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Chen QY, Brocato J, Laulicht F, Costa M. Mechanisms of Nickel Carcinogenesis. ESSENTIAL AND NON-ESSENTIAL METALS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-55448-8_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Abstract
Our understanding of the molecular properties of kainate receptors and their involvement in synaptic physiology has progressed significantly over the last 30 years. A plethora of studies indicate that kainate receptors are important mediators of the pre- and postsynaptic actions of glutamate, although the mechanisms underlying such effects are still often a topic for discussion. Three clear fields related to their behavior have emerged: there are a number of interacting proteins that pace the properties of kainate receptors; their activity is unconventional since they can also signal through G proteins, behaving like metabotropic receptors; they seem to be linked to some devastating brain diseases. Despite the significant progress in their importance in brain function, kainate receptors remain somewhat puzzling. Here we examine discoveries linking these receptors to physiology and their probable implications in disease, in particular mood disorders, and propose some ideas to obtain a deeper understanding of these intriguing proteins.
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Ghosh D, Gochhait S, Banerjee D, Chatterjee A, Sinha S, Nandagopal K. SNaPshot Assay in Quantitative Detection of Allelic Nondisjunction in Down Syndrome. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2012; 16:1226-35. [PMID: 22931243 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2012.0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM We wished to identify markers associated with allelic nondisjunction in nuclear families with Down syndrome (DS) offspring. Since the GRIK1 and GARS-AIRS-GART genes, mapping to chromosome 21q22.1, may be informative in this regard, we genotyped four single-nucleotide polymorphisms [30952599(A/G) rs363484; 30924733(A/G) rs363506; 34901423(A/G) rs2834235; 34877070(A/G) rs7283354] present in these genes using the SNaPshot(™) assay protocol. RESULTS We have reported 30952599(A/G)-rs363484 to be monomorphic in our sample population. Genotyping revealed 35/65 families to be informative for 34877070(A/G)-rs7283354 (GARS-AIRS-GART), whereas only 25/65 and 11/65 are informative for 34901423(A/G)-rs2834235 (GARS-AIRS-GART) and 30924733(A/G)-rs363506 (GRIK1) polymorphisms, respectively. The parent- and stage-of-origin of nondisjunction could be traced in 48/65 families using at least one polymorphic marker. A single trio provided internal validation for assignment of the parent- and stage-of-origin of nondisjunction whereby the nondisjoining alleles were independently identified as G-rs363506, G-rs2834235, and G-rs7283354, respectively. An enhanced ratio of meiosis-I to meiosis-II errors during maternal or paternal meioses accounts for allelic nondisjunction. CONCLUSIONS The SNaPshot assay is quantitative and permits multiplexing for detection of allelic nondisjunction. Inclusion of additional informative chromosome 21-specific markers may aid rapid aneuploidy detection, screening, and prenatal counseling of parents at risk of having babies with DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debarati Ghosh
- Manovikas Biomedical Research and Diagnostic Centre, Manovikas Kendra Rehabilitation and Research Institute for the Handicapped, Kolkata, India
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Ghosh D, Sinha S, Chatterjee A, Nandagopal K. Discerning non-disjunction in Down syndrome patients by means of GluK1-(AGAT)(n) and D21S2055-(GATA)(n) microsatellites on chromosome 21. INDIAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS 2012; 18:204-16. [PMID: 23162297 PMCID: PMC3491295 DOI: 10.4103/0971-6866.100769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Down syndrome (DS), the leading genetic cause of mental retardation, stems from non-disjunction of chromosome 21. AIM Our aim was to discern non-disjunction in DS patients by genotyping GluK1-(AGAT)(n) and D21S2055-(GATA)(n) microsatellites on chromosome 21 using a family-based study design. MATERIALS AND METHODS We have used a PCR and automated DNA sequencing followed by appropriate statistical analysis of genotype data for the present study RESULTS AND DISCUSSION We show that a high power of discrimination and a low probability of matching indicate that both markers may be used to distinguish between two unrelated individuals. That the D21S2055-(GATA)(n) allele distribution is evenly balanced, is indicated by a high power of exclusion [PE=0.280]. The estimated values of observed heterozygosity and polymorphism information content reveal that relative to GluK1-(AGAT)(n)[H(obs)=0.286], the D21S2055- (GATA)(n)[H(obs)=0.791] marker, is more informative. Though allele frequencies for both polymorphisms do not conform to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium proportions, we were able to discern the parental origin of non-disjunction and also garnered evidence for triallelic (1:1:1) inheritance. The estimated proportion of meiosis-I to meiosis-II errors is 2:1 in maternal and 4:1 in paternal cases for GluK1-(AGAT)(n), whereas for D21S2055-(GATA)(n), the ratio is 2:1 in both maternal and paternal cases. Results underscore a need to systematically evaluate additional chromosome 21-specific markers in the context of non-disjunction DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debarati Ghosh
- Manovikas Biomedical Research & Diagnostic Centre, 482 Madudah, Plot I-24, Sector-J, Eastern Metropolitan Bypass, Kolkata, India
- Manovikas Kendra Rehabilitation & Research Institute for the Handicapped, 482 Madudah, Plot I-24, Sector-J, Eastern Metropolitan Bypass, Kolkata, India
| | - Swagata Sinha
- Manovikas Biomedical Research & Diagnostic Centre, 482 Madudah, Plot I-24, Sector-J, Eastern Metropolitan Bypass, Kolkata, India
- Manovikas Kendra Rehabilitation & Research Institute for the Handicapped, 482 Madudah, Plot I-24, Sector-J, Eastern Metropolitan Bypass, Kolkata, India
| | - Anindita Chatterjee
- Manovikas Kendra Rehabilitation & Research Institute for the Handicapped, 482 Madudah, Plot I-24, Sector-J, Eastern Metropolitan Bypass, Kolkata, India
| | - Krishnadas Nandagopal
- Manovikas Biomedical Research & Diagnostic Centre, 482 Madudah, Plot I-24, Sector-J, Eastern Metropolitan Bypass, Kolkata, India
- Manovikas Kendra Rehabilitation & Research Institute for the Handicapped, 482 Madudah, Plot I-24, Sector-J, Eastern Metropolitan Bypass, Kolkata, India
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Effect of the knockdown of amyloid precursor protein on intracellular calcium increases in a neuronal cell line derived from the cerebral cortex of a trisomy 16 mouse. Exp Neurol 2007; 209:234-42. [PMID: 17976585 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2007.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2007] [Revised: 09/10/2007] [Accepted: 09/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Murine trisomy 16 (Ts16) is a useful model to study the deleterious effect of aneuploidy in neural pathophysiology. The CTb cell line derived from the cerebral cortex of a Ts16 mouse overexpresses the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and exhibits altered intracellular Ca(2+) homeostasis. In the present work, we induced knockdown of APP by transfecting specific mRNA antisense sequences into CTb cells. Forty-eight hours after transfection, the APP expression was knocked down by 40%, reaching levels comparable to those of the cortical line CNh, derived from a normal animal. Calcium measurements showed that the APP knockdown decreased intracellular Ca(2+) basal levels and accelerated the kinetics of the decay of Ca(2+) responses induced by glutamatergic agonists, nicotine, depolarization or ionomycin, to levels similar to those previously reported for CNh cells. The present results suggest that APP overexpression plays an important role on the altered intracellular Ca(2+) homeostasis in the trisomic cells.
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Bamne MN, Ghule PN, Jose J, Banavali SD, Kurkure PA, Amare Kadam PS. Constitutional and somatic RB1 mutation spectrum in nonfamilial unilateral and bilateral retinoblastoma in India. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 9:200-11. [PMID: 16225399 DOI: 10.1089/gte.2005.9.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
An epidemiologic survey has indicated a comparatively high prevalence of retinoblastoma (Rb) in Asian countries. Recently, the development of preventive strategies in nonfamilial Rb has become a major goal. The present studies were designed for identification and characterization of constitutional and somatic RB1 gene mutations by conventional cytogenetics, fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) and polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP)-DNA sequencing. Of 34 patients 32 were nonfamilial and 2 were familial Rb. Maternal inheritance of del (13q14) was common. FISH was sensitive in detecting monoallelic RB1 deletion/deletion mosaicism as a first genetic hit in 20% of cases. Somatic and germline RB1 point mutations affected exons 3, 17, 20, and 21 and these were identified as novel mutations. Involvement of exon 20 as a predisposing mutation in sporadic unilateral retinoblastoma (URB) probably suggests the susceptibility of exon 20 to unknown etiologic factors in our population. A de novo RB1 deletion along with transmitted RB1 point mutation from an asymptomatic parent was identified as a unique predisposing RB1 mutation chimerism in a URB case that later evolved to bilateral retinoblastoma (BRB). The predisposing mutations such as del (13q), RB1 mono-allelic deletion and RB1 point mutation in sporadic Rb were de novo as well as transmitted mutations from asymptomatic/symptomatic parents. The RB1 mutation incidence was comparatively higher (25%) in nonfamilial Rb with emphasis on high prevalence in sporadic URB (18% versus 0%-9% in the literature series). The present studies demonstrated the efficacy of a multitechnique approach to detect various types of constitutional RB1 mutations such as RB1 deletion, deletion mosaicism, point mutation, mutation chimerism in patients of symptomatic/asymptomatic parents.
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Affiliation(s)
- M N Bamne
- Cancer Cytogenetics Laboratory, Tata Memorial Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, India
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Cárdenas AM, Allen DD, Arriagada C, Olivares A, Bennett LB, Caviedes R, Dagnino-Subiabre A, Mendoza IE, Segura-Aguilar J, Rapoport SI, Caviedes P. Establishment and characterization of immortalized neuronal cell lines derived from the spinal cord of normal and trisomy 16 fetal mice, an animal model of Down syndrome. J Neurosci Res 2002; 68:46-58. [PMID: 11933048 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.10205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
We report the establishment of continuously growing cell lines from spinal cords of normal and trisomy 16 fetal mice. We show that both cell lines, named M4b (derived from a normal animal) and MTh (trisomic) possess neurological markers by immunohistochemistry (neuron specific enolase, synaptophysin, microtubule associated protein-2 [MAP-2], and choline acetyltransferase) and lack glial traits (glial fibrillary acidic protein and S100). MTh cells were shown to overexpress mRNA of Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase, whose gene is present in autosome 16. We also studied intracellular Ca2+ signals ([Ca2+]i) induced by different agonists in Indo-1 loaded cells. Basal [Ca2+]i was significantly higher in MTh cells compared to M4b cells. Glutamate (200 microM) and (1S,3R)-1-aminocyclopentane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid (ACDP) (100 microM) induced rapid, transient increases in [Ca2+]i in M4b and MTh cells, indicating the presence of glutamatergic metabotropic receptors. N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and kainate, but not alpha-amino-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA), produced [Ca2+)]i rises in both cell types. MTh cells exhibited faster time-dependent decay phase kinetics in glutamate-induced responses compared to M4b cells. Nicotine induced a transient increase in [Ca2+]i in M4b and MTh cells, with significantly greater amplitudes in the latter compared to the former. Further, both cell types responded to noradrenaline. Finally, we examined cholinergic function in both cell lines and found no significant differences in the [3H]-choline uptake, but fractional acetylcholine release induced by either K+, glutamate or nicotine was significantly higher in MTh cells. These results show that M4b and MTh cells have neuronal characteristics and the MTh line shows differences which could be related to neuronal pathophysiology in Down's syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana María Cárdenas
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Medicine and Valparaíso Center for Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, University of Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
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Allen DD, Cárdenas AM, Arriagada C, Bennett LB, García CJ, Caviedes R, Rapoport SI, Caviedes P. A dorsal root ganglia cell line derived from trisomy 16 fetal mice, a model for Down syndrome. Neuroreport 2002; 13:491-6. [PMID: 11930168 DOI: 10.1097/00001756-200203250-00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We have established two immortalized cell lines from dorsal root ganglia of normal (G4b) and trisomy 16 mice (GT1), a model for Down syndrome. By immunohistochemistry, both cell lines exhibit neuronal traits and lack glial markers. GTl cells exhibited greater [3H]choline uptake than G4b cells. K+ and nicotine-mediated acetylcholine release was greater in GT1 cells. Basal intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) was significantly lower in GTl cells. More GTl cells responded to neurotransmitters with a transient [Ca2+]i increase compared to G4b cells, but both cell types showed similar amplitudes of [Ca2+]i responses. The results show that both cell lines retain neuronal characteristics and respond to specific neurotransmitter stimuli. Altered GT1 cell responses could be related to neuronal pathophysiology in Down's syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- David D Allen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University HSC, Amarillo, Texas, USA
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Lerma J, Paternain AV, Rodríguez-Moreno A, López-García JC. Molecular physiology of kainate receptors. Physiol Rev 2001; 81:971-98. [PMID: 11427689 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.2001.81.3.971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
A decade ago, our understanding of the molecular properties of kainate receptors and their involvement in synaptic physiology was essentially null. A plethora of recent studies has altered this situation profoundly such that kainate receptors are now regarded as key players in the modulation of transmitter release, as important mediators of the postsynaptic actions of glutamate, and as possible targets for the development of antiepileptic and analgesic drugs. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge of the properties of kainate receptors focusing on four key issues: 1) their structural and biophysical features, 2) the important progress in their pharmacological characterization, 3) their pre- and postsynaptic mechanisms of action, and 4) their involvement in a series of physiological and pathological processes. Finally, although significant progress has been made toward the elucidation of their importance for brain function, kainate receptors remain largely an enigma and, therefore, we propose some new roads that should be explored to obtain a deeper understanding of this young, but intriguing, class of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lerma
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain.
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Orti R, Rachidi M, Vialard F, Toyama K, Lopes C, Taudien S, Rosenthal A, Yaspo ML, Sinet PM, Delabar JM. Characterization of a novel gene, C21orf6, mapping to a critical region of chromosome 21q22.1 involved in the monosomy 21 phenotype and of its murine ortholog, orf5. Genomics 2000; 64:203-10. [PMID: 10729227 DOI: 10.1006/geno.1999.6109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Phenotypic and molecular analyses of patients with partial chromosome 21 monosomy enabled us to define a region, spanning 2.4 Mb between D21S190 and D21S226, associated with arthrogryposis, mental retardation, hypertonia, and several facial anomalies. The markers of the region were used to screen a total human PAC library (Ioannou, RZPD). We isolated 57 PACs, which formed primary contigs. EST clusters (UNIGENE collection) located in a 6-Mb interval, between D21S260 and D21S263, were mapped in individual bacterial clones. We mapped the WI-17843 cluster to the PAC clone J12100, which contains the two anchor markers LB10T and LA329. The open reading frame extends over 960 bp, with three putative start codons. The 1695-bp cDNA containing a polyadenylation signal should correspond to the full-length cDNA. From the genomic sequence, we deduced that the gene contained five exons and that there was a putative promoter sequence upstream from exon 1. In silico screening of DNA databases revealed similarity with a murine EST. The corresponding cDNA (1757 bp) sequence was very similar (>85%) to the human cDNA and had an open reading frame of 876 nucleotides. Somatic hybrid mapping localized the cDNA to mouse chromosome 16. EST analyses and RT-PCR indicated that the third exon in the human gene (exon 2 in the mouse) undergoes alternative splicing. Northern blot hybridization showed that the gene was ubiquitously expressed in humans and mice. The longest mouse clone was used to generate riboprobes, which were hybridized to murine embryos at stages E-9.5, E-10.5, E-12.5, E-13.5, and E-14.5-15, to study the pattern of expression during development. Ubiquitous labeling was observed, with strong signals restricted to limited areas of the telencephalon, the mesencephalon, and the interrhombomeric regions in the central nervous system, and other regions of the body such as the limb buds, branchial arches, and somites.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Orti
- UMR 8602 CNRS, UFR Necker Enfants-Malades, 156 rue de Vaugirard, Paris, 75730, France
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Ohira M, Seki N, Nagase T, Ishikawa K, Nomura N, Ohara O. Characterization of a human homolog (BACH1) of the mouse Bach1 gene encoding a BTB-basic leucine zipper transcription factor and its mapping to chromosome 21q22.1. Genomics 1998; 47:300-6. [PMID: 9479503 DOI: 10.1006/geno.1997.5080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Clinical interest in the genes on human chromosome 21, especially with respect to Down syndrome (DS), has provided a strong impetus for the creation of a transcript map of this chromosome. In an effort to identify new human genes on the basis of cDNA analysis, we found several cDNA clones that corresponded to chromosome 21-specific transcripts. One of these, ha2303, showed strong similarity to the murine transcription factor Bach1. We subsequently determined the entire nucleotide sequence of this cDNA clone and found it to contain the whole coding sequence. The gene, termed BACH1, encodes a 736-amino-acid polypeptide with 80.3% identity to the murine Bach1 protein and contains a Cap'n'collar (CNC)-type basic leucine zipper (bZip) domain and a protein interaction motif, the BTB domain. Northern blot analysis revealed that BACH1 was expressed in all tissues examined. Mapping using the NotI restriction map and the YAC contig map showed that the BACH1 gene is located at 21q22.1 between the NotI sites LA329 (D21S338) and LL60 (D21S389) and within approximately 400 kb of LA329. Both the prospective function and the chromosomal location suggest that this gene may be a DS candidate gene, contributing to certain DS phenotypes, and is possibly involved in certain features of monosomy 21.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ohira
- Laboratory of Gene Structure, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Chiba, Japan.
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Sander T, Hildmann T, Kretz R, Fürst R, Sailer U, Bauer G, Schmitz B, Beck-Mannagetta G, Wienker TF, Janz D. Allelic association of juvenile absence epilepsy with a GluR5 kainate receptor gene (GRIK1) polymorphism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19970725)74:4<416::aid-ajmg13>3.0.co;2-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Orti R, Mégarbane A, Maunoury C, Van Broeckhoven C, Sinet PM, Delabar JM. High-resolution physical mapping of a 6.7-Mb YAC contig spanning a region critical for the monosomy 21 phenotype in 21q21.3-q22.1. Genomics 1997; 43:25-33. [PMID: 9226369 DOI: 10.1006/geno.1997.4765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Deletion of genes from the chromosome 21 region between APP and SOD1 is a potential cause of some of the major phenotypic features of monosomy 21 patients. Fine physical mapping helps identify potential candidate genes. After selecting nonchimeric YACs by FISH analysis, we determined their marker contents by PCR and hybridization studies. Fifteen YACs were chosen and mapped by restriction enzyme analysis and labeling of end fragments. We localized 55 markers, including 31 STSs, 10 YAC ends, and 4 NotI linking clones, along a 6.7-Mb contig. This map facilitates transcriptional analysis of this region and construction of ready-to-sequence contigs. Furthermore, FISH mapping of two patients with partial monosomy 21 using YAC and cosmid clones allowed us to define more accurately the telomeric border of the critical region between markers S226 and S213.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Orti
- CNRS URA 1335, Faculte de Medecine Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France
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Chen AC, Kalsi G, Brynjolfsson J, Sigmundsson T, Curtis D, Butler R, Read T, Murphy P, Petursson H, Barnard EA, Gurling HM. Exclusion of linkage of schizophrenia to the gene for the glutamate GluR5 receptor. Biol Psychiatry 1997; 41:243-5. [PMID: 9018399 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3223(96)00423-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A C Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, University College London, Medical School, United Kingdom
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