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Lira Pérez J, Rodríguez Vázquez R. Removal of orange G dye by Aspergillus niger and its effect on organic acid production. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2022:1-12. [PMID: 36527445 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2022.2153368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Azo dyes have been found in wastewater from textile industries. These compounds continuously persist in the environment for long periods of time and may be toxic for living beings. An alternative treatment for dye removal that has proven to be effective is aerobic treatment with fungi. In this study, Aspergillus niger was investigated as a mechanism to remove orange G (OG). Removal of 200 mg/L of OG by A. niger biomass was carried out in solid and liquid medium, which showed a positive correlation between A. niger growth and dye removal. In liquid media what was proved is that the efficiency of OG removal by A. niger depends on its concentration; at 200 mg/L of OG remove by degradation and at 400 mg/L by processes as sorption and degradation. During OG removal, the generation of organic acids by A. niger was modified compared to constitutive generation, one of the modifications was the increase of gluconic acid production and the decrease of acids involved in the Krebs cycle, as well as the null detection of oxalic acid. The monitoring of organic acids by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was important because some of them have been linked to dye removal.
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Mycoremediation Through Redox Mechanisms of Organic Pollutants. Fungal Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-54422-5_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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3
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Hong H, Seo H, Park W, Kim KJ. Sequence, structure and function-based classification of the broadly conserved FAH superfamily reveals two distinct fumarylpyruvate hydrolase subfamilies. Environ Microbiol 2019; 22:270-285. [PMID: 31657110 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (FAH) superfamily proteins are found ubiquitously in microbial pathways involved in the catabolism of aromatic substances. Although extensive bioinformatic data on these proteins have been acquired, confusion caused by problems with the annotation of these proteins hinders research into determining their physiological functions. Here we classify 606 FAH superfamily proteins using a maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic tree, comparative gene-neighbourhood patterns and in vitro enzyme assays. The FAH superfamily proteins used for the analyses are divided into five distinct subfamilies, and two of them, FPH-A and FPH-B, contain the majority of the proteins of undefined function. These subfamilies include clusters designated FPH-I and FPH-II, respectively, which include two distinct types of fumarylpyruvate hydrolase (FPH), an enzyme involved in the final step of the gentisate pathway. We determined the crystal structures of these FPH enzymes at 2.0 Å resolutions and investigate the substrate binding mode by which these types of enzymes can accommodate fumarylpyruvate as a substrate. Consequentially, we identify the molecular signatures of the two types of FPH enzymes among the broadly conserved FAH superfamily proteins. Our studies allowed us to predict the relationship of unknown FAH superfamily proteins using their sequence information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwaseok Hong
- Structural and Molecular Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702701, Republic of Korea.,KNU Institute for Microorganisms, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hogyun Seo
- Structural and Molecular Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702701, Republic of Korea.,KNU Institute for Microorganisms, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702701, Republic of Korea
| | - Woojin Park
- Structural and Molecular Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702701, Republic of Korea.,KNU Institute for Microorganisms, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702701, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Jin Kim
- Structural and Molecular Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702701, Republic of Korea.,KNU Institute for Microorganisms, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702701, Republic of Korea
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4
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Agrawal N, Verma P, Shahi SK. Degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (phenanthrene and pyrene) by the ligninolytic fungi Ganoderma lucidum isolated from the hardwood stump. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2018. [DOI: 10.1186/s40643-018-0197-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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5
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Zafra G, Absalón ÁE, Anducho-Reyes MÁ, Fernandez FJ, Cortés-Espinosa DV. Construction of PAH-degrading mixed microbial consortia by induced selection in soil. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 172:120-126. [PMID: 28063314 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Bioremediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)-contaminated soils through the biostimulation and bioaugmentation processes can be a strategy for the clean-up of oil spills and environmental accidents. In this work, an induced microbial selection method using PAH-polluted soils was successfully used to construct two microbial consortia exhibiting high degradation levels of low and high molecular weight PAHs. Six fungal and seven bacterial native strains were used to construct mixed consortia with the ability to tolerate high amounts of phenanthrene (Phe), pyrene (Pyr) and benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) and utilize these compounds as a sole carbon source. In addition, we used two engineered PAH-degrading fungal strains producing heterologous ligninolytic enzymes. After a previous selection using microbial antagonism tests, the selection was performed in microcosm systems and monitored using PCR-DGGE, CO2 evolution and PAH quantitation. The resulting consortia (i.e., C1 and C2) were able to degrade up to 92% of Phe, 64% of Pyr and 65% of BaP out of 1000 mg kg-1 of a mixture of Phe, Pyr and BaP (1:1:1) after a two-week incubation. The results indicate that constructed microbial consortia have high potential for soil bioremediation by bioaugmentation and biostimulation and may be effective for the treatment of sites polluted with PAHs due to their elevated tolerance to aromatic compounds, their capacity to utilize them as energy source.
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Affiliation(s)
- German Zafra
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Aplicada, Carretera Estatal San Inés Tecuexcomac-Tepetitla Km 1.5, C.P. 90700, Tepetitla de Lardizabal, Tlaxcala, Mexico
| | - Ángel E Absalón
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Aplicada, Carretera Estatal San Inés Tecuexcomac-Tepetitla Km 1.5, C.P. 90700, Tepetitla de Lardizabal, Tlaxcala, Mexico
| | - Miguel Ángel Anducho-Reyes
- Universidad Politécnica de Pachuca, Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular, Carretera Pachuca-Cd, Sahagún, Km 20, Ex-Hacienda de Santa Bárbara, Zempoala, Hidalgo, Mexico
| | - Francisco J Fernandez
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco 186, Vicentina, C.P. 09340, México, D.F., Mexico
| | - Diana V Cortés-Espinosa
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Aplicada, Carretera Estatal San Inés Tecuexcomac-Tepetitla Km 1.5, C.P. 90700, Tepetitla de Lardizabal, Tlaxcala, Mexico.
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6
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TODOROKI K, YANAGO K, YOSHIDA H, NOHTA H, YAMAGUCHI M. Selective HPLC Analysis of Polycylic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Using Exciplex Fluorescence Phenomenon. BUNSEKI KAGAKU 2016. [DOI: 10.2116/bunsekikagaku.65.729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Keiko YANAGO
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University
| | | | - Hitoshi NOHTA
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University
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7
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Mycoremediation with mycotoxin producers: a critical perspective. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 100:17-29. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-7032-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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8
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Parshikov IA, Woodling KA, Sutherland JB. Biotransformations of organic compounds mediated by cultures of Aspergillus niger. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:6971-86. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6765-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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9
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Zafra G, Absalón AE, Cortés-Espinosa DV. Morphological changes and growth of filamentous fungi in the presence of high concentrations of PAHs. Braz J Microbiol 2015; 46:937-41. [PMID: 26413081 PMCID: PMC4568862 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-838246320140575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated the effect of low and high molecular weight polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), i.e., Phenanthrene, Pyrene and
Benzo[a]pyrene, on the radial growth and morphology of the PAH-degrading fungal
strains Aspergillus nomius H7 and Trichoderma
asperellum H15. The presence of PAHs in solid medium produced significant
detrimental effects on the radial growth of A. nomius H7 at 4,000
and 6,000 mg L−1 and changes in mycelium pigmentation, abundance and
sporulation ability at 1,000–6,000 mg L−1. In contrast, the radial growth
of T. asperellum H15 was not affected at any of the doses tested,
although sporulation was observed only up to 4,000 mg L−1 and as with the
H7 strain, some visible changes in sporulation patterns and mycelium pigmentation
were observed. Our results suggest that fungal strains exposed to high doses of PAHs
significantly vary in their growth rates and sporulation characteristics in response
to the physiological and defense mechanisms that affect both pigment production and
conidiation processes. This finding is relevant for obtaining a better understanding
of fungal adaptation in PAH-polluted environments and for developing and implementing
adequate strategies for the remediation of contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- German Zafra
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Aplicada, Tlaxcala, México
| | - Angel E Absalón
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Aplicada, Tlaxcala, México
| | - Diana V Cortés-Espinosa
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Aplicada, Tlaxcala, México
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10
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Martins TM, Núñez O, Gallart-Ayala H, Leitão MC, Galceran MT, Silva Pereira C. New branches in the degradation pathway of monochlorocatechols by Aspergillus nidulans: a metabolomics analysis. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2014; 268:264-72. [PMID: 24509097 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/05/2014] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
A collective view of the degradation of monochlorocatechols in fungi is yet to be attained, though these compounds are recognised as key degradation intermediates of numerous chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons, including monochlorophenols. In the present contribution we have analysed the degradation pathways of monochlorophenols in Aspergillus nidulans using essentially metabolomics. Degradation intermediates herein identified included those commonly reported (e.g. 3-chloro-cis,cis-muconate) but also compounds never reported before in fungi revealing for 4-chlorocatechol and for 3-chlorocatechol unknown degradation paths yielding 3-chlorodienelactone and catechol, respectively. A different 3-chlorocatechol degradation path led to accumulation of 2-chloromuconates (a potential dead-end), notwithstanding preliminary evidence of chloromuconolactones and protoanemonin simultaneous formation. In addition, some transformation intermediates, of which sulfate conjugates of mono-chlorophenols/chlorocatechols were the most common, were also identified. This study provides critical information for understanding the role of fungi in the degradation of chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons; furthering their utility in the development of innovative bioremediation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago M Martins
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Oscar Núñez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 645, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hector Gallart-Ayala
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 645, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Cristina Leitão
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Maria Teresa Galceran
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 645, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Silva Pereira
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal.
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11
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López-Moreno A, Clemente-Tejeda D, Calbo J, Naeimi A, Bermejo FA, Ortí E, Pérez EM. Biomimetic oxidation of pyrene and related aromatic hydrocarbons. Unexpected electron accepting abilities of pyrenequinones. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:9372-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc04026k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
We present a mild catalytic method to oxidize PAHs and, in particular, pyrene, and we characterize the electron accepting abilities of pyrenequinones both in gas phase and in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Clemente-Tejeda
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas. Pza. de los Caídos 1-5
- Salamanca, Spain
| | - Joaquín Calbo
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular
- Universidad de Valencia
- E-46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Atena Naeimi
- IMDEA Nanoscience
- C/Faraday 9
- Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco
- Madrid, Spain
- University of Jiroft
| | - Francisco A. Bermejo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas. Pza. de los Caídos 1-5
- Salamanca, Spain
| | - Enrique Ortí
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular
- Universidad de Valencia
- E-46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Emilio M. Pérez
- IMDEA Nanoscience
- C/Faraday 9
- Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco
- Madrid, Spain
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12
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Rafin C, de Foucault B, Veignie E. Exploring micromycetes biodiversity for screening benzo[a]pyrene degrading potential. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 20:3280-3289. [PMID: 23093417 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-012-1255-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Twenty-five strains of filamentous fungi, encompassing 14 different species and belonging mainly to Ascomycetes, were tested for their ability to degrade benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) in mineral liquid medium. The most performing isolates for BaP degradation (200 mg l(-1)) in mineral medium were Cladosporium sphaerospermum with 29 % BaP degradation, i.e., 82.8 μg BaP degraded per day (day(-1)), Paecilomyces lilacinus with 20.5 % BaP degradation, i.e., 58.5 μg BaP day(-1), and Verticillium insectorum with 22.3 % BaP degradation, i.e., 64.3 μg BaP day(-1), after only 7 days of incubation. Four variables, e.g., biomass growth on hexadecane and glucose, BaP solubilization, activities of extracellular- and mycelium-associated peroxidase, and polyethylene glycol degradation, were also studied as selective criteria presumed to be involved in BaP degradation. Among these variables, the tests based on polyethylene glycol degradation and on fungal growth on hexadecane and glucose seemed to be the both pertinent criteria for setting apart isolates competent in BaP degradation, suggesting the occurrence of different mechanisms presumed to be involved in pollutant degradation among the studied micromycetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Rafin
- Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur Vivant, Dunkerque 59140, France.
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Amezcua-Allieri MA, Ávila-Chávez MA, Trejo A, Meléndez-Estrada J. Removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from soil: a comparison between bioremoval and supercritical fluids extraction. CHEMOSPHERE 2012; 86:985-93. [PMID: 22197016 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Revised: 11/12/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are carcinogenic substances which are resistant to environmental degradation due to their highly hydrophobic nature. Soils contaminated with PAHs pose potential risks to human and ecological health, therefore concern over their adverse effects have resulted in extensive studies on their removal from contaminated soils. The main purpose of this study was to compare experimental results of PAHs removal, from a natural certified soil polluted with PAHs, by biological methods (using bioaugmentation and biostimulation in a solid-state culture) with those from supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), using supercritical ethane as solvent. The comparison of results between the two methods showed that maximal removal of naphthalene, acenaphthene, fluorene, and chrysene was performed using bioremediation; however, for the rest of the PAHs considered (fluoranthene, pyrene, and benz(a)anthracene) SFE resulted more efficient. Although bioremediation achieved higher removal ratios for certain hydrocarbons and takes advantage of the increased rate of natural biological processes, it takes longer time (i.e. 36 d vs. half an hour) than SFE and it is best for 2-3 PAHs rings.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Amezcua-Allieri
- Instituto Mexicano del Petróleo, Eje Central Lázaro Cárdenas Norte 152, 07730 México, DF, Mexico.
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14
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Guennoun Z, Aupetit C, Mascetti J. Photochemistry of Pyrene with Water at Low Temperature: Study of Atmospherical and Astrochemical Interest. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:1844-52. [DOI: 10.1021/jp108713n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zohra Guennoun
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, Université de Bordeaux, UMR 5255 CNRS 351, Cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence cedex, France
| | - Christian Aupetit
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, Université de Bordeaux, UMR 5255 CNRS 351, Cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence cedex, France
| | - Joëlle Mascetti
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, Université de Bordeaux, UMR 5255 CNRS 351, Cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence cedex, France
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15
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Zhu L, Lu L, Zhang D. Mitigation and remediation technologies for organic contaminated soils. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11783-010-0253-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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16
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Bezalel L, Hadar Y, Fu PP, Freeman JP, Cerniglia CE. Initial Oxidation Products in the Metabolism of Pyrene, Anthracene, Fluorene, and Dibenzothiophene by the White Rot Fungus Pleurotus ostreatus. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 62:2554-9. [PMID: 16535361 PMCID: PMC1388899 DOI: 10.1128/aem.62.7.2554-2559.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The initial metabolites in the degradation of pyrene, anthracene, fluorene, and dibenzothiophene by Pleurotus ostreatus were isolated by high-pressure liquid chromatography and characterized by UV-visible, gas-chromatographic, mass-spectrometric, and (sup1)H nuclear magnetic resonance spectral techniques. The metabolites from pyrene, dibenzothiophene, anthracene, and fluorene amounted to 45, 84, 64, and 96% of the total organic-solvent-extractable metabolites, respectively. Pyrene was metabolized predominantly to pyrene trans-4,5-dihydrodiol. Anthracene was metabolized predominantly to anthracene trans-1,2-dihydrodiol and 9,10-anthraquinone. In contrast, fluorene and dibenzothiophene were oxidized at the aliphatic bridges instead of the aromatic rings. Fluorene was oxidized to 9-fluorenol and 9-fluorenone; dibenzothiophene was oxidized to the sulfoxide and sulfone. Circular dichroism spectroscopy revealed that the major enantiomer of anthracene trans-1,2-dihydrodiol was predominantly in the S,S configuration and the major enantiomer of the pyrene trans-4,5-dihydrodiol was predominantly R,R. These results indicate that the white rot fungus P. ostreatus initially metabolizes polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by reactions similar to those previously reported for nonligninolytic fungi. However, P. ostreatus, in contrast to nonligninolytic fungi, can mineralize these polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The identity of the dihydrodiol metabolites implicates a cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase mechanism.
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17
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Schmidt SN, Christensen JH, Johnsen AR. Fungal PAH-metabolites resist mineralization by soil microorganisms. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2010; 44:1677-1682. [PMID: 20136075 DOI: 10.1021/es903415t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the mineralization of water-soluble polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) metabolites produced by the soil fungus Cunninghamella elegans. Eleven soil fungi were screened for their ability to metabolize (14)C-phenanthrene, (14)C-fluoranthene, and (14)C-pyrene into water-soluble compounds. Eight fungi produced water-soluble metabolites from all or some of the PAHs. The composition of the water-soluble PAH-metabolites from the most effective solubilizer C. elegans was analyzed by an ultraperformance liquid chromatograph interfaced to a quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Thirty-eight metabolites were detected. All of 34 identified metabolites were sulfate-conjugated. The mineralization of (14)C-metabolites, produced by C. elegans, was compared to mineralization of the parent (14)C-PAHs in soil slurries. It was hypothesized that the increased bioavailability and metabolic activation of the metabolites would increase mineralization in soil slurries compared to mineralization of the parent PAHs. Unexpectedly, the mineralization of the (14)C-metabolites was in all cases extremely slow compared to the mineralization of the parent (14)C-PAHs. Slow (14)C-metabolite mineralization was not caused by metabolite toxicity, neither was cometabolic mineralization of (14)C-metabolites stimulated by the presence of active PAH-degraders. High water solubility, low lipophilicity, and extremely slow mineralization of the metabolites indicate a potential problem of leaching of fungal PAH-metabolites to the groundwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine N Schmidt
- Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Department of Geochemistry, Øster Voldgade 10, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark
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18
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Izcapa-Treviño C, Loera O, Tomasini-Campocosio A, Esparza-García F, Salazar-Montoya JA, Díaz-Cervantes MD, Rodríguez-Vázquez R. Fenton (H2O2/Fe) reaction involved in Penicillium sp. culture for DDT [1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane)] degradation. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2009; 44:798-804. [PMID: 20183092 DOI: 10.1080/03601230903238368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this work was to demonstrate that a Fenton (H(2)O(2)/Fe) reaction was involved in DDT [1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane)] degradation in a culture of Penicillium sp. spiked with FeSO(4). A commercial DDT mixture (10% DDE [1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene], 30% o,p-DDT and 60% of p,p' -DDT) of 10 mg L(-1) was used. Hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), tartaric acid and oxalic acid were identified at 18 h in culture media, with and without added DDT; this correlated positively with lowering of pH from 5.8 to 2.7. Lower concentrations of oxalic acid and H(2)O(2) (7.9 and 52.6 mg L(-1), respectively) occurred in media with DDT at 30 h, in comparison to that one without DDT mixture (27.9 and 65.3 mg L(-1), respectively), at this time there was maximum degradation (87.7, 91.7 and 94.2%) for DDE, o,p-DDT and p,p'-DDT, respectively. We propose that the degradation of the DDT mixture by Penicillium sp. was through a Fenton reaction (H(2)O(2)/Fe) under acidic conditions produced in situ during the fungal culture amended with FeSO(4).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Izcapa-Treviño
- Departament of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Center of Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute, México
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Beach DG, Quilliam MA, Hellou J. Analysis of pyrene metabolites in marine snails by liquid chromatography using fluorescence and mass spectrometry detection. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:2142-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2009] [Revised: 06/03/2009] [Accepted: 06/05/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Mori Y, Shinoda H, Nakano T, Takasu R, Kitagawa T. Laser-induced formation of pyrenyloxy radical from 1-hydoxypyrene and further oxidation: Micellar effects. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2006.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Cortés-Espinosa DV, Fernández-Perrino FJ, Arana-Cuenca A, Esparza-García F, Loera O, Rodríguez-Vázquez R. Selection and identification of fungi isolated from sugarcane bagasse and their application for phenanthrene removal from soil. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2006; 41:475-86. [PMID: 16484077 DOI: 10.1080/10934520500428351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
This work investigated the identification and selection of fungi isolated from sugarcane bagasse and their application for phenanthrene (Phe) removal from soil. Fungi were identified by PCR amplification of ITS regions as Aspergillus terrus, Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus niger, Penicillium glabrum and Cladosporium cladosporioides. A primary selection of fungi was accomplished in plate, considering Phe tolerance of every strain in two different media: potato dextrose agar (PDA) and mineral medium (MM). The radial extension rate (r(r)) in PDA exhibited significant differences (p<0.05) at 200 and 400 ppm of Phe. A secondary selection of A. niger, C. cladosporoides, and P. glabrum sp. was achieved based on their tolerance to 200, 400, 600 and 800 ppm of Phe, in solid culture at a sugarcane bagasse/contaminated soil ratio of 95:5, in Toyamas, Czapeck and Wunder media. Under these conditions, a maximum (70%) Phe removal by A. niger was obtained. In addition C. cladosporioides and A. niger were able to remove high (800 ppm) Phe concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- D V Cortés-Espinosa
- Depto. de Biotecnología y Bioingeniería, Centro de Investigaciín y de Estudios Avanzados del I.P.N., San Pedro Zacatenco, México
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Amezcua-Allieri MA, Lead JR, Rodríguez-Vázquez R. Impact of microbial activity on copper, lead and nickel mobilization during the bioremediation of soil PAHs. CHEMOSPHERE 2005; 61:484-91. [PMID: 16202802 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2004] [Revised: 02/25/2005] [Accepted: 03/07/2005] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
A fungal bioremediation method using P. frequentans removed up to 75% of phenanthrene with the addition of water and nutrients over a period of 30 d. During the bioremediation process, changes in metal behavior were monitored by an in situ technique (diffusive gradients in thin-films, DGT) and by soil solution chemistry. DGT provided absolute data on fluxes from the solid phase to the DGT device and relative trends of concentrations of the most labile metal species. DGT response indicated that bioremediation increases metal mobilization from the solid phase. Filtration provided data on the concentrations of solution phase (<0.45 microm) metal. In all case, metal fluxes and concentrations significantly increased after the bioremediation process began. Fluxes increased from <0.1 pg cm(-2)s(-1) before bioremediation to between 0.2 and 0.5 pg cm(-2)s(-1) after bioremediation. Metal concentrations in the soils solution (filtration at 0.45 microm) increased from 2 to 10 microg l(-1) (Cu), 1-4 microgl(-1) (Pb) and from 40 to 140 microg l(-1) (Ni) after bioremediation. Although over a short time period, these data strongly indicated that there was remobilization of metal from solid to solution (and thus to the DGT device) directly due to the bioremediation process. Although the mechanism was not unambiguously identified, it was shown not to be related to small changes in bulk pH over time and was attributed to the microbial action on the surface of the soil solid phase, releasing metal into solution. Additionally, differences in metal concentration and flux were observed in sterilized and non-sterilized soils and in the absence or presence of phenanthrene. The results indicated that the bioremediation of soil by P. frequentans increased the flux, lability and mobility of trace metal species and therefore the likely metal bioavailability to plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam A Amezcua-Allieri
- Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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Salvo VS, Gallizia I, Moreno M, Fabiano M. Fungal communities in PAH-impacted sediments of Genoa-Voltri Harbour (NW Mediterranean, Italy). MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2005; 50:553-9. [PMID: 15907497 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2005.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Organic matter (in terms of carbohydrates and proteins), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and bacterial density were investigated in the sediments of three stations in Genoa-Voltri Harbour (NW Mediterranean), and related to the sedimentary fungal community. Sites were significantly different in all investigated parameters (ANOVA, p<0.05), and a sharp gradient of impact in the area was found. All the 81 strains of filamentous fungi isolated, belonging to 7 genera, appeared to be linked with PAHs (p<0.05; r=0.95), whereas bacterial density was positively correlated with organic matter content (p<0.05; r=0.98). Within the fungal community, strains with a high capability to degrade xenobiotics were found. Among the genera identified, Penicillium, Mucor and Cladosporium showed the highest frequency in the sites where the heaviest concentrations of PAHs were recorded. This study suggests that fungal communities are important for in situ degradation of xenobiotics in impacted sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- V S Salvo
- Dipartimento per lo Studio del Territorio e delle sue Risorse (DIP.TE.RIS.), Università di Genova, C. so Europa 26, Genova 16132, Italy.
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Kuhn A, Ballach HJ, Wittig R. Studies in the biodegradation of 5 PAHs (phenanthrene, pyrene, fluoranthene, chrysene und benzo(a)pyrene) in the presence of rooted poplar cuttings. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2004; 11:22-32. [PMID: 15005137 DOI: 10.1065/espr2003.11.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Cuttings of Populus nigra L. cv. Loenen were cultivated in sand treated with one of the following PAHs: phenanthrene (Phen), fluoranthene (Flt), pyrene (Pyr), chrysene (Chr) and benzo[a]pyrene (BaP). The PAHs were applied at varying levels of concentration to each test series. After 6 weeks the concentration and the distribution of the PAHs in the substrate of the various sets of tests were compared with the concentration in the substrate of the control. Additionally the substrate and the plant roots were tested for evidence of degradation products of PAHs. The results revealed that the levels of concentration of Phen and Pyr detected in the substrate surrounding the roots was in some cases significantly lower than in the corresponding section of substrate in the unplanted set (= control). This phenomenon did not occur for Flt and BaP and in the case of Chr only in those substrates, which had been treated with the highest levels of concentration. As the presence of lesser amounts of Phen and Pyr in the plant pots cannot only be attributed to their accumulation and metabolism in the roots, it is fair to assume that the chemical transformation of these three PAHs took place outside the roots. The set of tests treated with Phen revealed the presence of 2- or 3-hydroxy-Phen (main components), a hydroxy-methoxy-Phen, 9,10-Phenanthrenequinone and one unidentified compound in metabolite form. Altogether eleven metabolites of Pyr were identified in the root extracts, which can be divided into three groups: 1-Hydroxy-Pyr and derivatives, dihydroxy-Pyr and derivatives and ring fission products (4-Hydroxy-Pyr and a derivative of the 4-Phen-carbonic acid). However, the metabolite mass detected for Phen and Pyr represents only an insignificant percentage in comparison with the lesser amounts of PAHs observed in the planted set of tests. This indicates that the three PAHs were reduced to lower molecular compounds, which are methodically impossible to record, and subsequently translocated to other parts of the plant and integrated into the biomass. Although no lesser amount for Flt and BaP was found in the plant pots, 1-Hydroxy-Flt, an unidentified compound of Flt and 1-Methoxy-BaP were detected. These are presumably end products which were enhanced in the roots. It was not possible to identify any transformation products of Chr. It can be assumed that the majority of metabolites were not synthesised in the roots but are a result of microbial degradation in the rhizosphere. The test plants improved the conditions for the biotransformation of Phen and Pyr significantly and accumulated Flt, Pyr, Chr and BaP in their roots. It can therefore be concluded that the use of plants in the bioremediation of contaminated soils is a promising option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achim Kuhn
- Dept. of Ecology and Geobotany, Botanical Institute, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Siesmayerstrasse 70, D-60323 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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Chávez-Gómez B, Quintero R, Esparza-García F, Mesta-Howard AM, Zavala Díaz de la Serna FJ, Hernández-Rodríguez CH, Gillén T, Poggi-Varaldo HM, Barrera-Cortés J, Rodríguez-Vázquez R. Removal of phenanthrene from soil by co-cultures of bacteria and fungi pregrown on sugarcane bagasse pith. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2003; 89:177-183. [PMID: 12699938 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-8524(03)00037-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Sixteen co-cultures composed of four bacteria and four fungi grown on sugarcane bagasse pith were tested for phenanthrene degradation in soil. The four bacteria were identified as Pseudomonas aeruginose, Ralstonia pickettii, Pseudomonas sp. and Pseudomonas cepacea. The four fungi were identified as: Penicillium sp., Trichoderma viride, Alternaria tenuis and Aspergillus terrus that were previously isolated from different hydrocarbon-contaminated soils. Fungi had a statistically significant positive (0.0001<p) effect on phenanthrene removal, that ranged from 35% to 50% and bacteria removed the compound by an order of 20%. Co-cultures B. cepacea-Penicillium sp., R. pickettii-Penicillium sp., and P. aeruginose-Penicillium sp. exhibited synergism for phenanthrene removal, reaching 72.84+/-3.85%, 73.61+/-6.38% and 69.47+/-4.91%; in 18 days, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Chávez-Gómez
- Depto. Biotecnología y Bioingeniería, CINVESTAV-IPN, Av Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, AP 14-740, Col, CP 07360, Zacatenco, Mexico D F
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Ballach HJ, Kuhn A, Wittig R. Biodegradation of anthracene in the roots and growth substrate of poplar cuttings. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2003; 10:308-316. [PMID: 14535645 DOI: 10.1065/espr2003.04.150.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Following their exposure to anthracene, the roots of Populus nigra L. Loenen showed traces of 9 substances classed as products of biodegradation. The main substances detected were phthalic acid and 9,10-anthraquinone, followed by hydroxyanthracene and methoxyanthracene and five other compounds which could not be identified. Due to the relatively low concentration of degradation products found in the roots, further degradation to lower molecular compounds are discussed. The presence of 9,10-anthraquinone as the main product of the degradation of anthracene was also evident in the control tests with unplanted sandy substrate, although the content was higher in the planted series of tests. As a non-sterile approach was chosen, it may be assumed that a microbial degradation for 9,10-anthraquinone took place in the control series. However, it is difficult to differentiate clearly between a microbial degradation of anthracene in the substrate and metabolization in the roots due in part to the absence of specific degradation products in the various reaction areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Joachim Ballach
- Department of Ecology and Geobotany, Botanical Institute, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Siesmayerstrasse 70, D-60323 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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Romero MC, Salvioli ML, Cazau MC, Arambarri AM. Pyrene degradation by yeasts and filamentous fungi. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2002; 117:159-163. [PMID: 11843531 DOI: 10.1016/s0269-7491(01)00143-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The saprotrophic soil fungi Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc., Cylindrocarpon didymum (Hartig) Wollenw, Penicillium variabile Sopp. and the yeasts Rhodotorula glutinis (Fresenius) Harrison and Rhodotorula minuta (Saito) Harrison were cultured in mineral medium with pyrene. The remaining pyrene concentrations were periodically determined during 20 incubation days, using HPLC. To assess the metabolism of pyrene degradation we added 0.1 microCi of [4,5,9,10] 14C-pyrene to each fungi culture and measured the radioactivity in the volatile organic substances, extractable, aqueous phase, biomass and 14CO2 fractions. The assays demonstrated that F. solani and R. glutinis metabolized pyrene as a sole source of carbon. Differences in their activities at the beginning of the cultures disappeared by the end of the experiment, when 32 and 37% of the original pyrene concentration was detected, for the soil fungi and yeasts, respectively. Among the filamentous fungi, F. solani was highly active and oxidized pyrene; moreover, small but significant degradation rates were observed in C. didymum and P. variahile cultures. An increase in the 14CO2 evolution was observed at the 17th day with cosubstrate. R. glutinis and R. minuta cultures showed similar ability to biotransform pyrene, and that 35% of the initial concentration was consumed at the end of the assay. The same results were obtained in the experiments with or without glucose as cosubstrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cristina Romero
- Instituto Spegazzini Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina.
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Giraud F, Guiraud P, Kadri M, Blake G, Steiman R. Biodegradation of anthracene and fluoranthene by fungi isolated from an experimental constructed wetland for wastewater treatment. WATER RESEARCH 2001; 35:4126-4136. [PMID: 11791842 DOI: 10.1016/s0043-1354(01)00137-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Pilot-scale constructed wetlands were used to treat water contaminated by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), particularly fluoranthene, and the possible role of fungi present in these ecosystems was investigated. A total of 40 fungal species (24 genera) were isolated and identified from samples (gravel and sediments) from a contaminated wetland and a control wetland. All of them were assayed for their ability to remove anthracene (AC) and fluoranthene (FA) from liquid medium. FA was degraded efficiently by 33 species while only 2 species were able to remove AC over 70%. A selection of 10 strains of micromycetes belonging to various taxonomic groups was further investigated for FA and AC degradation, toxicity assays and phenoloxidases (POx) detection. Interesting and not previously reported species were revealed (Absidia cylindrospora, Cladosporium sphaerospermum, and Ulocladium chartarum). They were all able to highly degrade the PAH-model compounds chosen. An interesting inducibility was noted for Ulocladium chartarum. Degradative ability of fungi was not related to their extracellular POx activity. This study may contribute to the improvement of constructed wetlands for water treatment, which may be enriched in efficient fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Giraud
- EA 2945, Environnement-Santé/GEDEXE, UFR de Pharmacie Grenoble, Université Joseph Fourier, Meylan, France
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Abstract
Micromycetes were isolated from PAHS-contaminated sediment and identified. They were investigated for pyrene degradation (10 mg l-1) in liquid synthetic medium for two days. Among the 41 strains isolated, 10 highly degraded pyrene (> 2.4 mg g-1 dry weight): two Zygomycetes (Mucor racemosus, M. racemosus var. sphaerosporus), 6 Deuteromycetes (Gliocladium virens, Penicillium simplicissimum, P. janthinellum, Phialophora alba, P. hoffmannii, Trichoderma harzianum), a Dematiaceae (Scopulariopsis brumptii) and a Sphaeropsidale (Coniothyrium fuckelii). Zygomycetes appeared as one of the most efficient taxonomic groups, especially with Mucor racemosus. Penicillium crustosum was the only strain that did not degrade pyrene. Among the 10 fungi which were performant for pyrene degradation, nine were not yet reported in the literature and showed a real value for PAH remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ravelet
- Laboratoire de Botanique, Cryptogamie, Biologie Cellulaire et Génétique, UFR de Pharmacie de Grenoble, Université J. Fourier, Meylan, France
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April TM, Foght JM, Currah RS. Hydrocarbon-degrading filamentous fungi isolated from flare pit soils in northern and western Canada. Can J Microbiol 1999. [DOI: 10.1139/w99-117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Sixty-four species of filamentous fungi from five flare pits in northern and western Canada were tested for their ability to degrade crude oil using gas chromatographic analysis of residual hydrocarbons following incubation. Nine isolates were tested further using radiorespirometry to determine the extent of mineralization of model radiolabelled aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons dissolved in crude oil. Hydrocarbon biodegradation capability was observed in species representing six orders of the Ascomycota. Gas chromatography indicated that species capable of hydrocarbon degradation attacked compounds within the aliphatic fraction of crude oil, n-C12- n-C26; degradation of compounds within the aromatic fraction was not observed. Radiorespirometry, using n-[1-14C]hexadecane and [9-14C]phenanthrene, confirmed the gas chromatographic results and verified that aliphatic compounds were being mineralized, not simply transformed to intermediate metabolites. This study shows that filamentous fungi may play an integral role in the in situ biodegradation of aliphatic pollutants in flare pit soils.Key words: bioremediation, filamentous fungi, flare pits, hydrocarbon degradation, petroleum.
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van den Brink HM, van Gorcom RF, van den Hondel CA, Punt PJ. Cytochrome P450 enzyme systems in fungi. Fungal Genet Biol 1998; 23:1-17. [PMID: 9501474 DOI: 10.1006/fgbi.1997.1021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The involvement of cytochrome P450 enzymes in many complex fungal bioconversion processes has been characterized in recent years. Accordingly, there is now considerable scientific interest in fungal cytochrome P450 enzyme systems. In contrast to S. cerevisiae, where surprisingly few P450 genes have been identified, biochemical data suggest that many fungi possess numerous P450 genes. This review summarizes the current information pertaining to these fungal cytochrome P450 systems, with emphasis on the molecular genetics. The use of molecular techniques to improve cytochrome P450 activities in fungi is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M van den Brink
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Gene Technology, TNO Nutrition and Food Research Institute, Zeist, The Netherlands
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Sack U, Heinze TM, Deck J, Cerniglia CE, Martens R, Zadrazil F, Fritsche W. Comparison of phenanthrene and pyrene degradation by different wood-decaying fungi. Appl Environ Microbiol 1997; 63:3919-25. [PMID: 9327556 PMCID: PMC168703 DOI: 10.1128/aem.63.10.3919-3925.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The degradation of phenanthrene and pyrene was investigated by using five different wood-decaying fungi. After 63 days of incubation in liquid culture, 13.8 and 4.3% of the [ring U-14C]phenantherene and 2.4 and 1.4% of the [4,5,9,10-14C]pyrene were mineralized by Trametes versicolor and Kuehneromyces mutabilis, respectively. No 14CO2 evolution was detected in either [14C]phenanthrene or [14C]pyrene liquid cultures of Flammulina velutipes, Laetiporus sulphureus, and Agrocybe aegerita. Cultivation in straw cultures demonstrated that, in addition to T. versicolor (15.5%) and K. mutabilis (5.0%), L. sulphureus (10.7%) and A. aegerita (3.7%) were also capable of mineralizing phenanthrene in a period of 63 days. Additionally, K. mutabilis (6.7%), L. sulphureus (4.3%), and A. aegerita (3.3%) mineralized [14C]pyrene in straw cultures. The highest mineralization of [14C] pyrene was detected in straw cultures of T. versicolor (34.1%), which suggested that mineralization of both compounds by fungi may be independent of the number of aromatic rings. Phenanthrene and pyrene metabolites were purified by high-performance liquid chromatography and identified by UV absorption, mass, and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry. Fungi capable of mineralizing phenanthrene and pyrene in liquid culture produced enriched metabolites substituted in the K region (C-9,10 position of phenanthrene and C-4,5 position of pyrene), whereas all other fungi investigated produced metabolites substituted in the C-1,2, C-3,4, and C-9,10 positions of phenanthrene and the C-1 position of pyrene.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Sack
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany.
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Sack U, Heinze TM, Deck J, Cerniglia CE, Cazau MC, Fritsche W. Novel metabolites in phenanthrene and pyrene transformation by Aspergillus niger. Appl Environ Microbiol 1997; 63:2906-9. [PMID: 9212437 PMCID: PMC168586 DOI: 10.1128/aem.63.7.2906-2909.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus niger, isolated from hydrocarbon-contaminated soil, was examined for its potential to degrade phenanthrene and pyrene. Two novel metabolites, 1-methoxyphenanthrene and 1-methoxypyrene, were identified by conventional chemical techniques. Minor metabolites identified were 1- and 2-phenanthrol and 1-pyrenol. No 14CO2 evolution was observed in either [14C]phenanthrene or [14C]pyrene cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Sack
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany.
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Lange B, Kremer S, Anke H, Sterner O. Metabolism of pyrene by basidiomycetous fungi of the generaCrinipellis,Marasmius, andMarasmiellus. Can J Microbiol 1996. [DOI: 10.1139/m96-151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The ability of different species and strains of the genus Crinipellis and the related genera Marasmius and Marasmiellus to metabolize pyrene was investigated. The metabolism of pyrene and the nature of metabolites formed were strain specific and depended on the culture medium. The following metabolites of pyrene were detected in the cultures: 1-hydroxypyrene, 1-pyrenylsulfate, 1,6- and 1,8-dihydroxypyrene and the corresponding quinones, trans-4,5-dihydro-4,5-dihydroxypyrene, and two transformation products which have never before been detected, 6-hydroxypyrene-1-sulfate and pyrene-1,6-disulfate. In addition, several not yet identified pyrene metabolites were produced by some strains.Key words: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, pyrene, basidiomycetes, metabolism, transformation products.
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