of three in vitro systems using differentiated mammalian cells (bovine spermatozoa, primary cultured rat hepatocytes, primary cultured rat skeletal muscle cells) and also one in vitro system which uses a continuous cell line (BALB/C 3T3 cells). This combination of in vitro systems covers various aspects of cellular toxicity and permits the determination of the intrinsic activity of chemicals with respect to general cytotoxicity, selective cytotoxicity and interference with selected cell-specific functions. In order to contribute to the establishment of a basis for the selection of methods to be included in test batteries in the future, we are contributing to the MEIC programme. In the present communication, results for the first ten chemicals of the MEIC list are presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasso Seibert
- Institute of Toxicology, University of Kiel, Brunswikerstrasse 10, D-2300 Kiel, Germany
| | - Michael Gulden
- Institute of Toxicology, University of Kiel, Brunswikerstrasse 10, D-2300 Kiel, Germany
| | - Marike Kolossa
- Institute of Toxicology, University of Kiel, Brunswikerstrasse 10, D-2300 Kiel, Germany
| | - Gabi Schepers
- Institute of Toxicology, University of Kiel, Brunswikerstrasse 10, D-2300 Kiel, Germany
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Potts RW, Gutierrez AP, Cortés-Araya Y, Houston RD, Bean TP. Developments in marine invertebrate primary culture reveal novel cell morphologies in the model bivalve Crassostrea gigas. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9180. [PMID: 32547861 PMCID: PMC7271890 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell culture provides useful model systems used in a wide range of biological applications, but its utility in marine invertebrates is limited due to the lack of immortalised cell lines. Primary cell and tissue cultures are typically used but remain poorly characterised for oysters, which can cause issues with experimental consistency and reproducibility. Improvements to methods of repeatable isolation, culture, and characterisation of oyster cells and tissues are required to help address these issues. In the current study, systematic improvements have been developed to facilitate the culture of primary cells from adult Pacific oyster tissues and identify novel cell morphologies that have not been reported previously. Cultures analysed by light microscopy, qPCR, and live cell imaging demonstrated maintenance of live, metabolically active Pacific oyster cells for several weeks post-explant. Interestingly, whole hearts dissected from adult oysters were found to continue contracting rhythmically up to 8 weeks after being transferred to a tissue culture system. Mantle tissue explants were also actively moving in the culture system. These improvements in primary cell culture of bivalves may be beneficial for research in ecotoxicology, virology, immunology, and genetic resistance to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W.A. Potts
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom,Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas) Weymouth Laboratory, Dorset, United Kingdom
| | - Alejandro P. Gutierrez
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Yennifer Cortés-Araya
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ross D. Houston
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Tim P. Bean
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Bremer S, Cortvrindt R, Daston G, Eletti B, Mantovani A, Maranghi F, Pelkonen O, Ruhdel I, Spielmann H. 3.11. Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity. Altern Lab Anim 2019; 33 Suppl 1:183-209. [PMID: 16194149 DOI: 10.1177/026119290503301s17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Bremer
- ECVAM, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, European Commission Joint Research Centre, 21020 Ispra (VA), Italy
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Gülden M, Seibert H, Voss JU. The use of cultured skeletal muscle cells in testing for acute systemic toxicity. Toxicol In Vitro 2012; 8:779-82. [PMID: 20693010 DOI: 10.1016/0887-2333(94)90066-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A test system using primary cultured, spontaneously contracting, rat skeletal muscle cells has been developed to detect chemical interactions with excitable membranes. Taking into account some basic toxicokinetic differences between the in vivo and in vitro conditions, results obtained with the first 30 MEIC reference chemicals were quantitatively compared with in vivo acute toxicity data. The results show that the muscle cell test system is suitable for use in acute toxicity assessment and, for instance, for toxicity classification of chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gülden
- Universität Kiel, Institut für Toxikologie, Zelltoxikologie, Weimarer Strasse 8, Haus 3, D-24106 Kiel, Germany
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Hupkes M, Jonsson MKB, Scheenen WJ, van Rotterdam W, Sotoca AM, van Someren EP, van der Heyden MAG, van Veen TA, van Ravestein-van Os RI, Bauerschmidt S, Piek E, Ypey DL, van Zoelen EJ, Dechering KJ. Epigenetics: DNA demethylation promotes skeletal myotube maturation. FASEB J 2011; 25:3861-72. [PMID: 21795504 DOI: 10.1096/fj.11-186122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal progenitor cells can be differentiated in vitro into myotubes that exhibit many characteristic features of primary mammalian skeletal muscle fibers. However, in general, they do not show the functional excitation-contraction coupling or the striated sarcomere arrangement typical of mature myofibers. Epigenetic modifications have been shown to play a key role in regulating the progressional changes in transcription necessary for muscle differentiation. In this study, we demonstrate that treatment of murine C2C12 mesenchymal progenitor cells with 10 μM of the DNA methylation inhibitor 5-azacytidine (5AC) promotes myogenesis, resulting in myotubes with enhanced maturity as compared to untreated myotubes. Specifically, 5AC treatment resulted in the up-regulation of muscle genes at the myoblast stage, while at later stages nearly 50% of the 5AC-treated myotubes displayed a mature, well-defined sarcomere organization, as well as spontaneous contractions that coincided with action potentials and intracellular calcium transients. Both the percentage of striated myotubes and their contractile activity could be inhibited by 20 nM TTX, 10 μM ryanodine, and 100 μM nifedipine, suggesting that action potential-induced calcium transients are responsible for these characteristics. Our data suggest that genomic demethylation induced by 5AC overcomes an epigenetic barrier that prevents untreated C2C12 myotubes from reaching full maturity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlinda Hupkes
- Department of Cell and Applied Biology, Faculty of Science, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Qu W, Zhao L, Peng X, Yang X, Ying C, Hao L, Sun X. Biphasic effects of chronic ethanol exposure on insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in primary cultured rat skeletal muscle cells: role of the Akt pathway and GLUT4. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2011; 27:47-53. [PMID: 21218507 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.1152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2010] [Revised: 09/09/2010] [Accepted: 10/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND mild or moderate chronic alcohol intake has been shown to be associated with increased insulin sensitivity, while chronic alcohol abuse demonstrates a contrary effect. The mechanism underlying this biphasic effect has not yet been clarified. We investigated whether chronic ethanol exposure mediates biphasic changes on insulin sensitivity and whether the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathway is involved in vitro. METHODS primary cultured rat skeletal muscle cells were exposed to ethanol (0-400 mM) for 24 h. Insulin sensitivity was assessed by the (3) H-labelled 2-deoxyglucose uptake assay. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, cytosol and cell membrane glucose transporter-4 (GLUT4), as well as the Akt phosphorylated form, were analyzed by Western blots. RESULTS biphasic effects of ethanol on insulin sensitivity were observed in primary cultured skeletal muscle cells in a dose-dependent manner. Compared with the untreated group, 50 and 100 mM concentrations of ethanol resulted in a significant increase in 2-deoxyglucose uptake by 29 and 28%, respectively, while higher concentrations of ethanol (200, 400 mM) showed a significant decrease in 2-deoxyglucose uptake by 28 and 47%, respectively. The changes in glucose transport activity were in line with the changes in Akt Ser473 phosphorylation and GLUT4 expression in an ethanol dose-dependent biphasic manner. The phosphorylation of Akt and GLUT4 protein contents were up-regulated after treatment with low concentrations of ethanol (50, 100 mM) and down-regulated with high concentrations of ethanol (200, 400 mM) for 24 h. CONCLUSION ethanol mediates biphasic changes on insulin sensitivity at least in part via the Akt pathway and GLUT4 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Qu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China
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Akasaka Y, Tsunoda M, Ide T, Murakami K. Chronic leptin treatment stimulates lipid oxidation in immortalized and primary mouse skeletal muscle cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2008; 1791:103-9. [PMID: 19103304 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2008.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2008] [Revised: 11/07/2008] [Accepted: 11/25/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Leptin administration enhances lipid oxidation in skeletal muscle. Nevertheless, direct and chronic effect of leptin has not been well characterized. Here, we measured the effect of leptin on skeletal muscles and their signaling pathways using differentiated C(2)C(12) myotubes and primary myotube cultures. Differentiated myotubes expressed both the short and long forms of leptin receptors. Leptin increased lipid oxidation in myotubes in a concentration- and time-dependent manner, with significant induction of lipid oxidation occurring after 6 h. Actinomycin D completely blocked leptin-induced lipid oxidation. Leptin significantly increased phosphorylation of JAK2 and STAT3 in myotubes, and leptin-induced lipid oxidation was abolished by treatment with a JAK2 inhibitor or STAT3 siRNA. We then used mouse myotubes to measure these effects under physiological conditions. Leptin increased lipid oxidation, which again was blocked by a JAK2 inhibitor and STAT3 siRNA. These results suggest that the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway may underlie the chronic effects of leptin on lipid oxidation in skeletal muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunike Akasaka
- Discovery Research Laboratories, Kyorin Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 2399-1 Nogi-machi, Shimotsuga-gun, Tochigi 329-0114, Japan
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Cytotoxic and non-cytotoxic effects of the MEIC reference chemicals on spontaneously contracting primary cultured rat skeletal muscle cells. Toxicol In Vitro 1996; 10:395-406. [DOI: 10.1016/0887-2333(96)00023-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/12/1996] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Gülden M, Seibert H, Voss JU. In vitro toxicity screening using cultured rat skeletal muscle cells. II. Agents affecting excitable membranes. Toxicol In Vitro 1994; 8:197-206. [DOI: 10.1016/0887-2333(94)90183-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/1993] [Revised: 05/19/1993] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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In vitro toxicity screening using cultured rat skeletal muscle cells. I. Surfactants and mitochondrial poisons. Toxicol In Vitro 1993; 7:25-34. [DOI: 10.1016/0887-2333(93)90109-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/1992] [Revised: 08/20/1992] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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11
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Jacobs AE, Benders AA, Oosterhof A, Veerkamp JH. Effects of growth medium, electrical stimulation and paralysis on various enzyme activities in cultured rat muscle cells. Comparison with activities in rat muscles in vivo. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1992; 24:751-8. [PMID: 1592150 DOI: 10.1016/0020-711x(92)90008-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
1. Replacement of fetal calf serum and chicken embryo extract by Ultroser G and rat brain extract during the proliferation phase resulted in a higher maturation grade of cultured rat muscle cells after 7 days of differentiation, on base of the percentage of the muscle specific isoenzyme of creatine kinase (CK-MM). 2. Furthermore, the activities of creatine kinase, citrate synthase, cytochrome c oxidase and hexokinase were significantly higher. 3. Compared to the enzyme activities in m. quadriceps of 10 day-old rat and m. quadriceps, m. soleus and m. extensor digitorum longus of young adult rats, the metabolic capacity of cultured myotubes most closely resembles that of the first muscle. 4. Paralysis with tetrodotoxin caused a slight decrease of the creatine kinase activity and the percentage of CK-MM of cultured myotubes and an increase of the activities of hexokinase, phosphorylase and AMP deaminase. 5. Electrical stimulation performed at different frequencies and time periods had no effect on the enzyme activities of cultured rat muscle cells. 6. Only the AMP deaminase activity was decreased after intense electrical stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Jacobs
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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12
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Gulden M, Finger J. Effects of the First Twenty MEIC Reference Chemicals on Viability, Glucose Consumption and Spontaneous Contractility of Primary Cultured Rat Skeletal Muscle Cells. Altern Lab Anim 1992. [DOI: 10.1177/026119299202000207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Primary cultured rat skeletal muscle cells were used to determine concentration-dependent effects of the first twenty MEIC chemicals on three endpoints, spontaneous contractility and viability after 1 and 24 hours, and glucose consumption during 24 hours of exposure. The contractions of cultured muscle cells depend on spontaneous electrical activity of the excitable cell membranes. The majority of the test compounds inhibited contractility at concentrations which affected neither viability nor glucose consumption. Most of these compounds are known to interact with excitable membranes in a site-specific or non-site-specific manner, thereby causing therapeutically intended or toxic effects. The results indicate that inhibition of spontaneous contractility of cultured skeletal muscle cells may reflect important non-cytotoxic biological activities of test chemicals which might be more relevant for their acute toxicity than cytotoxic action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Gulden
- Institute of Toxicology, University of Kiel, Brunswikerstrasse 10, D-2300 Kiel, Germany
| | - Jutta Finger
- Institute of Toxicology, University of Kiel, Brunswikerstrasse 10, D-2300 Kiel, Germany
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Funanage VL, Smith SM, Minnich MA. Entactin promotes adhesion and long-term maintenance of cultured regenerated skeletal myotubes. J Cell Physiol 1992; 150:251-7. [PMID: 1734030 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1041500205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The basal lamina protein, laminin, has been shown to promote migration and proliferation of cultured skeletal myoblasts, resulting in increased myotube formation. However, skeletal myotubes adhere poorly to a laminin substrate, and long-term cultures of skeletal myotubes on laminin have not been achieved. We have found that cultured satellite cells from bupivacaine-damaged rat skeletal muscle actively proliferate and differentiate on a diluted Matrigel substrate composed of laminin, type IV collagen, heparan sulfate proteoglycan, and entactin. Myotubes cultured on diluted Matrigel are contractile and have never been observed to detach from the culture dish; rather, myotubes generally atrophy after 2-3 weeks in culture. Antibodies directed against the various protein components of Matrigel were used to determine the role of each component in enhancing muscle differentiation. Anti-laminin impaired satellite cell adhesion, whereas antibodies against either type IV collagen or heparan sulfate proteoglycan had no effect. Anti-entactin did not inhibit attachment, proliferation, or fusion of cultured satellite cells; however, myotubes exposed to anti-entactin failed to adhere to the culture dish after spontaneous myotube contractions began. We conclude that entactin is responsible for long-term maintenance and maturation of contractile skeletal myotubes on a diluted Matrigel substrate. This is the first study to assign a biological function for entactin in myogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- V L Funanage
- Research Department, Alfred I. duPont Institute, Wilmington, Delaware 19899
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Gulden M, Burghoff C. Effects of Membrane Directed Neurotoxicants on the Contractile Activity of Cultured Skeletal Muscle Cells. Altern Lab Anim 1990. [DOI: 10.1177/026119299001700317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The effects of the sodium channel toxins saxitoxin, veratridine, deltamethrin and Anemonia sulcata toxin II on the spontaneous contractile activity of cultured rat skeletal muscle cells, were investigated. In addition, the influence of the external concentrations of K+ and Ca2+ ions was studied. The results indicate that the spontaneous contractility of cultured muscle cells is a suitable endpoint for assessing subtle alterations in the electrical properties of excitable membranes, and for quantifying in vitro the potency of neurotoxicants acting on the excitable membranes of nerve and muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Gulden
- Abteilung Toxikologie, Klinikum der Universität Kiel, Brunswikerstrasse 10, D-2300 Kiel, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Cordula Burghoff
- Abteilung Toxikologie, Klinikum der Universität Kiel, Brunswikerstrasse 10, D-2300 Kiel, Federal Republic of Germany
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Tesseraux I, Gülden M, Schumann G. Effects of toxin isolated from the sea anemone Bolocera tuediae on electrical properties of isolated rat skeletal muscle and cultured myotubes. Toxicon 1989; 27:201-10. [PMID: 2566207 DOI: 10.1016/0041-0101(89)90133-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Electrophysiological effects of a polypeptide toxin isolated from the sea anemone Bolocera tuediae (BTTX II) on isolated fast and slow rat skeletal muscle and on cultured rat myotubes are described in this paper. Nanomolar concentrations of BTTX II cause a concentration-dependent depolarization. This effect is prevented by the presence of tetrodotoxin. Action potential duration is prolonged in all preparations investigated, with the fast muscle being the least sensitive. The positive overshoot and the maximum rate of rise of the action potential is decreased by BTTX II. Cultured myotubes which are less susceptible to the sodium channel blocking activity of tetrodotoxin have the highest sensitivity to all actions of BTTX II. It is further shown that the proportion of spontaneously contracting myotubes is diminished and the frequency of contractions is increased by the toxin. The effects of Bolocera tuediae toxin II resemble those observed with Anemonia sulcata toxin II on mammalian skeletal muscle. From the results it is concluded, that BTTX II may interfere with both the activation and inactivation of sodium channels of the muscle membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Tesseraux
- Abteilung Toxikologie, Klinikum der Universität Kiel, Federal Republic of Germany
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