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Shoukat S. Potential anti-carcinogenic effect of probiotic and lactic acid bacteria in detoxification of benzo[a]pyrene: A review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2020.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Cao H, Wang C, Liu H, Jia W, Sun H. Enzyme activities during Benzo[a]pyrene degradation by the fungus Lasiodiplodia theobromae isolated from a polluted soil. Sci Rep 2020; 10:865. [PMID: 31964981 PMCID: PMC6972742 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-57692-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The enzyme activities of the fungus Lasiodiplodia theobromae (L. theobromae) were studied during degradation of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP). The L. theobromae was isolated from a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contaminated soil collected from the Beijing Coking Plant in China and can potentially use BaP as its sole carbon source with a degradation ratio of up to 53% over 10 days. The activities of lignin peroxidase (LiP) and laccase (LAC) could be detected during BaP biodegradation; while manganese peroxidase (MnP) was not detected. Both glucose and salicylic acid enhanced BaP biodegradation slightly. In contrast, the coexistence of phenanthrene (PHE) inhibited BaP degradation. These metabolic substrates all enhanced the secretion of LiP and LAC. The addition of Tween 80 (TW-80) enhanced BaP biodegradation as well as the LiP and LAC activities. At the same time, TW-80 was degraded by the L. theobromae. In addition, the L. theobromae was compared to Phanerochaete chrysosporium (P. chrysosporium), which is a widely studied fungus for degrading PAH. P. chrysosporium was unable to use BaP as its sole carbon source. The activities of LiP and LAC produced by the P. chrysosporium were less than those of the L. theobromae. Additionally, the four intermediates formed in the BaP biodegradation process were monitored using GC-MS analysis. Four metabolite concentrations first increased and then decreased or obtained the platform with prolonged BaP biodegradation time. Therefore, this study shows that the L. theobromae may be explored as a new strain for removing PAHs from the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Cao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Cuiping Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, People's Republic of China.
| | - Haibin Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Weili Jia
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, People's Republic of China.
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The Role of Fungi and Genes for the Removal of Environmental Contaminants from Water/Wastewater Treatment Plants. Fungal Biol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-41870-0_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Ostrem Loss EM, Yu JH. Bioremediation and microbial metabolism of benzo(a)pyrene. Mol Microbiol 2018; 109:433-444. [PMID: 29995976 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The growing release of organic contaminants into the environment due to industrial processes has inevitably increased the incidence of their exposure to humans which often results in negative health effects. Microorganisms are also increasingly exposed to the pollutants, yet their diverse metabolic capabilities enable them to survive toxic exposure making these degradation mechanisms important to understand. Fungi are the most abundant microorganisms in the environment, yet less has been studied to understand their ability to degrade contaminants than in bacteria. This includes specific enzyme production and the genetic regulation which guides metabolic networks. This review intends to compare what is known about bacterial and fungal degradation of toxic compounds using benzo(a)pyrene as a relevant example. Most research is done in the context of using fungi for bioremediation, however, we intend to also point out how fungal metabolism may impact human health in other ways including through their participation in microbial communities in the human gut and skin and through inhalation of fungal spores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Ostrem Loss
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Jae-Hyuk Yu
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.,Department of Bacteriology, The University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.,Department of Genetics, The University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
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Rafin C, de Foucault B, Veignie E. Exploring micromycetes biodiversity for screening benzo[a]pyrene degrading potential. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 20:3280-3289. [PMID: 23093417 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-012-1255-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Twenty-five strains of filamentous fungi, encompassing 14 different species and belonging mainly to Ascomycetes, were tested for their ability to degrade benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) in mineral liquid medium. The most performing isolates for BaP degradation (200 mg l(-1)) in mineral medium were Cladosporium sphaerospermum with 29 % BaP degradation, i.e., 82.8 μg BaP degraded per day (day(-1)), Paecilomyces lilacinus with 20.5 % BaP degradation, i.e., 58.5 μg BaP day(-1), and Verticillium insectorum with 22.3 % BaP degradation, i.e., 64.3 μg BaP day(-1), after only 7 days of incubation. Four variables, e.g., biomass growth on hexadecane and glucose, BaP solubilization, activities of extracellular- and mycelium-associated peroxidase, and polyethylene glycol degradation, were also studied as selective criteria presumed to be involved in BaP degradation. Among these variables, the tests based on polyethylene glycol degradation and on fungal growth on hexadecane and glucose seemed to be the both pertinent criteria for setting apart isolates competent in BaP degradation, suggesting the occurrence of different mechanisms presumed to be involved in pollutant degradation among the studied micromycetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Rafin
- Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur Vivant, Dunkerque 59140, France.
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Potential for bioremediation of agro-industrial effluents with high loads of pesticides by selected fungi. Biodegradation 2010; 22:215-28. [DOI: 10.1007/s10532-010-9389-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2010] [Accepted: 07/06/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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7
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Bezalel L, Hadar Y, Fu PP, Freeman JP, Cerniglia CE. Initial Oxidation Products in the Metabolism of Pyrene, Anthracene, Fluorene, and Dibenzothiophene by the White Rot Fungus Pleurotus ostreatus. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 62:2554-9. [PMID: 16535361 PMCID: PMC1388899 DOI: 10.1128/aem.62.7.2554-2559.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The initial metabolites in the degradation of pyrene, anthracene, fluorene, and dibenzothiophene by Pleurotus ostreatus were isolated by high-pressure liquid chromatography and characterized by UV-visible, gas-chromatographic, mass-spectrometric, and (sup1)H nuclear magnetic resonance spectral techniques. The metabolites from pyrene, dibenzothiophene, anthracene, and fluorene amounted to 45, 84, 64, and 96% of the total organic-solvent-extractable metabolites, respectively. Pyrene was metabolized predominantly to pyrene trans-4,5-dihydrodiol. Anthracene was metabolized predominantly to anthracene trans-1,2-dihydrodiol and 9,10-anthraquinone. In contrast, fluorene and dibenzothiophene were oxidized at the aliphatic bridges instead of the aromatic rings. Fluorene was oxidized to 9-fluorenol and 9-fluorenone; dibenzothiophene was oxidized to the sulfoxide and sulfone. Circular dichroism spectroscopy revealed that the major enantiomer of anthracene trans-1,2-dihydrodiol was predominantly in the S,S configuration and the major enantiomer of the pyrene trans-4,5-dihydrodiol was predominantly R,R. These results indicate that the white rot fungus P. ostreatus initially metabolizes polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by reactions similar to those previously reported for nonligninolytic fungi. However, P. ostreatus, in contrast to nonligninolytic fungi, can mineralize these polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The identity of the dihydrodiol metabolites implicates a cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase mechanism.
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Pinelli D, Fava F, Nocentini M, Pasquali G. Bioremediation of a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon‐contaminated soil by using different aerobic batch bioreactor systems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/15320389709383563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Pinelli
- a Department of Chemical, Mining and Environmental Engineering , University of Bologna , viale Risorgimento 2, Bologna, 40136, Italy
| | - F. Fava
- b Department of Applied Chemistry and Science of Materials , University of Bologna , viale Risorgimento 2, Bologna, 40136, Italy
| | - M. Nocentini
- a Department of Chemical, Mining and Environmental Engineering , University of Bologna , viale Risorgimento 2, Bologna, 40136, Italy
| | - G. Pasquali
- a Department of Chemical, Mining and Environmental Engineering , University of Bologna , viale Risorgimento 2, Bologna, 40136, Italy
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Galli E, Brancaleoni E, Di Mario F, Donati E, Frattoni M, Polcaro CM, Rapanà P. Mycelium growth and degradation of creosote-treated wood by basydiomycetes. CHEMOSPHERE 2008; 72:1069-1072. [PMID: 18501950 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2007] [Revised: 04/07/2008] [Accepted: 04/07/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Tolerance of wood decay fungi of the genera Agrocybe, Armillaria, Auricularia, Daedalea, Pleurotus, Trametes to the presence of various amounts of creosote-treated wood (CTW) in the growth medium was compared. In the case of the most tolerant strain, Pleurotus ostreatus SMR 684, extracellular laccase and peroxidase specific activities were monitored during growth in the presence of CTW. Degradation of various creosote-constituting polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by this strain was evaluated by GC-MS and the ecotoxicity of treated and untreated CTW was compared by Microtox test.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Galli
- Istituto di Biologia Agroambientale e Forestale, CNR, Area della Ricerca di Roma 1, Via Salaria Km 29,300, 00016 Monterotondo Scalo, Roma, Italy.
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Asgher M, Asad MJ, Bhatti HN, Legge RL. Hyperactivation and thermostabilization of Phanerochaete chrysosporium lignin peroxidase by immobilization in xerogels. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-006-9255-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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11
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Chulalaksananukul S, Gadd GM, Sangvanich P, Sihanonth P, Piapukiew J, Vangnai AS. Biodegradation of benzo(a)pyrene by a newly isolatedFusariumsp. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2006; 262:99-106. [PMID: 16907745 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2006.00375.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) is a five-ring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon produced by the incomplete combustion of organic materials. It is one of the priority pollutants listed by the US Environmental Protection Agency. This study describes a fungal isolate that is able to biodegrade benzo(a)pyrene. The filamentous fungus, isolated from leaves of Pterocarpus macrocarpus Kurz., was identified as a Fusarium sp. (strain E033). Fusarium sp. E033 was able to survive in the presence of benzo(a)pyrene concentrations up to 1.2 mM (300 mg L(-1)). Biodegradation experiments using 0.4 mM (100 mg L(-1)) benzo(a)pyrene demonstrated that Fusarium sp. E033 was able to degrade 65-70% of the initial benzo(a)pyrene provided, and two transformation products, a dihydroxy dihydro-benzo(a)pyrene and a benzo(a)pyrene-quinone, were detected within 30 days of incubation at 32 degrees C. The factors affecting biodegradation efficiency were also investigated. While increasing aeration promoted better fungal growth and benzo(a)pyrene biodegradation, increasing the glucose concentration from 5 to 50 mM had an adverse effect on biodegradation. Ethanol and methanol, provided at 5 mM to increase benzo(a)pyrene water solubility, increased the fungal biomass yield but did not promote degradation. The Fusarium sp. E033 isolated in this study can tolerate and degrade relatively high concentrations of benzo(a)pyrene, suggesting its potential application in benzo(a)pyrene bioremediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suphang Chulalaksananukul
- National Research Center for Environmental and Hazardous Waste Management, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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12
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Enhanced lignin peroxidase synthesis by Phanerochaete Chrysosporium in solid state bioprocessing of a lignocellulosic substrate. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-005-9055-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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13
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Tekere M, Read JS, Mattiasson B. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon biodegradation in extracellular fluids and static batch cultures of selected sub-tropical white rot fungi. J Biotechnol 2005; 115:367-77. [PMID: 15639098 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2004.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2004] [Revised: 09/06/2004] [Accepted: 09/14/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Four sub-tropical white rot fungi, Trametes versicolor, Trametes pocas, Trametes cingulata and isolate DSPM95 were studied alongside the well studied white rot fungus, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, for their ability to remove polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from culture media. Both static shallow cultures and extracellular fluids were studied using media contaminated with a defined mixture of the PAHs; fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, pyrene and benzo(a)anthracene. With all isolates, the total loss of the parent compound in 31 days was high for fluorene, at +60%, phenanthrene at +40% and anthracene at +42%. Biotransformation of pyrene and benzo(a)anthracene by all the isolates was low, with the highest reduction of pyrene of 15.2% and benzo(a)anthracene of 15.8% being achieved with P. chrysosporium. Disappearance of the more condensed PAHs, pyrene and benzo(a)anthracene, increased in shallow static cultures with the addition of glucose and glucose oxidase as a source of additional H2O2. The addition of Mn2+ and ABTS (2,2-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) to culture supernatants was associated with higher levels of biotransformation. Comparison of the isolates T. versicolor, T. pocas, T. cingulata and isolate DSPM95 with P. chrysosporium showed that these strains were competitive in the reduction of the PAHs, reducing the PAHs by more or less the same magnitude. Also these sub-tropical isolates did not accumulate a lot of HPLC detectable metabolites as much as P. chrysosporium.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tekere
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, PO Box MP167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe
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Ortiz I, Auria R, Sigoillot JC, Revah S. Enhancing phenanthrene biomineralization in a polluted soil using gaseous toluene as a cosubstrate. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2003; 37:805-810. [PMID: 12636283 DOI: 10.1021/es0260061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Laboratory experiments were conducted to study the potential of adding gaseous toluene, as a readily degradable carbon source, to enhance phenanthrene mineralization in polluted soil (1,000 mg/kg(dry soil)) aged for 400 days. Experiments were conducted in 0.5-L column reactors packed with a mixture of (80:20 w(wet)/w(wet)) spiked soil and vermiculite and fed with 1 g m(-3)reactor h(-1) toluene load in air. Removal efficiencies of 100% for toluene and greater than 95% for phenanthrene were obtained in 190 h. Evolved CO2 showed that phenanthrene mineralization increased from 39% to 86% in columns treated with gaseous toluene. Phthalic acid was identified as the principal soluble intermediate, which accumulated when no toluene was added. Increased phenanthrene uptake and mineralization with toluene can be attributed to increased biomass and the induction of enzymes involved in the intermediate mineralization. In microcosm experiments, phthalic acid mineralization increased from 19% to 81% within 50 h in the presence of toluene. Experiments with 14C-labeled phenanthrene confirmed the enhancement of phenanthrene mineralization from 45% to 83% in 385 h with toluene as a second carbon source. The results indicate thatthe addition of an appropriate gaseous cosubstrate could be an adequate strategy to enhance mineralization of PAHs in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irmene Ortiz
- Departamento de Ingeniería de Procesos e Hidrdálica, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Apdo. Postal 55-534, CP 09340, México DF, Mexico
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15
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Mogensen AS, Ahring BK. Formation of metabolites during biodegradation of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate in an upflow anaerobic sludge bed reactor under thermophilic conditions. Biotechnol Bioeng 2002; 77:483-8. [PMID: 11788947 DOI: 10.1002/bit.10195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Biodegradation of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) was shown in an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor under thermophilic conditions. The reactor was inoculated with granular biomass and fed with a synthetic medium and 3 micromol/L of a mixture of LAS with alkylchain length of 10 to 13 carbon atoms. The reactor was operated with a hydraulic retention time of 12 h with effluent recirculation in an effluent to influent ratio of 5 to 1. A sterile reactor operated in parallel revealed that sorption to sludge particles initially accounted for a major LAS removal. After 8 days of reactor operation, the removal of LAS in the reactor inoculated with active granular biomass exceeded the removal in the sterile reactor inoculated with sterile granular biomass. The effect of sorption ceased after 185 to 555 h depending on the LAS homologs. 40% of the LAS was biodegraded, and the removal rate was 0.5 x 10(-6) mol/h/mL granular biomass. Acidified effluent from the reactor was subjected to dichloromethane extraction followed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Benzenesulfonic acid and benzaldehyde were detected in the reactor effluent from the reactor with active granular biomass but not in the sterile and unamended reactor effluent. Benzenesulfonic acid and benzaldehyde are the first identified degradation products in the anaerobic degradation of LAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Mogensen
- The Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology Group, BioCentrum-DTU, Building 227, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark
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Campanella BF, Bock C, Schröder P. Phytoremediation to increase the degradation of PCBs and PCDD/Fs. Potential and limitations. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2002; 9:73-85. [PMID: 11885420 DOI: 10.1007/bf02987318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Phytoremediation is already regarded as an efficient technique to remove or degrade various pollutants in soils, water and sediments. However, hydrophobic organic molecules such as PAHs, PCBs and PCDD/Fs are much less responsive to bioremediation strategies than, for example, BTEX or LAS. PCDD/Fs and PCBs represent 3 prominent groups of persistent organic pollutants that share common chemical, toxicological and environmental properties. Their widespread presence in the environment may be explained by their chemical and biological stability. This review considers their fate and dissipation mechanisms. It is then possible to identify major sinks and to understand biological activities useful for remediation. Public health and economic priorities lead to the conclusion that alternative techniques to physical treatments are required. This review focuses on particular problems encountered in biodegradation and bioavailability of PCDD/Fs and PCBs. It highlights the potential and limitations of plants and micro-organisms as bioremediation agents and summarises how plants can be used to augment bacterial activity. Phytoremediation is shown to provide some new possibilities in reducing risks associated with dioxins and PCBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno F Campanella
- Environmental Toxicology Laboratory, Agricultural University, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
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Ravelet C, Grosset C, Montuelle B, Benoit-Guyod JL, Alary J. Liquid chromatography study of pyrene degradation by two micromycetes in a freshwater sediment. CHEMOSPHERE 2001; 44:1541-1546. [PMID: 11545519 DOI: 10.1016/s0045-6535(00)00531-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Pyrene biodegradation in a freshwater sediment without fungi supply, or inoculated with two sediment micromycetes, Mucor racemosus var. sphaerosporus and Phialophora alba was studied after 0, 5, 13, 28, 60 and 90 days. The influence of glucose addition was estimated, and a liquid chromatographic method for simultaneous quantitative determination of residual anthracene, fluoranthene and pyrene in the sediment was developed. Samples with PAHs were extracted in Soxhlet with ethyl acetate, and LC analysis was performed on a 5 microm Supelcosil column (150 x 4.6 mm I.D.) with gradient elution (2 ml min(-1)) of acetonitrile-water and UV detection at 254 nm. Recoveries of anthracene, fluoranthene and pyrene were 90.3%+/-1.1%, 93.2%+/-0.9% and 90.42%+/-1.9%, respectively, without interference. The native sediment microorganisms (with or without glucose added) have shown 35% pyrene degradation and sediment with glucose inoculated by the strains revealed 40%.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ravelet
- Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique et Bromatologie, Université J. Fourier, UFR de Pharmacie de Grenoble, Domaine de la Merci, La Tronche, France.
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Boonchan S, Britz ML, Stanley GA. Degradation and mineralization of high-molecular-weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by defined fungal-bacterial cocultures. Appl Environ Microbiol 2000; 66:1007-19. [PMID: 10698765 PMCID: PMC91936 DOI: 10.1128/aem.66.3.1007-1019.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the biodegradation of high-molecular-weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in liquid media and soil by bacteria (Stenotrophomonas maltophilia VUN 10,010 and bacterial consortium VUN 10,009) and a fungus (Penicillium janthinellum VUO 10, 201) that were isolated from separate creosote- and manufactured-gas plant-contaminated soils. The bacteria could use pyrene as their sole carbon and energy source in a basal salts medium (BSM) and mineralized significant amounts of benzo[a]pyrene cometabolically when pyrene was also present in BSM. P. janthinellum VUO 10,201 could not utilize any high-molecular-weight PAH as sole carbon and energy source but could partially degrade these if cultured in a nutrient broth. Although small amounts of chrysene, benz[a]anthracene, benzo[a]pyrene, and dibenz[a,h]anthracene were degraded by axenic cultures of these isolates in BSM containing a single PAH, such conditions did not support significant microbial growth or PAH mineralization. However, significant degradation of, and microbial growth on, pyrene, chrysene, benz[a]anthracene, benzo[a]pyrene, and dibenz[a,h]anthracene, each as a single PAH in BSM, occurred when P. janthinellum VUO 10,201 and either bacterial consortium VUN 10,009 or S. maltophilia VUN 10,010 were combined in the one culture, i.e., fungal-bacterial cocultures: 25% of the benzo[a]pyrene was mineralized to CO(2) by these cocultures over 49 days, accompanied by transient accumulation and disappearance of intermediates detected by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Inoculation of fungal-bacterial cocultures into PAH-contaminated soil resulted in significantly improved degradation of high-molecular-weight PAHs, benzo[a]pyrene mineralization (53% of added [(14)C]benzo[a]pyrene was recovered as (14)CO(2) in 100 days), and reduction in the mutagenicity of organic soil extracts, compared with the indigenous microbes and soil amended with only axenic inocula.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Boonchan
- Centre for Bioprocessing and Food Technology, Victoria University of Technology, Werribee Campus, Melbourne, Australia 8001
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Abstract
A selection of 30 strains of micromycetes known as good degraders of polychlorinated aromatic compounds, mostly isolated from soil and belonging to various taxonomic groups, have been investigated to degrade fluorene. Toxicity assays, first evaluated on solid media, have shown high growth inhibition at concentrations above 0.001 g l-1 only towards 23% of strains. Degradation of fluorene (0.005 g l-1) was then investigated in liquid synthetic medium for 2 days and evaluated by HPLC. Among the 30 strains tested, 12 could be considered as best degraders because of a rate of degradation at 60% or over. 3 strains of Cunninghamella genus were very efficient (mean of degradation: 96%) but different strains from Ascomycetes. Basidiomycetes and Deuteromycetes were also efficient 11 strains are not yet reported in the literature: Aspergillus terreus, Bjerkandera adusta, Ceriporiopsis subvermispora, Colletotrichum dematium, Cryphonectria parasitica, Cunninghamella blakesleeana, C. echinulata, Drechslera spicifera, Embellisia annulata, Rhizoctonia solani and Sporormiella australis. A metabolic approach with standard compounds (9-fluorenol and 9-fluorenone) indicated the presence of these monooxygenated derivatives for most of the strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Garon
- l'Etude du Devenir des Xénobiotiques' dans l'Environnement (GEDEXE), Laboratoire de Botanique, Cryptogamie, Biologie Cellulaire et Génétique, UFR de Pharmacie de Grenoble, Université J. Fourier, Meylan, France
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Christov L, van Driessel B, du Plessis C. Fungal biomass from Rhizomucor pusillus as adsorbent of chromophores from a bleach plant effluent. Process Biochem 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-9592(99)00037-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Bezalel L, Hadar Y, Cerniglia CE. Enzymatic Mechanisms Involved in Phenanthrene Degradation by the White Rot Fungus Pleurotus ostreatus. Appl Environ Microbiol 1997; 63:2495-501. [PMID: 16535634 PMCID: PMC1389189 DOI: 10.1128/aem.63.7.2495-2501.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The enzymatic mechanisms involved in the degradation of phenanthrene by the white rot fungus Pleurotus ostreatus were examined. Phase I metabolism (cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase and epoxide hydrolase) and phase II conjugation (glutathione S-transferase, aryl sulfotransferase, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase, and UDP-glucosyltransferase) enzyme activities were determined for mycelial extracts of P. ostreatus. Cytochrome P-450 was detected in both cytosolic and microsomal fractions at 0.16 and 0.38 nmol min(sup-1) mg of protein(sup1), respectively. Both fractions oxidized [9,10-(sup14)C]phenanthrene to phenanthrene trans-9,10-dihydrodiol. The cytochrome P-450 inhibitors 1-aminobenzotriazole (0.1 mM), SKF-525A (proadifen, 0.1 mM), and carbon monoxide inhibited the cytosolic and microsomal P-450s differently. Cytosolic and microsomal epoxide hydrolase activities, with phenanthrene 9,10-oxide as the substrate, were similar, with specific activities of 0.50 and 0.41 nmol min(sup-1) mg of protein(sup-1), respectively. The epoxide hydrolase inhibitor cyclohexene oxide (5 mM) significantly inhibited the formation of phenanthrene trans-9,10-dihydrodiol in both fractions. The phase II enzyme 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene glutathione S-transferase was detected in the cytosolic fraction (4.16 nmol min(sup-1) mg of protein(sup-1)), whereas aryl adenosine-3(prm1)-phosphate-5(prm1)-phosphosulfate sulfotransferase (aryl PAPS sulfotransferase) UDP-glucuronosyltransferase, and UDP-glucosyltransferase had microsomal activities of 2.14, 4.25, and 4.21 nmol min(sup-1) mg of protein(sup-1), respectively, with low activity in the cytosolic fraction. However, when P. ostreatus culture broth incubated with phenanthrene was screened for phase II metabolites, no sulfate, glutathione, glucoside, or glucuronide conjugates of phenanthrene metabolites were detected. These experiments indicate the involvement of cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase and epoxide hydrolase in the initial phase I oxidation of phenanthrene to form phenanthrene trans-9,10-dihydrodiol. Laccase and manganese-independent peroxidase were not involved in the initial oxidation of phenanthrene. Although P. ostreatus had phase II xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes, conjugation reactions were not important for the elimination of hydroxylated phenanthrene.
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Meulenberg R, Rijnaarts HH, Doddema HJ, Field JA. Partially oxidized polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons show an increased bioavailability and biodegradability. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1997; 152:45-9. [PMID: 9228769 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1997.tb10407.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons have a low water solubility and tend to adsorb on soil particles, which both result in slow bioremediation processes. Many microorganisms, known for their ability to degrade polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, only partially oxidize these compounds. White rot fungi, for instance, convert polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to more water soluble and bioavailable products. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites were more readily mineralized by natural mixed bacterial cultures, like activated sludge and soil, than the parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compounds. These results suggest that sequential breakdown by white rot fungi followed by indigenous bacteria leads to an effective polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon bioremediation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Meulenberg
- TNO Institute of Environmental Sciences, Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Delft, The Netherlands
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Bezalel L, Hadar Y, Fu PP, Freeman JP, Cerniglia CE. Metabolism of phenanthrene by the white rot fungus Pleurotus ostreatus. Appl Environ Microbiol 1996; 62:2547-53. [PMID: 8779594 PMCID: PMC168037 DOI: 10.1128/aem.62.7.2547-2553.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The white rot fungus Pleurotus ostreatus, grown for 11 days in basidiomycetes rich medium containing [14C] phenanthrene, metabolized 94% of the phenanthrene added. Of the total radioactivity, 3% was oxidized to CO2. Approximately 52% of phenanthrene was metabolized to trans-9,10-dihydroxy-9,10-dihydrophenanthrene (phenanthrene trans-9,10-dihydrodiol) (28%), 2,2'-diphenic acid (17%), and unidentified metabolites (7%). Nonextractable metabolites accounted for 35% of the total radioactivity. The metabolites were extracted with ethyl acetate, separated by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, and characterized by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectrometry, and UV spectroscopy analyses. 18O2-labeling experiments indicated that one atom of oxygen was incorporated into the phenanthrene trans-9,10-dihydrodiol. Circular dichroism spectra of the phenanthrene trans-9,10-dihydrodiol indicated that the absolute configuration of the predominant enantiomer was 9R,10R, which is different from that of the principal enantiomer produced by Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Significantly less phenanthrene trans-9,10-dihydrodiol was observed in incubations with the cytochrome P-450 inhibitor SKF 525-A (77% decrease), 1-aminobenzotriazole (83% decrease), or fluoxetine (63% decrease). These experiments with cytochrome P-450 inhibitors and 18O2 labeling and the formation of phenanthrene trans-9R,10R-dihydrodiol as the predominant metabolite suggest that P. ostreatus initially oxidizes phenanthrene stereoselectively by a cytochrome P-450 monoxygenase and that this is followed by epoxide hydrolase-catalyzed hydration reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bezalel
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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Bezalel L, Hadar Y, Cerniglia CE. Mineralization of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons by the White Rot Fungus Pleurotus ostreatus. Appl Environ Microbiol 1996; 62:292-5. [PMID: 16535219 PMCID: PMC1388760 DOI: 10.1128/aem.62.1.292-295.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The white rot fungus Pleurotus ostreatus was able to mineralize to (sup14)CO(inf2) 7.0% of [(sup14)C]catechol, 3.0% of [(sup14)C]phenanthrene, 0.4% of [(sup14)C]pyrene, and 0.19% of [(sup14)C]benzo[a]pyrene by day 11 of incubation. It also mineralized [(sup14)C]anthracene (0.6%) much more slowly (35 days) and [(sup14)C]fluorene (0.19%) within 15 days. P. ostreatus did not mineralize fluoranthene. The activities of the enzymes considered to be part of the ligninolytic system, laccase and manganese-inhibited peroxidase, were observed during fungal growth in the presence of the various polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Although activity of both enzymes was observed, no distinct correlation to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon degradation was found.
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