1
|
Brault J, Walsh L, Vance GH, Weaver DD. Klinefelter's Syndrome with Maternal Uniparental Disomy X, Interstitial Xp22.31 Deletion, X-linked Ichthyosis, and Severe Central Nervous System Regression. J Pediatr Genet 2021; 10:222-229. [PMID: 34504726 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1715573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We presented in this article a patient with Klinefelter syndrome (KS) (47,XXY) who had maternal nondisjunction and uniparental disomy of the X chromosome with regions of heterodisomy and isodisomy, an interstitial Xp22.31 deletion of both X chromosomes, and other problems. His mother also possesses the same Xp22.31 deletion. The patient presented with status epilepticus and stroke, followed by severe brain atrophy and developmental regression. His unusual clinical and cytogenetic findings apparently have not been reported with either KS or Xp22.31 deletions. Based on the patient's available genetic and biochemical information, we cannot satisfactorily explain his seizures, strokes, or catastrophic brain regression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Brault
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetic and Genomic Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Laurence Walsh
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States.,Department of Neurology, Section of Child Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
| | - Gail H Vance
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
| | - David D Weaver
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Katsube M, Yamada S, Miyazaki R, Yamaguchi Y, Makishima H, Takakuwa T, Yamamoto A, Fujii Y, Morimoto N, Ito T, Imai H, Suzuki S. Quantitation of nasal development in the early prenatal period using geometric morphometrics and MRI: a new insight into the critical period of Binder phenotype. Prenat Diagn 2017; 37:907-915. [PMID: 28675493 DOI: 10.1002/pd.5106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Disturbance of the development of the nasal septum in the early prenatal period causes congenital facial anomalies characterized by a flat nose and defects of the anterior nasal spine (ANS), such as Binder phenotype. The present research aimed to assess the development of the nasal septum and the ANS with growth in the early prenatal period. METHODS Magnetic resonance images were obtained from 56 specimens. Mid-sagittal images were analyzed by using geometric morphometrics for the development of the nasal septum, and angle analysis was performed for the development of the ANS. Additionally, we calculated and visualized the ontogenetic allometry of the nasal septum. RESULTS Our results showed that the nasal septum changed shape in the anteroposterior direction in smaller specimens, while it maintained an almost isometric shape in larger specimens. Furthermore, mathematical evidence revealed that the maturation periods of the shapes of the ANS and the nasal septum were around 12 and 14 weeks of gestation, respectively. CONCLUSION The anteroposterior development of the nasal septum is specific until 14 weeks of gestation, and it is important for nasal protrusion and the development of the ANS. Therefore, the disturbance of such development could induce low nasal deformity, including Binder phenotype. © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Motoki Katsube
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.,Congenital Anomaly Research Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shigehito Yamada
- Congenital Anomaly Research Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.,Human Health Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Reina Miyazaki
- Human Health Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yutaka Yamaguchi
- Human Health Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Haruyuki Makishima
- Congenital Anomaly Research Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Takakuwa
- Human Health Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akira Yamamoto
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yosuke Fujii
- Statistical Genetics, Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Naoki Morimoto
- Department of Zoology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Science, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Ito
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Aichi, Japan.,The Keihanshin Consortium for Fostering the Next Generation of Global Leaders in Research (K-CONNEX), Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hirohiko Imai
- Department of Systems Science, Kyoto University Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shigehiko Suzuki
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Colin E, Touraine R, Levaillant JM, Pasquier L, Boussion F, Ferry M, Guichet A, Barth M, Mercier A, Gérard-Blanluet M, Odent S, Bonneau D. Binder phenotype in mothers affected with autoimmune disorders. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2011; 25:1413-8. [PMID: 22082304 DOI: 10.3109/14767058.2011.636105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To report four foetal cases of the Binder phenotype associated with maternal autoimmune disorders. PATIENTS AND METHODS In three mothers with autoimmune diseases, 2D and 3D ultrasonographic measurements were made on four foetuses with the Binder profile, and were compared with postnatal phenotypes. RESULTS The Binder phenotype can be detected in early pregnancy (14.5 WG). All foetuses had verticalized nasal bones and midfacial hypoplasia. Punctuate calcifications were found in almost all the cases. No specific maternal auto-antibody has been associated with foetal Binder phenotype. CONCLUSION Since the Binder phenotype can be diagnosed at ultrasound examination during pregnancy, it is important to establish the underlying cause so as to assess the foetal prognosis. This study stresses the importance of systematic checks for maternal autoimmune disease in cases of prenatally diagnosed Binder phenotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Colin
- Clinical Genetics Department, University Hospital Angers, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
We report on a child with the brachytelephalangic type of chondrodysplasia punctata, a very rare form of the disease. At birth, the patient was originally diagnosed with the Conradi-Hunermann type, a more common and severe type. A pediatric radiologist questioned the diagnosis and followed up with the patient, who is now three years old. Based on the clinical and radiographic findings, it was concluded that he had the brachytelephalangic type. This unique case demonstrates the necessity of communication among all health care personnel taking care of the patient. The diagnosis greatly affected the child's future and education.
Collapse
|
5
|
Chitayat D, Keating S, Zand DJ, Costa T, Zackai EH, Silverman E, Tiller G, Unger S, Miller S, Kingdom J, Toi A, Curry CJ. Chondrodysplasia punctata associated with maternal autoimmune diseases: Expanding the spectrum from systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) to mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) and scleroderma report of eight cases. Am J Med Genet A 2008; 146A:3038-53. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.32554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
6
|
Seidel J, Schiller S, Kelbova C, Beensen V, Orth U, Vogt S, Claussen U, Zintl F, Rappold GA. Brachytelephalangic dwarfism due to the loss of ARSE and SHOX genes resulting from an X;Y translocation. Clin Genet 2001; 59:115-21. [PMID: 11260213 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-0004.2001.590209.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Here we report an 8-year-old male patient who had mesomelic shortening of forearms and legs, brachytelephalangia and ichthyotic skin lesions. Chromosomal analysis showed an X;Y translocation involving the short arm of the X chromosome (Xp). Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and molecular studies localized the breakpoints on Xp22.3 in the immediate vicinity of the KAL gene demonstrating deletions of steroid sulfatase (STS), arylsulfatase E (ARSE), and short stature homeo box (SHOX) genes. It was suspected that the patient was suffering from chondrodysplasia punctata because of a loss of the arylsulfatase E (ARSE) gene. However, no stippled epiphyses were to be seen in the neonatal radiograph. Interestingly, this patient is the first case with a proven loss of the ARSE gene without chondrodysplasia punctata, assuming that chondrodysplasia punctata is not an obligatory sign of ARSE gene loss. Brachytelephalangia was the only result of ARSE gene deletion in this case. The patient's mother also had dwarfism and showed Madelung deformity of the forearms. She was detected as a carrier of the same aberrant X chromosome. The male patient did not show Madelung deformity, demonstrating that Lerri-Weill syndrome phenotype may be still incomplete in children with SHOX gene deletion. The wide clinical spectrum in the male and the Leri-Weill phenotype in his mother are the results of both a deletion involving several sulfatase genes in Xp22.3 and the SHOX gene located in the pseudoautosomal region. Nevertheless, there is no explanation for the absence of chondrodysplasia punctata despite the total loss of the ARSE gene. Further studies are necessary to investigate genotype/phenotype correlation in cases with translocations or microdeletions on Xp22.3, including the ARSE and the SHOX gene loci.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Seidel
- Department of Pediatrics, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Kochstrasse 2, D-07740 Jena, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Malou E, Gekas J, Troucelier-Lucas V, Mornet E, Razafimanantsoa L, Cuvelier B, Mathieu M, Thépot F. [X-linked recessive chondrodysplasia punctata. Cytogenetic study and role of molecular biology]. Arch Pediatr 2001; 8:176-80. [PMID: 11232459 DOI: 10.1016/s0929-693x(00)00181-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Among the many acquired or constitutional causes of chondrodysplasia punctata, the X-linked recessive form is well individualized. CASE REPORT A male newborn presented a dysmorphic syndrome with a marked nasal hypoplasia, a macroglossia and a short neck. The diagnosis of chondrodysplasia punctata was made by radiography whereas the chromosomal chart revealed the existence of an additional Y fragment in Xpter, effectuating a partial disomy Yp and a monosomy Xpter. Molecular biology showed a deletion of very small size, isolated and located between the gene missing aryl sulfatase E and the microsatellite DXS 1233, sping gene MRX2 (non-specific gene of mental retardation), and making it possible to give the reassuring elements as regards the psychomotor prognosis, sometimes compromised in this disorder. CONCLUSION In case of chondrodysplasia punctata with dysmorphy, it is important to execute a chromosomal chart in the search for a chromosomal reorganization on the X and a study in molecular biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Malou
- Service de pédiatrie-néonatologie, centre hospitalier, avenue Léon-Blum, BP 40319, 60021 Beauvais, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Baralle D, Willatt L, Shears D. L�ri-Weill syndrome associated with a pseudodicentric X;Y translocation chromosome and skewed X-inactivation: Implications for genetic counselling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/1096-8628(20001211)95:4<391::aid-ajmg17>3.0.co;2-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
9
|
Dahl HH, Osborn AH, Hutchison WM, Thorburn DR, Sheffield LJ. Late diagnosis of maternal PKU in a family segregating an arylsulfatase [corrected] E mutation causing symmetrical chondrodysplasia punctata. Mol Genet Metab 1999; 68:503-6. [PMID: 10607480 DOI: 10.1006/mgme.1999.2935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the arylsulfatase E gene, located on the X chromosome, have been shown to cause chondrodysplasia punctata (CDP). A substitution of arginine with serine at amino acid 12 (R12S) was identified in a patient with typical features of mild symmetrical CDP including mild mental retardation. The proband was institutionalized and was found to have seven full and half siblings all of whom were microcephalic. Six siblings are alive and all are mentally retarded. The mother is borderline retarded. The mother and three daughters are carriers of the R12S change, but do not appear to have CDP. A son and three other daughters do not carry the R12S change. Further studies revealed that the mother had phenylketonuria (PKU) and the children maternal PKU. This suggests that the R12S change is not the primary cause of short stature, microcephaly, and mental retardation in this family. The relationship between CDP and PKU, both of which can cause short statue and mental retardation, is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H H Dahl
- The Murdoch Institute for Research into Birth Defects, The Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Patel MS, Callahan JW, Zhang S, Chan AK, Unger S, Levin AV, Skomorowski MA, Feigenbaum AS, O'Brien K, Hellmann J, Ryan G, Velsher L, Chitayat D. Early-infantile galactosialidosis: Prenatal presentation and postnatal follow-up. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19990702)85:1<38::aid-ajmg8>3.0.co;2-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
11
|
Spranger S, Schiller S, Jauch A, Wolff K, Rauterberg-Ruland I, Hager D, Tariverdian G, Tröger J, Rappold G. Léri-Weill syndrome as part of a contiguous gene syndrome at Xp22.3. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1999; 83:367-71. [PMID: 10232745 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19990423)83:5<367::aid-ajmg5>3.0.co;2-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We report on a mother and her 5-year old son, both with a terminal deletion of the short arm of the X chromosome. By molecular genetic analysis the breakpoint was located distal to steroid sulfatase gene. The boy manifested, due to nullisomy of this region, short stature (SHOX), chondrodysplasia punctata (ARSE), and mental retardation (putative mental retardation gene MRX 49). Short stature is present in mother and son, but both also had bilateral Madelung deformity, a key finding in the Léri-Weill syndrome. We discuss the phenotype in relationship to hitherto published cases with chromosomal aberrations and contiguous gene syndromes of Xp22.3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Spranger
- Center for Human Genetics and Genetic Counseling, University of Bremen, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Sheffield LJ, Osborn AH, Hutchison WM, Sillence DO, Forrest SM, White SJ, Dahl HH. Segregation of mutations in arylsulphatase E and correlation with the clinical presentation of chondrodysplasia punctata. J Med Genet 1998; 35:1004-8. [PMID: 9863597 PMCID: PMC1051512 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.35.12.1004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Sixteen males and two females with symmetrical (mild) type of chondrodysplasia punctata were tested for mutations in the X chromosome located arylsulphatase D and E genes. We identified one nonsense and two missense mutations in the arylsulphatase E gene in three males. No mutations were detected in the arylsulphatase D gene. Family studies showed segregation of the mutant genes establishing X linked inheritance for these families. Asymptomatic females and males were found in these studies. The clinical presentation varies not only between unrelated affected males, but also between affected males within the same family. We also conclude that clinical diagnosis of chondrodysplasia punctata in adults can be difficult. Finally, our results indicate that brachytelephalangy is not necessarily a feature of X linked symmetrical chondrodysplasia punctata.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L J Sheffield
- The Murdoch Institute for Research into Birth Defects, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
A case is reported here of a boy with brachytelephalangic chondrodysplasia punctata. This is the first case of this disorder reported in the Australian literature.
Collapse
|
14
|
Zizka J, Charvat J, Baxova A, Balicek P, Kozlowski K. Brachytelephalangic chondrodysplasia punctata with distinctive phenotype and normal karyotype. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1998; 76:213-6. [PMID: 9508239 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19980319)76:3<213::aid-ajmg3>3.0.co;2-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We present two sibs with a distinctive phenotype and with stippled calcifications of the tarsal bones and sacro-coccygeal spine. They represent an apparently "new" form of chondrodysplasia punctata.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Zizka
- University Hospital, Hradec Kralova, Czech Republic
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Sutphen R, Amar MJ, Kousseff BG, Toomey KE. XXY male with X-linked dominant chondrodysplasia punctata (Happle syndrome). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1995; 57:489-92. [PMID: 7677157 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320570326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Happle syndrome is an X-linked dominant disorder with presumed lethality in hemizygous males; familial occurrence is rare. We describe a family with Happle syndrome affecting individuals in 3 generations. A man in this family is the first known male patient with Happle syndrome. He is severely affected; this may be due to his 47,XXY karyotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Sutphen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of South Florida, Tampa 33617-3451, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wang I, Franco B, Ferrero GB, Chinault AC, Weissenbach J, Chumakov I, Le Paslier D, Levilliers J, Klink A, Rappold GA, Ballabio A, Petit C. High-density physical mapping of a 3-Mb region in Xp22.3 and refined localization of the gene for X-linked recessive chondrodysplasia punctata (CDPX1). Genomics 1995; 26:229-38. [PMID: 7601447 DOI: 10.1016/0888-7543(95)80205-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The study of patients with chromosomal rearrangements has led to the mapping of the gene responsible for X-linked recessive chondrodysplasia punctata (CDPX1; MIM 302950) to the distal part of the Xp22.3 region, between the loci PABX and DXS31. To refine this mapping, a yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) contig map spanning this region has been constructed. Together with the YAC contig of the pseudo-autosomal region that we previously established, this map covers the terminal 6 Mb of Xp, with an average density of 1 probe every 100 kb. Newly isolated probes that detect segmental X-Y homologies on Yp and Yq suggest multiple complex rearrangements of the ancestral pseudoautosomal region during evolution. Compilation of the data obtained from the study of individuals carrying various Xp22.3 deletions led us to conclude that the CDPX disease displays incomplete penetrance and, consequently, to refine the localization of CDPX1 to a 600-kb interval immediately adjacent to the pseudoautosomal boundary. This interval, in which 12 probes are ordered, provides the starting point for the isolation of CDPX1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Wang
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Génétique Moléculaire Humaine (CNRS UA 1445), Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Herrell S, Novo FJ, Charlton R, Affara NA. Development and physical analysis of YAC contigs covering 7 Mb of Xp22.3-p22.2. Genomics 1995; 25:526-37. [PMID: 7789987 DOI: 10.1016/0888-7543(95)80054-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A total of 54 YAC clones have been isolated from the region of Xp22.2-p22.3 extending from the amelogenin gene locus to DXS31. Restriction analysis of these clones in association with STS contenting and end clone analysis has facilitated the construction of 6 contigs covering a total of 7 Mb in which 20 potential CpG islands have been located. Thirty new STSs have been developed from probe and YAC end clone sequences, and these have been used in the analysis of patients suffering from different combinations of chondrodysplasia punctata, mental retardation, X-linked ichthyosis, and Kallmann syndrome. The results suggest that (1) the gene for chondrodysplasia punctata must lie between the X chromosome pseudoautosomal boundary (PABX) and DXS1145; (2) a gene for mental retardation lies between DXS1145 and the sequence tagged site GS1; and (3) the gene for ocular albinism type 1 lies proximal to the STS G13. The CpG islands within the YAC contigs constitute valuable markers for the potential positions of genes. Genes found associated with any of these potential CpG islands would be possible candidates for the disease genes mentioned above.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Herrell
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, England
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Paige DG, Emilion GG, Bouloux PM, Harper JI. A clinical and genetic study of X-linked recessive ichthyosis and contiguous gene defects. Br J Dermatol 1994; 131:622-9. [PMID: 7999591 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1994.tb04972.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
X-linked recessive ichthyosis (XLI) is caused by a deletion, or mutation, of the steroid sulphatase gene on the distal short arm of the X chromosome (Xp22.3). This region of the X chromosome is particularly susceptible to deletions. Such deletions can occasionally extend to involve neighbouring genes, causing a contiguous gene defect. Therefore, XLI may be associated with Kallmann's syndrome (KS), mental retardation, X-linked recessive chondrodysplasia punctata and short stature. We have reviewed 33 patients with XLI. Nine showed evidence of contiguous gene defects. A further four had neurological deficit sustained at the time of birth. This study highlights the importance of screening patients with X-linked recessive ichthyosis for neighbouring genetic disorders and, in particular, the early identification of KS, as delay in diagnosis may lead to infertility and osteoporosis. Parents should be warned about possible obstetric complications due to prolonged labour in future pregnancies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D G Paige
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital for Sick Children, London, U.K
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Meindl A, Hosenfeld D, Brückl W, Schuffenhauer S, Jenderny J, Bacskulin A, Oppermann HC, Swensson O, Bouloux P, Meitinger T. Analysis of a terminal Xp22.3 deletion in a patient with six monogenic disorders: implications for the mapping of X linked ocular albinism. J Med Genet 1993; 30:838-42. [PMID: 8230160 PMCID: PMC1016566 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.30.10.838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The molecular characterisation of chromosomal aberrations in Xp22.3 has established the map position of several genes with mutations resulting in diverse phenotypes such as short stature (SS), chondrodysplasia punctata (CDPX), mental retardation (MRX), ichthyosis (XLI), and Kallmann syndrome (KAL). We describe the clinical symptoms of a patient with a complex syndrome compatible with all these conditions plus ocular albinism (OA1). He has a terminal Xp deletion of at least 10 Mb of DNA. Both the mother and sister of the patient are carriers of the deletion and show a number of traits seen in Turner's syndrome. The diagnosis of ocular albinism was confirmed in the patient and his mother, who shows iris translucency, patches and streaks of hypopigmentation in the fundus, and macromelanosomes in epidermal melanocytes. By comparative deletion mapping we can define a deletion interval, which locates the OA1 gene proximal to DXS143 and distal to DXS85, with the breakpoints providing valuable starting points for cloning strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Meindl
- Abteilung für pädiatrische Genetik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Bouloux PM, Kirk J, Munroe P, Duke V, Meindl A, Hilson A, Grant D, Carter N, Betts D, Meitinger T. Deletion analysis maps ocular albinism proximal to the steroid sulphatase locus. Clin Genet 1993; 43:169-73. [PMID: 8330450 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.1993.tb04442.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
We describe a pedigree in which four male members are affected by a contiguous gene abnormality involving the short arm of the X chromosome (Xp22.32). Bivariate flow cytometry of lymphoblastoid cell lines from two of these individuals and a normal male showed a 6-7 megabase deletion in affected males, and high resolution chromosomal G-banding of an obligate heterozygote showed the deletion to reside in the Xp22.32 region. Affected members had X-linked ichthyosis due to steroid sulphatase deficiency, Kallmann's syndrome, but no ocular albinism. In two out of four affected individuals studied, there was unilateral renal agenesis. Deletion analysis using the Xp22.32 markers MIC2, DXS31, DXS 89, GMGX9, DXS278, DXS143, and DXS9 showed that the deletion extended from DXS31 to DXS143 (inclusive). The absence of ocular albinism in this pedigree shows conclusively that the X-linked ocular albinism gene resides proximal to the DXS143 locus. Further, the inconstant association of unilateral renal agenesis with X-linked Kallmann's syndrome, even when the latter is caused by a complete deletion of the gene, suggests that the absence of the X-linked Kallmann gene can be compensated in renal development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P M Bouloux
- Academic Department of Medicine, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ogata T, Goodfellow P, Petit C, Maroteaux P, Matsuo N. Absent chondrodysplasia punctata in a male with an Xp terminal deletion involving the putative region for CDPX1 locus. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1993; 45:101-4. [PMID: 8418639 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320450124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
This is a follow-up report on a male patient with a 46,Y,r(X) karyotype. Although he had no clinico-radiological features of X-linked recessive chondrodysplasia punctata (CDPX1), molecular studies revealed an Xp terminal deletion involving the putative region for the CDPX1 locus (PABX-DXS31). We suspect that the absence of CDPX1 may be attributable to the nature of the disease and the extreme short stature of the patient (mean -5.6 S.D.).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Ogata
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Imperial Cancer Research Fund, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
Kallmann's syndrome combines hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia. The most frequent form of the disease is linked to the X chromosome and has been proposed to be due to a defect in the embryonic migration of GnRH neurons and olfactory axons from the nose to the brain. A candidate gene for the X-linked form of the disease has been isolated by positional cloning. Mutations in the open reading frame have been identified in several patients, providing convincing evidence that this gene is the actual gene, KAL, responsible for the X-linked Kallmann's syndrome. Correlations between molecular and clinical data extend the role of the KAL gene to other neuronal pathways and kidney organogenesis. The deduced amino acid sequence led us to postulate that the KAL protein is an extracellular matrix component with possible antiprotease and adhesion functions. Such functions are known to be involved in neuronal migration, axonal guidance and targeting, and also in synaptogenesis. Further experiments will enable the elucidation of the role of the KAL protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Petit
- Christine Petit is at the Unit for Molecular Human Genetics, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris Cédex 15, France
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Traupe H, Müller D, Atherton D, Kalter DC, Cremers FP, van Oost BA, Ropers HH. Exclusion mapping of the X-linked dominant chondrodysplasia punctata/ichthyosis/cataract/short stature (Happle) syndrome: possible involvement of an unstable pre-mutation. Hum Genet 1992; 89:659-65. [PMID: 1355069 DOI: 10.1007/bf00221958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Homology with the mouse bare patches mutant suggests that the gene for the X-linked dominant chondrodysplasia punctata/ichthyosis/cataract/short stature syndrome (Happle syndrome) is located in the human Xq28 region. To test this hypothesis, we performed a linkage study in three families comprising a total of 12 informative meioses. Multiple recombinations appear to exclude the Xq28 region as the site of the gene. Surprisingly, multiple crossovers were also found with 26 other markers spread along the rest of the X chromosome. Two-point linkage analysis and analysis of recombination chromosomes seem to exclude the gene from the entire X chromosome. Three different mechanisms are discussed that could explain the apparent exclusion of an X-linked gene from the X chromosome by linkage analysis: (a) different mutations on the X chromosome disturbing X inactivation, (b) metabolic interference, i.e. allele incompatibility of an X-linked gene, and (c) an unstable pre-mutation that can become silent in males. We favour the last explanation, as it would account for the unexpected sex ratio (M:F) of 1.2:1 among surviving siblings, and for the striking clinical variability of the phenotype, including stepwise increases in disease expression in successive generations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Traupe
- Department of Human Genetics, University Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Ogata T, Petit C, Rappold G, Matsuo N, Matsumoto T, Goodfellow P. Chromosomal localisation of a pseudoautosomal growth gene(s). J Med Genet 1992; 29:624-8. [PMID: 1404292 PMCID: PMC1016092 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.29.9.624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Although recent molecular studies in patients with sex chromosome aberrations are consistent with a growth gene(s) being present in the pseudoautosomal region (PAR), the precise location has not been determined. In this report, we describe a Japanese boy and his mother with an interstitial deletion in Xp22.3 and review the correlation between genotype and stature in six cases of partial monosomy of the PAR. The results indicate that the region from DXYS20 to DXYS15 is the critical region for the putative growth gene(s).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Ogata
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Imperial Cancer Research Fund, London
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Wapenaar MC, Petit C, Basler E, Ballabio A, Henke A, Rappold GA, van Paassen HM, Blonden LA, van Ommen GJ. Physical mapping of 14 new DNA markers isolated from the human distal Xp region. Genomics 1992; 13:167-75. [PMID: 1349572 DOI: 10.1016/0888-7543(92)90217-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We have isolated 14 new DNA markers from the human Xpter-Xp21 region distal to the Duchenne muscular dystrophy gene by targeted cloning, employing two somatic cell hybrids containing this region as their sole human material. High-resolution physical localization of these markers within this region was obtained by hybridization to two mapping panels consisting of DNA from patients carrying various translocations and deletions in distal Xp. Five markers were assigned to the pseudoautosomal region where their position on the long-range map of this region was further determined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. The other nine markers map to the X-specific region. Informative TaqI restriction fragment length polymorphisms were observed for four loci. One of these represents a region-specific low-copy repeated element. These 14 new markers represent useful tools for the understanding of distal Xp deletion and translocation mechanisms and for the positional cloning of disease genes in the region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M C Wapenaar
- Department of Human Genetics, Sylvius Laboratory, Leiden University, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
|
27
|
Abstract
In the past few years, clinical, cytogenetic and molecular analysis of patients with complex phenotypes has led to the identification of syndromes caused by deletions of adjacent disease genes on a chromosome. These conditions, referred to as contiguous deletion syndromes, are an important component of the syndromes recognized in medical genetics, and the DNA from patients affected by these disorders is useful for the mapping and cloning of disease genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Ballabio
- Institute for Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| |
Collapse
|