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Roos D, Kuhns DB, Maddalena A, Roesler J, Lopez JA, Ariga T, Avcin T, de Boer M, Bustamante J, Condino-Neto A, Di Matteo G, He J, Hill HR, Holland SM, Kannengiesser C, Köker MY, Kondratenko I, van Leeuwen K, Malech HL, Marodi L, Nunoi H, Stasia MJ, Maria Ventura A, Witwer CT, Wolach B, Gallin JI. Hematologically important mutations: X-linked chronic granulomatous disease (third update). Blood Cells Mol Dis 2010; 45:246-65. [PMID: 20729109 PMCID: PMC4360070 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2010.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Accepted: 07/20/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is an immunodeficiency disorder affecting about 1 in 250,000 individuals. The disease is caused by a lack of superoxide production by the leukocyte enzyme NADPH oxidase. Superoxide is used to kill phagocytosed micro-organisms in neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes and macrophages. The leukocyte NADPH oxidase is composed of five subunits, of which the enzymatic component is gp91-phox, also called Nox2. This protein is encoded by the CYBB gene on the X chromosome. Mutations in this gene are found in about 70% of all CGD patients. This article lists all mutations identified in CYBB in the X-linked form of CGD. Moreover, apparently benign polymorphisms in CYBB are also given, which should facilitate the recognition of future disease-causing mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Roos
- Sanquin Research, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Plesmanlaan 125, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Joachim Roesler
- Dept of Pediatrics, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Tadashi Ariga
- Dept of Pediatrics, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tadej Avcin
- Department of Allergology, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Children's Hospital, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Martin de Boer
- Sanquin Research, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Plesmanlaan 125, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jacinta Bustamante
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, INSERM, U550, and René Descartes University, Necker Medical School, Paris, France
| | - Antonio Condino-Neto
- Dept of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gigliola Di Matteo
- Dept of Public Health and Cellular Biology, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Jianxin He
- Lung Function Lab, Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children’ Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Harry R. Hill
- Depts of Pathology, Pediatrics and Medicine, University of Utah, and the ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Steven M. Holland
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Disease, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Caroline Kannengiesser
- Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Bichat-Claude Bernard Hospital, Hormonal Biochemistry and Genetic Service, Paris, F-75018, and INSERM, Biomedical Research Center Bichat-Beaujon, U773, Paris, F-75018, France
| | - M. Yavuz Köker
- Immunology Laboratory and Cappadocia Transplant Centre, University of Erciyes, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Irina Kondratenko
- Dept of Clinical Immunology, Russian Children’s Clinical Hospital, Moscow, Russia
| | - Karin van Leeuwen
- Sanquin Research, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Plesmanlaan 125, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Harry L. Malech
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA ()
| | - László Marodi
- Dept of Infectiology and Pediatric Immunology, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Hiroyuki Nunoi
- Dept of Reproductive and Developmental Medicine, Division of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Marie-José Stasia
- Chronic Granulomatous Disease Diagnosis and Research Centre, University Hospital Grenoble, Therex-TIMC/Imag UMR CNRS 5525, University J. Fourrier, Grenoble, France
| | - Anna Maria Ventura
- Department of Biomedicine of Development Age, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Carl T. Witwer
- Depts of Pathology, Pediatrics and Medicine, University of Utah, and the ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Baruch Wolach
- Dept of Pediatrics and Laboratory for Leukocyte Function, Meir Medical Centre, Kfar Saba, Israel
| | - John I. Gallin
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA ()
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Yoshida LS, Saruta F, Yoshikawa K, Tatsuzawa O, Tsunawaki S. Mutation at histidine 338 of gp91(phox) depletes FAD and affects expression of cytochrome b558 of the human NADPH oxidase. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:27879-86. [PMID: 9774399 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.43.27879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Defective NADPH oxidase components prevent superoxide (O-2) generation, causing chronic granulomatous disease (CGD). X-linked CGD patients have mutations in the gene encoding the gp91(phox) subunit of cytochrome b558 and usually lack gp91(phox) protein completely (X91(0)). gp91(phox) is considered to be a flavocytochrome that contains binding sites for NADPH, FAD, as well as heme. We here report a rare X-linked CGD patient whose neutrophils entirely failed to produce O-2, but presented a diminished expression of gp91(phox) containing about one-third of the heme present in normal individuals by Soret absorption. Translocation of cytosolic factors p67(phox) and p47(phox) was normal. However, the FAD content in his neutrophil membranes was as low as that of X91(0) patients, suggesting complete depletion of FAD in his gp91(phox). This was in agreement with the finding that a single base substitution (C1024 to T) changed His-338 to Tyr in gp91(phox) in a predicted FAD-binding domain of the flavocytochrome model. The loss of FAD could not be corrected even after addition of reagent FAD or a FAD-rich dehydrogenase fraction isolated from normal neutrophils to the patient's membranes, in a reconstitution in vitro with normal cytosol. These results indicate that His-338 is a very critical residue for FAD incorporation into the NADPH oxidase system. This is the first such mutation found in CGD.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S Yoshida
- National Children's Medical Research Center, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 154-8509, Japan
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Ariga T, Furuta H, Cho K, Sakiyama Y. Genetic analysis of 13 families with X-linked chronic granulomatous disease reveals a low proportion of sporadic patients and a high proportion of sporadic carriers. Pediatr Res 1998; 44:85-92. [PMID: 9667376 DOI: 10.1203/00006450-199807000-00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
X-linked chronic granulomatous disease (X-CGD) is the most common type of CGD, whose responsible gene has been identified and termed as CYBB, according to the gp91-phox, a subunit of cytochrome b558. Although approximately 200 different mutations of the gp91-phox gene have been reported, no precise study of the proportion of sporadic cases in X-CGD, based on molecular genetic analysis, has been reported. We made a genetic analysis of six newly identified X-CGD patients together with that of eight previously reported X-CGD patients. The mutations newly detected were three missense mutations, two splice mutations, and one insertion of 2 bases. All of the mutations were novel. Twelve mothers (two of them came from the same family) and four maternal grandmothers from 13 different X-CGD families were available for further genetic studies. It was revealed that a proportion of sporadic patients was low and that of sporadic carriers was high. These results suggest that the mutation for the disease originates mainly from male gametes.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ariga
- Department of Pediatrics, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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Rae J, Newburger PE, Dinauer MC, Noack D, Hopkins PJ, Kuruto R, Curnutte JT. X-Linked chronic granulomatous disease: mutations in the CYBB gene encoding the gp91-phox component of respiratory-burst oxidase. Am J Hum Genet 1998; 62:1320-31. [PMID: 9585602 PMCID: PMC1377153 DOI: 10.1086/301874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a hereditary disorder of host defense due to absent or decreased activity of phagocyte NADPH oxidase. The X-linked form of the disease derives from defects in the CYBB gene, which encodes the 91-kD glycoprotein component (termed "gp91-phox") of the oxidase. We have identified the mutations in the CYBB gene responsible for X-linked CGD in 131 consecutive independent kindreds. Screening by SSCP analysis identified mutations in 124 of the kindreds, and sequencing of all exons and intron boundary regions revealed the other seven mutations. We detected 103 different specific mutations; no single mutation appeared in more than seven independent kindreds. The types of mutations included large and small deletions (11%), frameshifts (24%), nonsense mutations (23%), missense mutations (23%), splice-region mutations (17%), and regulatory-region mutations (2%). The distribution of mutations within the CYBB gene exhibited great heterogeneity, with no apparent mutational hot spots. Evaluation of 87 available mothers revealed X-linked carrier status in all but 10. The heterogeneity of mutations and the lack of any predominant genotype indicate that the disease represents many different mutational events, without a founder effect, as is expected for a disorder with a previously lethal phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Rae
- Department of Immunology, Genetech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
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