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The chimpanzee Mhc-DRB region revisited: gene content, polymorphism, pseudogenes, and transcripts. Mol Immunol 2009; 47:381-9. [PMID: 19800692 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2009.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2009] [Revised: 09/01/2009] [Accepted: 09/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In humans, great apes, and different monkey species, the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II DRB region is known to display considerable copy number variation. The microsatellite D6S2878 has been shown to be a valuable marker for haplotyping the DR region in humans and macaque species. The present report illustrates that chimpanzee haplotypes also can be discriminated with this marker. The analyses resulted in the description of nine different region configurations, of which seven are present within the West African chimpanzee population studied. The region configurations vary in gene content from two up to five DRB genes. Subsequent cDNA sequencing increased the number of known full-length Patr-DRB sequences from 3 to 32, and shows that one to three Patr-DRB genes per haplotype apparently produce functional transcripts. This is more or less comparable to humans and rhesus macaques. Moreover, microsatellite analysis in concert with full-length DRB gene sequencing showed that the Patr-DRB*W9 and -DRB3*01/02 lineages most likely arose from a common ancestral lineage: hence, the Patr-DRB*W9 lineage was renamed to Patr-DRB3*07. Overall, the data demonstrate that the D6S2878 microsatellite marker allows fast and accurate haplotyping of the Patr-DRB region. In addition, the limited amount of allelic variation observed at the various Patr-DRB genes is in agreement with the fact that chimpanzees experienced a selective sweep that may have been caused by an ancient retroviral infection.
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2
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Lobashevsky A, Smith JP, Kasten-Jolly J, Horton H, Knapp L, Bontrop RE, Watkins D, Thomas J. Identification of DRB alleles in rhesus monkeys using polymerase chain reaction-sequence-specific primers (PCR-SSP) amplification. TISSUE ANTIGENS 1999; 54:254-63. [PMID: 10519362 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-0039.1999.540306.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class In molecules play a vital role in the regulation of T-cell functions in the mammalian immune system. Two key features characterize the polymorphism of MHC haplotypes in humans and non-human primates: the existence of a large number of alleles, and the high degree of genetic diversity between those alleles. Rhesus monkeys and Chimpanzees have been extensively used as relevant models for human diseases and transplantation We have investigated DRB genes in 19 macaques, members of 3 families, using polymerase chain reaction with sequence-specific primers (PCR-SSP) and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). After amplification PCR products were purified and subjected direct sequencing. Seven animals (Madison #1) were typed by DDGE also. We report that the DRB haplotypes defined by PCR-SSP exhibit a high degree of concordance with the data obtained by DGGE and direct sequening. Our data show prominent variability in the number of DRB1 alleles ranging from 1-4 per genotype within these families. This analysis demonstrated that most of the amplicons were identical to Mamu-DRB alleles that our PCR primers were to amplify. However, 98-99% similarity was noticed in the case of Mamu-DRB1*0303, Mamu-DRB6*0103 and Mamu-DRB*W201 alleles. The observed mismatches were located in non-polymorphic regions. Thus, family studies in rhesus macaques performed by molecular methods confirmed the multiplicity of Mamu-DRB1 alleles per haplotype and the existence of allelic associations published earlier. In addition, we propose 3 more DRB allele associations (haplotypes): Mamu-DRB1*04-DRB5*03; Mamu-DRB1*04-*DRB*W5; Mamu-DRB1*04*W2. The proposed medium-resolution PCR-SSP technique appears to be a highly reproducible and discriminatory typing method for detecting polymorphisms of DRB genes in rhesus monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lobashevsky
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Surgery, 35294-0012, USA
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3
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Bontrop RE, Otting N, de Groot NG, Doxiadis GG. Major histocompatibility complex class II polymorphisms in primates. Immunol Rev 1999; 167:339-50. [PMID: 10319272 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1999.tb01403.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In the past decade, the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II region of several primate species has been investigated extensively. Here we will discuss the similarities and differences found in the MHC class II repertoires of primate species including humans, chimpanzees, rhesus macaques, cotton-top tamarins and common marmosets. Such types of comparisons shed light on the evolutionary stability of MHC class II alleles, lineages and loci as well as on the evolutionary origin and biological significance of haplotype configurations.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Bontrop
- Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands.
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4
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Lobashevsky AL, Wang PX, George JF, Contreras J, Townsend J, Thomas JM. DR non-B1 mismatches influence allogeneic MLR-induced TH1- or TH2-like cytokine responses in rhesus monkeys. Hum Immunol 1998; 59:363-72. [PMID: 9634198 DOI: 10.1016/s0198-8859(98)00024-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human and nonhuman primates have multiple DR B1 and non-B1 alleles. However, the role of mismatched DR non-B1 alleles in primary alloimmune responses is not well understood. Macaques, which share close DNA homologies with human MHC genes and have a high number of beta-chain genes in the DR subregion, are preeminent preclinical models for immunologic studies of transplant tolerance and immunosuppression. In this study, we examined the effect of allogeneic MHC Class II DRB mismatches in Th1- and Th2-like cytokine responses elicited in one-way MLR cultures in rhesus macaques. An ELISPOT method was used to estimate cytokine secretion at the single cell level. Molecular typing for DRB1 and DR non-B1 alleles was performed by a moderate-high resolution PCR-SSP method using a panel of 55 primer pairs covering 74 DRB alleles and clusters. Of 35 unrelated combinations, 66% had multiple (> or = 2) allelic MM at DRB1 and DR non-B1 with no significant correlation between numbers of DRB1 and DR non-B1 mismatches. Pairs with 1 or 0 MM were assigned to a mono/null MM group to obtain sufficient numbers for statistical analysis. The pairs differing by multiple vs. mono/null DRB1 MM showed no significant difference in cytokine prevalence (P = 0.69). In contrast, high IFN-gamma/ IL4 SFC ratios were noted in pairs with multiple vs. mono/null DR non-B1 MM (p = 0.0009). IFN-gamma/IL-10 spot forming cell (SFC) ratios were consistent with IFN-gamma/IL-4 SFC ratios (r = 0.98). Multiple DR non-B1 mismatches showed a trend towards higher MLR proliferative responses, although the stimulation index did not reflect the dominant cytokine response. These observations suggest a bias towards Th1-like cytokine production under allostimulation with multiple DR non-B1 gene products. Further study of the primary structure of DR non-B1 determinants may be helpful in understanding the fine molecular mechanisms governing the regulation of cytokine profiles during allostimulation in primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Lobashevsky
- Department of Surgery and Transplant Center, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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5
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Gaur LK, Nepom GT, Snyder KE, Anderson J, Pandarpurkar M, Yadock W, Heise ER. MHC-DRB allelic sequences incorporate distinct intragenic trans-specific segments. TISSUE ANTIGENS 1997; 49:342-55. [PMID: 9151386 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.1997.tb02762.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The second exon of primate MHC-DRB genes encodes discrete areas of allelic hypervariability (HVR), which are used as the basis for lineage assignments to determine genetic and evolutionary relationships. Comparisons of these regions have led to the "trans-species hypothesis", which proposes that certain MHC alleles from one species are more closely related to those from other species than they are to each other; i.e., that allelic lineages are ancestral in origin. We evaluated this paradigm in an analysis of macaque and baboon MHC-DRB genes using oligotyping and sequencing of 87 new nonhuman primate DRB alleles. A remarkable conservation of sequence motifs in the HVRIII region (codon 60-79) was observed, detected both by hybridization and by sequencing; some of these motifs were found in species such as prosimians that have diverged from the human lineage 50 MYA. However, these fixed HVRIII motif sequences nevertheless occur on a background of diverse lineages suggesting that it is the segmental motif, rather than the allele per se which is trans-specific in origin. Sequences within the first hypervariable region (codons 7-14) identified lineage assignments to several DRB loci (DRB1, DRB3, DRB4, DRB5, DRB6 and DRB7), although a large number of DRB nucleotide sequences did not correspond to a defined allelic motif, suggesting that many of the nonhuman sequences lack human HVRI homologs and have accumulated additional intraspecies variation subsequent to speciation. While there are certain allelic lineages in HVRI that show trans-species conservation, other sequence motifs seem purely species-specific. These differences suggest that HVRI and HVRIII regions have distinct mechanisms for maintenance of trans-specific sequence elements, with different evolutionary histories for segmental nucleotide conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L K Gaur
- Puget Sound Blood Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.
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6
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Leen MP, Ogutu ER, Gorski J. Structural and functional analysis of HLA-DR beta-promoter polymorphism and isomorphism. Hum Immunol 1994; 41:112-20. [PMID: 7860355 DOI: 10.1016/0198-8859(94)90003-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Evolutionary relatedness among the highly polymorphic DR beta genes has been established based on shared nucleotide sequences and structural organization of DR beta loci. The evolution of promoter regions of the B1*0701, B1*0101, B1*1501, B5*0101 genes was analyzed by cloning and sequencing. This shows that the polymorphism and isomorphism of HLA DR beta genes extend into the 5' flanking promoter region of the genes and that evolutionary relatedness also exists among the DR beta gene promoters. This suggests that DR beta gene promoters and coding regions coevolved. The effect of the naturally occurring nucleotide substitutions in the polymorphic and isomorphic DR beta promoters on transcriptional activity has been determined in a transient expression system. The transcriptional activity of two polymorphic DR beta promoters, B1*1501 and B1*0701, and two isomorphic DR2 promoters, B1*1501 and B5*0101, is the same for these promoters. Together these data suggest that naturally occurring substitutions do not significantly affect the transcriptional activity of these promoters.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Leen
- Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Southeast Wisconsin, Milwaukee 53233
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7
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Slierendregt BL, Bontrop RE. Current knowledge on the major histocompatibility complex class II region in non-human primates. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF IMMUNOGENETICS : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE BRITISH SOCIETY FOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY AND IMMUNOGENETICS 1994; 21:391-402. [PMID: 9098449 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-313x.1994.tb00212.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B L Slierendregt
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre-TNO, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
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8
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Slierendregt BL, Otting N, Jonker M, Bontrop RE. Gel electrophoretic analysis of rhesus macaque major histocompatibility complex class II DR molecules. Hum Immunol 1994; 40:33-40. [PMID: 8045791 DOI: 10.1016/0198-8859(94)90019-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Rhesus macaque MHC class II DR molecules were isolated from radiolabeled B-cell line extracts by immunoprecipitation with the mAbs 7.3.19.1 and B8.11.2 and subsequently analyzed by 2D-gel electrophoresis. The B-cell lines used for this study were obtained from monkeys that are homozygous for the Mamu-DR region as defined by serologic techniques. Some of these animals have been selectively bred and originate from consanguineous matings. These analyses show that monkeys with the same allotyping may express different types of DR molecules. As in humans, the number of DR molecules expressed per haplotype is not constant and varies from 1 to 3, depending on the serologically defined Mamu-DR specificity, whereas it has been shown that the number of Mamu-DRB genes present per haplotype varies from 2 to 6. Therefore the present study also demonstrates that some of the rhesus macaque DR regions contain one or more pseudogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Slierendregt
- Medical Biological Laboratory TNO, Department of Chronic and Infectious Diseases, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
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9
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Slierendregt BL, Kenter M, Otting N, Anholts J, Jonker M, Bontrop RE. Major histocompatibility complex class II haplotypes in a breeding colony of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). TISSUE ANTIGENS 1993; 42:55-61. [PMID: 8266319 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.1993.tb02237.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B L Slierendregt
- MBL-TNO, Department of Chronic and Infectious Diseases, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
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10
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Geluk A, Elferink DG, Slierendregt BL, van Meijgaarden KE, de Vries RR, Ottenhoff TH, Bontrop RE. Evolutionary conservation of major histocompatibility complex-DR/peptide/T cell interactions in primates. J Exp Med 1993; 177:979-87. [PMID: 8459225 PMCID: PMC2190985 DOI: 10.1084/jem.177.4.979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Many major histocompatibility complex (MHC) polymorphisms originate from ancient structures that predate speciation. As a consequence, members of the Mhc-DRB1*03 allelic lineage are not only present in humans but in chimpanzees and rhesus macaques as well. This emphasizes that Mhc-DRB1*03 members must have been present in a common ancestor of these primate species that lived about 30 million years ago. Due to the accumulation of genetic variation, however, alleles of the Mhc-DRB1*03 lineage exhibit species-unique sequences. To investigate the biological importance of such conservation and variation, we have studied both the binding and antigen presentation capacity of various trans-species Mhc-DRB1*03 lineage members. Here we show that p3-13 of the 65-kD heat-shock protein (hsp65) of Mycobacterium leprae and M. tuberculosis binds not only to HLA-DR17(3) but also to some chimpanzee and rhesus macaque class II-positive cells. Comparison of the corresponding human, chimpanzee, and rhesus macaque Mhc-DRB1*03 lineage members revealed the presence of uniquely shared amino acid residues, at positions 9-13 and 26-31, of the antigen-binding site that are critical for p3-13 binding. In addition it is shown that several nonhuman primate antigen-presenting cells that bind p3-13 can activate HLA-DR17-restricted T cells. Certain amino acid replacements, however, in Mhc-DRB1*03 lineage members did not influence peptide binding or T cell recognition. Therefore, these studies demonstrate that some polymorphic amino acid residues (motifs) within the antigen-binding site of MHC class II molecules that are crucial for peptide binding and recognition by the T cell receptor have been conserved for over 30 million years.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Geluk
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Bank, University Hospital, Leiden, The Netherlands
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11
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Bontrop RE, Kenter M, Otting N, Jonker M. Major histocompatibility complex class II polymorphisms in humans and chimpanzees. J Med Primatol 1993. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.1993.tb00636.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcel Kenter
- Department of Chronic and Infectious DiseasesITRI‐TNORijswijk
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood BankUniversity HospitalLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Nel Otting
- Department of Chronic and Infectious DiseasesITRI‐TNORijswijk
| | - Margreet Jonker
- Department of Chronic and Infectious DiseasesITRI‐TNORijswijk
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12
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Kasahara M, Klein D, Vincek V, Sarapata DE, Klein J. Comparative anatomy of the primate major histocompatibility complex DR subregion: evidence for combinations of DRB genes conserved across species. Genomics 1992; 14:340-9. [PMID: 1427850 DOI: 10.1016/s0888-7543(05)80224-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The class II region of the human major histocompatibility complex (HLA) is made up of three major subregions designated DR, DQ, and DP. With the aim of gaining an insight into the evolution and stability of DR haplotypes, a total of 63 cosmid clones were isolated from the DR subregion (Gogo-DR) of a western lowland gorilla. All but one of these cosmid clones were found to fall into two clusters. The larger cluster, A, was defined by 41 overlapping cosmid clones and contained a DRB gene segment made up of exons 4 through 6 and four DRB genes, designated Gogo-DRB6, Gogo-DRB5*01, Gogo-DRB8, and Gogo-DRB3*01. The total length of this cluster was approximately 180 kb. The second cluster, B, encompassed a contiguous DNA stretch of approximately 145 kb and was composed of 21 overlapping cosmid clones. Cluster B contained three DRB genes, designated Gogo-DRB1*08, Gogo-DRB2, and Gogo-DRB3*02. One cosmid clone (WP1-9) containing a DRB pseudogene could not be linked to either cluster A or B. Neither the organization of cluster A nor that of cluster B was identical to that of known HLA-DR haplotypes. However, two gorilla DRB genes, Gogo-DRB6 and Gogo-DRB5*01, the human counterparts of which are linked in the HLA-DR2 haplotype, were found to be located next to each other in cluster A. The arrangement of the Gogo-DRB genes in cluster B, which is presumed to be the gorilla DR8 haplotype, was similar to that of HLA-DR3/DR5/DR6 haplotypes and to that of the presumed ancestral HLA-DR8 haplotype.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kasahara
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Florida 33101
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Kenter M, Otting N, Anholts J, Jonker M, Schipper R, Bontrop RE. Mhc-DRB diversity of the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes). Immunogenetics 1992; 37:1-11. [PMID: 1428007 DOI: 10.1007/bf00223539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Fifty-four chimpanzee Patr-DRB and five human HLA-DRB second exons were cloned and sequenced from thirty-five chimpanzees and four human B-cell lines and compared with known Mhc-DRB sequences of these two species. Equivalents of the HLA-DRB1*02, -DRB1*03, -DRB1*07 allelic lineages and the HLA-DRB3, -DRB4, -DRB5, -DRB6, and -DRB7 loci were all found in the chimpanzee. In addition, two chimpanzee Patr-DRB lineages (Patr-DRBX and -DRBY) were found for which no human counterparts have been described. None of the Patr-DRB sequences is identical to known HLA-DRB sequences. The Patr-DRB1*0702 and HLA-DRB1*0701 alleles are the most similar sequences in a comparison between the two species and differ by only two nucleotides out of 246 sequenced. Equivalents of the HLA-DRB1*01, -DRB1*04, and -DRB1*09 alleles were not found in our sample of chimpanzees. A per locus comparison of the number of Patr-DRB alleles with the HLA-DRB alleles shows that the Patr-DRB3, -DRB4, -DRB5, and -DRB6 locus are, thus far, more polymorphic than their human homologs. The polymorphism of the Patr-DRB1 locus seems to be less extensive than that reported for the HLA-DRB1 locus. Nevertheless, the Patr-DRB1 locus seems to be the most polymorphic of the Patr-DRB loci. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that the HLA-DRB1*09 allele may have originated from a recombination between a Mhc-DRB5 allele and the DRB1 allele of a Mhc-DR7 haplotype. Although recombination seems to increase the diversity of the Patr-DRB alleles, its contribution to the generation of Patr-DRB variation is probably low. Hence, most Patr-DRB diversity presumably accumulated via recurrent point mutations. Finally, two distinct Patr-DRB haplotypes are deduced, one of which (the chimpanzee equivalent of the HLA-DR7 haplotype) is probably older than 6-8 million years.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kenter
- ITRI-TNO, HV Rijswijk, The Netherlands
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14
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Brändle U, Ono H, Vincek V, Klein D, Golubic M, Grahovac B, Klein J. Trans-species evolution of Mhc-DRB haplotype polymorphism in primates: organization of DRB genes in the chimpanzee. Immunogenetics 1992; 36:39-48. [PMID: 1587553 DOI: 10.1007/bf00209291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The DRB region of the human major histocompatibility complex displays length polymorphism: Five major haplotypes differing in the number and type of genes they contain have been identified, each at appreciable frequency. In an attempt to determine whether this haplotype polymorphism, like the allelic polymorphism, predates the divergence of humans from great apes, we have worked out the organization of the DRB region of the chimpanzee Hugo using a combination of chromosome walking, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, and sequencing. Hugo is a DRB homozygote whose single DRB haplotype is some 440 kilobases (kb) long and contains five genes. At least one and possibly two of these are pseudogenes, while three are presumably active genes. The genes are designated DRB*A0201, DRB2*0101, DRB3*0201, DRB6*0105, and DRB5*0301, and are arranged in this order on the chromosome. The DRB2 and DRB3 genes are separated by approximately 250 kb of sequence that does not seem to contain any additional DRB genes. The DRB*A0201 gene is related to the DRB1 gene of the human DR2 haplotype; the DRB2*0101 and DRB3*0201 genes are related to the DRB2 and DRB3 genes of the human DR3 haplotype, respectively; the DRB6*0105 and DRB5*0301 genes are related to the DRBVI and DRB5 genes of the human DR2 haplotype, respectively. Thus the Hugo haplotype appears to correspond to the entire human DR2 haplotype, into which a region representing a portion of the human DR3 haplotype has been inserted. Since other chimpanzees have their DRB regions organized in different ways, we conclude that, first, the chimpanzee DRB region, like the human DRB region, displays length polymorphism; second, some chimpanzee DRB haplotypes are longer than the longest known human DRB haplotypes; third, in some chimpanzee haplotypes at least, the DRB genes occur in combinations different from those of the human haplotypes; fourth, and most importantly, certain DRB gene combinations have been conserved in the evolution of chimpanzees and humans from their common ancestors. These data thus provide evidence that not only allelic but also haplotype polymorphism can be passed on from one species to another in a given evolutionary lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Brändle
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biologie, Abteilung Immungenetik, Tübingen, FRG
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Christiansen FT, Bontrop RE, Giphart M, Cameron PU, Zhang WJ, Townend D, Jonker M, Dawkins RL. Major histocompatibility complex ancestral haplotypes in the chimpanzee: identification using C4 allotyping. Hum Immunol 1991; 31:34-9. [PMID: 1880053 DOI: 10.1016/0198-8859(91)90046-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In humans, certain major histocompatibility complex (MHC) supratypes mark unique DNA segments which have been conserved from a common but remote ancestor. In order to determine whether these ancestral haplotypes (AHs) exist in nonhuman primates, C4 allotyping was undertaken on 71 chimpanzees. Four large pedigrees were available. There are at least seven codominant C4 alleles at two loci. Null alleles are also present. It was possible to assign class I, class II, and C4 alleles to 37 unrelated haplotypes; several supratypes occurred two or more times. These putative AHs included some with alleles which resemble those carried by certain human AHs. These data provide evidence that similar MHC AHs are present in the chimpanzee and human. The present approach provides a basis for comparative studies examining the evolutionary and functional significance of the MHC.
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Affiliation(s)
- F T Christiansen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Royal Perth Hospital, Western Australia
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16
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Bontrop RE, Broos LA, Otting N, Jonker MJ. Polymorphism of C4 and CYP21 genes in various primate species. TISSUE ANTIGENS 1991; 37:145-51. [PMID: 1681597 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.1991.tb01862.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
To study the genetic heterogeneity of the C4 and CYP21 genes in selected primate species we used the technique of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). Genomic DNA was digested using several restriction endonucleases and filters were hybridized with a 500 bp BamHI/KpnI fragment derived from the 5' section of a human C4-cDNA and with a 1700 bp BamHI obtained from a human CYP21 gene. Abundant RFLP heterogeneity was observed for the C4 genes within a rhesus monkey population but not for the chimpanzee colony analyzed. Duplicated C4-CYP21 clusters can be traced back in humans, but also in chimpanzees, orang-utans and rhesus monkeys. Thus, duplication of the basic C4-CYP21 cluster in primates may have happened more than 30 million years ago. Non-duplicated C4-CYP21 regions were found for the gorilla and orang-utan. Apart from this, shortened C4A and C4B genes were observed in chimpanzees, orang-utans and rhesus monkeys, whereas the so-called long variety of the C4A gene appears to be present in humans and orang-utans. This ancestral modification, resulting from an insertion of a 6.5 kb intron in the C4A gene, therefore predates at least speciation of human and orang-utan which is estimated to have taken place more than 12 million years ago.
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