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Kiesenhofer D, Mach-Aigner AR, Mach RL. Understanding the Mechanism of Carbon Catabolite Repression to Increase Protein Production in Filamentous Fungi. Fungal Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-27951-0_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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The interaction of induction and repression mechanisms in the regulation of galacturonic acid-induced genes in Aspergillus niger. Fungal Genet Biol 2015; 82:32-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Jovanović B, Mach RL, Mach-Aigner AR. Characterization of erythrose reductases from filamentous fungi. AMB Express 2013; 3:43. [PMID: 23924507 PMCID: PMC3751045 DOI: 10.1186/2191-0855-3-43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins with putative erythrose reductase activity have been identified in the filamentous fungi Trichoderma reesei, Aspergillus niger, and Fusarium graminearum by in silico analysis. The proteins found in T. reesei and A. niger had earlier been characterized as glycerol dehydrogenase and aldehyde reductase, respectively. Corresponding genes from all three fungi were cloned, heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli, and purified. Subsequently, they were used to establish optimal enzyme assay conditions. All three enzymes strictly require NADPH as cofactor, whereas with NADH no activity could be observed. The enzymatic characterization of the three enzymes using ten substrates revealed high substrate specificity and activity with D-erythrose and D-threose. The enzymes from T. reesei and A. niger herein showed comparable activities, whereas the one from F. graminearum reached only about a tenth of it for all tested substrates. In order to proof in vivo the proposed enzyme function, we overexpressed the erythrose reductase-encoding gene in T. reesei. An increased production of erythritol by the recombinant strain compared to the parental strain could be detected.
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Overproduction of Polygalacturonase by Penicillium griseoroseum Recombinant Strains and Functional Analysis by Targeted Disruption of the pgg2 Gene. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2013; 169:1965-77. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-013-0121-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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d-Xylose concentration-dependent hydrolase expression profiles and the function of CreA and XlnR in Aspergillus niger. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 78:3145-55. [PMID: 22344641 DOI: 10.1128/aem.07772-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus niger is an important organism for the production of industrial enzymes such as hemicellulases and pectinases. The xylan-backbone monomer, d-xylose, is an inducing substance for the coordinate expression of a large number of polysaccharide-degrading enzymes. In this study, the responses of 22 genes to low (1 mM) and high (50 mM) d-xylose concentrations were investigated. These 22 genes encode enzymes that function as xylan backbone-degrading enzymes, accessory enzymes, cellulose-degrading enzymes, or enzymes involved in the pentose catabolic pathway in A. niger. Notably, genes encoding enzymes that have a similar function (e.g., xylan backbone degradation) respond in a similar manner to different concentrations of d-xylose. Although low d-xylose concentrations provoke the greatest change in transcript levels, in particular, for hemicellulase-encoding genes, transcript formation in the presence of high concentrations of d-xylose was also observed. Interestingly, a high d-xylose concentration is favorable for certain groups of genes. Furthermore, the repressing influence of CreA on the transcription and transcript levels of a subset of these genes was observed regardless of whether a low or high concentration of d-xylose was used. Interestingly, the decrease in transcript levels of certain genes on high d-xylose concentrations is not reflected by the transcript level of their activator, XlnR. Regardless of the d-xylose concentration applied and whether CreA was functional, xlnR was constitutively expressed at a low level.
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Regulation of transcription of cellulases- and hemicellulases-encoding genes in Aspergillus niger and Hypocrea jecorina (Trichoderma reesei). Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 78:211-20. [PMID: 18197406 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-007-1322-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2007] [Revised: 12/06/2007] [Accepted: 12/08/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The filamentous fungi Aspergillus niger and Hypocrea jecorina (Trichoderma reesei) have been the subject of many studies investigating the mechanism of transcriptional regulation of hemicellulase- and cellulase-encoding genes. The transcriptional regulator XlnR that was initially identified in A. niger as the transcriptional regulator of xylanase-encoding genes controls the transcription of about 20-30 genes encoding hemicellulases and cellulases. The orthologous xyr1 (xylanase regulator 1-encoding) gene product of H. jecorina has a similar function as XlnR, although at points, the mechanisms seems to be different. Specifically in H. jecorina, the interaction of Xyr1 and the co-regulators Ace1 and Ace2 in the regulation of transcription of xylanases and cellulases has been studied. This paper describes the similarities and differences in the transcriptional regulation of expression of hemicellulases and cellulases in A. niger and H. jecorina.
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Overexpression of the plg1 gene encoding pectin lyase in Penicillium griseoroseum. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2007; 35:159-66. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-007-0277-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2007] [Accepted: 10/27/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Levasseur A, Benoit I, Asther M, Asther M, Record E. Homologous expression of the feruloyl esterase B gene from Aspergillus niger and characterization of the recombinant enzyme. Protein Expr Purif 2005; 37:126-33. [PMID: 15294290 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2004.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2004] [Revised: 05/28/2004] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The faeB gene encoding the feruloyl esterase B (FAEB) was isolated from Aspergillus niger BRFM131 genomic DNA. The faeB gene, with additional sequence coding for a C-terminal histidine tag, was inserted into an expression vector under the control of the gpd promoter and trpC terminator and expressed in a protease deficient A. niger strain. Homologous overproduction allows to reach an esterase activity of 18 nkat mL(-1) against MCA as substrate. The improvement factor was 16-fold higher as compared to the production level obtained with non-transformed A. niger strain induced by sugar beet pulp. The corresponding secretion yield was estimated to be around 100 mg L(-1). Recombinant FAEB was purified 14.6-fold to homogeneity from an 8-day-old culture by a single affinity chromatographic step with a recovery of 64%. SDS-PAGE revealed a single band with a molecular mass of 75 kDa, while under non-denatured conditions, native enzyme has a molecular mass of around 150 kDa confirming that the recombinant FAEB is a homodimer. The recombinant and native FAEB have the same characteristics concerning temperature and pH optima, i.e., 50 degrees C and 6, respectively. In addition, the recombinant FAEB was determined to be quite stable up to 50 degrees C for 120 min. Kinetic constants for MCA, MpCA, and chlorogenic acid (5-O-caffeoyl quinic acid) were as follows: Km: 0.13, 0.029, and 0.16 mM and Vmax: 1101, 527.6, and 28.3 nkat mg(-1), respectively. This is the first report on the homologous overproduction of feruloyl esterase B in A. niger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Levasseur
- UMR 1163 INRA de Biotechnologie des Champignons Filamenteux, IFR-BAIM, Universités de Provence et de la Méditerranée, ESIL, 163 avenue de Luminy, Case Postale 925, 13288 Marseille cedex 09, France.
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Panda T, Nair SR, Kumar M. Regulation of synthesis of the pectolytic enzymes of Aspergillus niger. Enzyme Microb Technol 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2003.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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de Vries RP, Visser J. Aspergillus enzymes involved in degradation of plant cell wall polysaccharides. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2001; 65:497-522, table of contents. [PMID: 11729262 PMCID: PMC99039 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.65.4.497-522.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 542] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Degradation of plant cell wall polysaccharides is of major importance in the food and feed, beverage, textile, and paper and pulp industries, as well as in several other industrial production processes. Enzymatic degradation of these polymers has received attention for many years and is becoming a more and more attractive alternative to chemical and mechanical processes. Over the past 15 years, much progress has been made in elucidating the structural characteristics of these polysaccharides and in characterizing the enzymes involved in their degradation and the genes of biotechnologically relevant microorganisms encoding these enzymes. The members of the fungal genus Aspergillus are commonly used for the production of polysaccharide-degrading enzymes. This genus produces a wide spectrum of cell wall-degrading enzymes, allowing not only complete degradation of the polysaccharides but also tailored modifications by using specific enzymes purified from these fungi. This review summarizes our current knowledge of the cell wall polysaccharide-degrading enzymes from aspergilli and the genes by which they are encoded.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P de Vries
- Molecular Genetics of Industrial Microorganisms, Wageningen University, 6703 HA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Kester HC, Magaud D, Roy C, Anker D, Doutheau A, Shevchik V, Hugouvieux-Cotte-Pattat N, Benen JA, Visser J. Performance of selected microbial pectinases on synthetic monomethyl-esterified di- and trigalacturonates. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:37053-9. [PMID: 10601263 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.52.37053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Two monomethyl esters of alpha-(1-4)-linked D-galacturonic dimers and three monomethyl esters of alpha-(1-4)-linked D-galacturonic acid trimers were synthesized chemically and further used as substrates in order to establish the substrate specificity of six different endopolygalacturonases from Aspergillus niger, one exopolygalacturonase from Aspergillus tubingensis, and four selected Erwinia chrysanthemi pectinases; exopolygalacturonan hydrolase X (PehX), exopolygalacturonate lyase X (PelX), exopectate lyase W (PelW), and oligogalacturonan lyase (Ogl). All A. niger endopolygalacturonases (PGs) were unable to hydrolyze the two monomethyldigalacturonates and 2-methyltrigalacturonate, whereas 1-methyltrigalacturonate was only cleaved by PGI, PGII, and PGB albeit at an extremely low rate. The hydrolysis of 3-methyltrigalacturonate into 2-methyldigalacturonate and galacturonate by all endopolygalacturonases demonstrates that these enzymes can accommodate a methylgalacturonate at subsite -2. The A. tubingensis exopolygalacturonase hydrolyzed the monomethyl-esterified digalacturonates and trigalacturonates although at lower rates than for the corresponding oligogalacturonates. 1-Methyltrigalacturonate was hydrolyzed at the same rate as trigalacturonate which demonstrates that the presence of a methyl ester at the third galacturonic acid from the nonreducing end does not have any effect on the performance of exopolygalacturonase. Of the four E. chrysanthemi pectinases, Ogl was the only enzyme able to cleave digalacturonate, whereas all four enzymes cleaved trigalacturonate. Ogl does not cleave monomethyl-esterified digalacturonate and trigalacturonate in case the second galacturonic acid residue from the reducing end is methyl-esterified. PehX did not hydrolyze any of the monomethyl-esterified trigalacturonates. The two lyases, PelX and PelW, were both only able to cleave 1-methyltrigalacturonate into Delta4,5-unsaturated 1-methyldigalacturonate and galacturonate.
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Affiliation(s)
- H C Kester
- Section of Molecular Genetics of Industrial Microorganisms, Wageningen Agricultural University, Dreijenlaan 2, 6703 HA Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Pectinase production by a diploid construct from two Aspergillus niger overproducing mutants. Enzyme Microb Technol 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0141-0229(99)00015-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Benen JA, Kester HC, Visser J. Kinetic characterization of Aspergillus niger N400 endopolygalacturonases I, II and C. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1999; 259:577-85. [PMID: 10092840 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.1999.00080.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Endopolygalacturonases I, II and C isolated from recombinant Aspergillus niger strains were characterized with respect to pH optimum, activity on polygalacturonic acid and mode of action and kinetics on oligogalacturonates of different chain length (n = 3-7). Apparent Vmax values using polygalacturonate as a substrate at the pH optimum, pH 4.1, were calculated as 13.8 mukat.mg-1, 36.5 mukat.mg-1 and 415 nkat.mg-1 for endopolygalacturonases I, II and C, respectively. K(m) values were < 0.15 mg.mL-1 for all three enzymes. Product progression analysis using polygalacturonate as a substrate revealed a random cleavage pattern for all three enzymes and suggested processive behavior for endopolygalacturonases I and C. This result was confirmed by analysis of the mode of action using oligogalacturonates. Processivity was observed when the degree of polymerization of the substrate exceeded 5 or 6 for endopolygalacturonase I and endopolygalacturonase C, respectively. The bond-cleavage frequencies obtained for the hydrolysis of the oligogalacturonates were used to assess subsite maps. The maps indicate that the minimum number of subsites is seven for all three enzymes. Using pectins of various degrees of esterification, it was shown that endopolygalacturonase II is the most sensitive to the presence of methyl esters. Like endopolygalacturonase II, endopolygalacturonases I, C and E, which was also included in this part of the study, preferred the non-esterified pectate. Additional differences in substrate specificity were revealed by analysis of the reaction products of hydrolysis of a mixture of pectate lyase-generated delta 4,5-unsaturated oligogalacturonates of degree of polymerization 4-8. Whereas endopolygalacturonase I showed a strong preference for generating the delta 4,5-unsaturated dimer, with endopolygalacturonase II the delta 4,5-unsaturated trimer accumulated, indicating further differences in substrate specificity. For endopolygalacturonases C and E both the delta 4,5-unsaturated dimer and trimer were observed, although in different ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Benen
- Section Molecular Genetics of Industrial Microorganisms, Wageningen Agricultural University, The Netherlands.
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Schwan RF, Cooper RM, Wheals AE. Endopolygalacturonase secretion by Kluyveromyces marxianus and other cocoa pulp-degrading yeasts. Enzyme Microb Technol 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0141-0229(96)00261-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Benen J, Parenicova L, Kusters-van Someren M, Kester H, Visser J. Molecular genetic and biochemical aspects of pectin degradation in Aspergillus. PROGRESS IN BIOTECHNOLOGY 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0921-0423(96)80265-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Kauppinen S, Christgau S, Kofod LV, Halkier T, Dörreich K, Dalbøge H. Molecular cloning and characterization of a rhamnogalacturonan acetylesterase from Aspergillus aculeatus. Synergism between rhamnogalacturonan degrading enzymes. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:27172-8. [PMID: 7592973 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.45.27172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A rhamnogalacturonan acetylesterase (RGAE) was purified to homogeneity from the filamentous fungus Aspergillus aculeatus, and the NH2-terminal amino acid sequence was determined. Full-length cDNAs encoding the enzyme were isolated from an A. aculeatus cDNA library using a polymerase chain reaction-generated product as a probe. The 936-base pair rha1 cDNA encodes a 250-residue precursor protein of 26,350 Da, including a 17-amino acid signal peptide. The rha1 cDNA was overexpressed in Aspergillus oryzae, a filamentous fungus that does not possess RGAE activity, and the recombinant enzyme was purified and characterized. Mass spectrometry of the native and recombinant RGAE revealed that the enzymes are heterogeneously glycosylated. In addition, the observed differences in their molecular masses, lectin binding patterns, and monosaccharide compositions indicate that the glycan moieties on the two enzymes are structurally different. The RGAE was shown to act in synergy with rhamnogalacturonase A as well as rhamnogalacturonase B from A. aculeatus in the degradation of apple pectin rhamnogalacturonan. RNA gel blot analyses indicate that the expression of rhamnogalacturonan degrading enzymes by A. acculeatus is regulated at the level of transcription and is subjected to carbon catabolite repression by glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kauppinen
- GeneSearch, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Allé, Bagsvaerd, Denmark
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Ward M, Wilson LJ, Kodama KH. Use of Aspergillus overproducing mutants, cured for integrated plasmid, to overproduce heterologous proteins. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 1993; 39:738-43. [PMID: 7764120 DOI: 10.1007/bf00164459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Aspergillus niger var. awamori was previously transformed with a vector designed to express a fused glucoamylase-prochymosin gene and bearing the Neurospora crassa pyr4 gene as a selectable marker. Mutant strains that overproduced the glucoamylase-prochymosin fusion protein were derived from one of the transformants. Despite the fact that the expression vector was integrated into the genome of these strains it was possible to obtain strains from which the vector sequences had been removed. This was performed by selection against the pyr4 gene present on the expression vector using 5-fluoroorotic acid. The cured strains were retransformed in order to investigate production of heterologous proteins using other expression vectors. In addition to the glucoamylase-prochymosin fusion protein, the mutant Aspergillus strains also overproduced Rhizomucor miehei aspartic proteinase but not preprochymosin produced as a non-fusion protein. The ability to select for loss of integrated plasmid from Aspergillus transformants may prove to be important for a variety of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ward
- Genencor International, South San Francisco, CA 94080
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