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Gallo-Payet N. 60 YEARS OF POMC: Adrenal and extra-adrenal functions of ACTH. J Mol Endocrinol 2016; 56:T135-56. [PMID: 26793988 DOI: 10.1530/jme-15-0257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The pituitary adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) plays a pivotal role in homeostasis and stress response and is thus the major component of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis. After a brief summary of ACTH production from proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and on ACTH receptor properties, the first part of the review covers the role of ACTH in steroidogenesis and steroid secretion. We highlight the mechanisms explaining the differential acute vs chronic effects of ACTH on aldosterone and glucocorticoid secretion. The second part summarizes the effects of ACTH on adrenal growth, addressing its role as either a mitogenic or a differentiating factor. We then review the mechanisms involved in steroid secretion, from the classical Cyclic adenosine monophosphate second messenger system to various signaling cascades. We also consider how the interaction between the extracellular matrix and the cytoskeleton may trigger activation of signaling platforms potentially stimulating or repressing the steroidogenic potency of ACTH. Finally, we consider the extra-adrenal actions of ACTH, in particular its role in differentiation in a variety of cell types, in addition to its known lipolytic effects on adipocytes. In each section, we endeavor to correlate basic mechanisms of ACTH function with the pathological consequences of ACTH signaling deficiency and of overproduction of ACTH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Gallo-Payet
- Division of EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada Division of EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje Marschinke
- Institut für Allgemeine und Spezielle Zoologie der Justus‐Liebig‐Universität, Stephanstr. 24, D‐35390 Giessen, Germany; Laboratoire d'Océanographie Biologique, Univ. de Bordeaux I, F‐33120‐Arcachon, France
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Zwermann O, Schulte DM, Reincke M, Beuschlein F. ACTH 1-24 inhibits proliferation of adrenocortical tumors in vivo. Eur J Endocrinol 2005; 153:435-44. [PMID: 16131607 DOI: 10.1530/eje.1.01983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Although several lines of evidence suggest that the overall effects of the ACTH receptor, melanocortin 2 receptor (MC2-R), mediated signal transduction on adrenocortical growth and tumorigenesis are anti-proliferative, activation of MC2-R induces mitogens like jun, fos, and myc and activates the MAPK pathway. In vivo, potential effects of endogenous ACTH on adrenal tumori-genesis can not be separated from effects of other POMC derived peptides. METHODS Murine adrenocortical tumor cells that lack MC2-R expression (Y6(pcDNA)) and Y6 cells stablely transfected with MC2-R (Y6(MC2-R)) were generated. Presence of functional MC2-R was demonstrated by RT-PCR and Western blot using an antibody for phosphorylated CREB. As a syngenic tumor model, LaHeF1/J mice simultaneously received 10(7) Y6(MC2-R) and Y6(pcDNA) subcutaneously, giving rise to MC2-R positive and negative tumors within the same animal. Animals were treated for 3 weeks in groups of 12 according to the following schedule: group A, control animals receiving saline injection; group B, animals receiving 5.7 ng/injection of a slow release formula of ACTH 1-24 administered i.p. three times a week (aiming at a low physiologic dose); and group C, animals receiving 57 ng/injection of ACTH 1-24 (high physiological dose). RESULTS Twenty days of ACTH 1-24 treatment did not significantly affect corticosterone levels, endogenous ACTH levels or adrenal and thymus weight compared with saline injection. However, ACTH 1-24 treatment of group B and C mice significantly reduced tumor weight in MC2-R positive tumors in a dose dependent manner (P = 0.03), while no significant difference in tumor mass was observed in MC2-R negative tumors. PCNA and TUNEL staining, together with morphological characterization, demonstrated that these in vivo effects were due to reduced proliferation, while apoptosis and cellular hypertrophy within the tumor remained unchanged. CONCLUSION MC2-R expression is associated with a less aggressive adrenal tumor phenotype and anti-proliferative effects can be amplified through stimulation with physiological doses of ACTH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Zwermann
- Medizinische Klinik-Innenstadt, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
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Nagy T, Elekes K. Ultrastructure of neuromuscular contacts in the embryonic pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis L. ACTA BIOLOGICA HUNGARICA 2002; 53:125-39. [PMID: 12064766 DOI: 10.1556/abiol.53.2002.1-2.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ultrastructural characteristics of muscle fibers and neuromuscular contacts were investigated during two stages of embryogenesis of the pulmonate snail Lymnaea stagnalis. The first muscle cells appear as early as during metamorphosis (50-55% of embryonic development), whereas previously, in the trochophore/veliger stages (25-45%), muscular elements cannot be detected at all. The first muscle fibers contain large amounts of free numbers, a well-developed rER system and only a few irregularly arranged contractile elements. The nucleus is densely packed with heterochromatine material. At 75% adult-like postmetamorphic stage, the frequency of muscle fibers increases significantly, but, bundles of muscle fibers cannot yet be observed. Furthermore the muscle cells are characterized by large numbers of free ribosomes and numerous rER elements. Fine axon bundles and single axon processes, both accompanied by glial elements, can already be found at this time. Axon varicosities with different vesicle and/or granule contents form membrane contacts with muscle fibers, but without revealing membrane specialization on the pre- or postsynaptic side. The late development of the muscle system and neuromuscular contacts during Lymnaea embryogenesis correlates well with the maturation of different forms of behavior of adult, free-living life, and also with the peripheral appearance of chemically identified components of the embryonic nervous system of central origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nagy
- Department of Experimental Zoology, Balaton Limnological Research Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Tihany
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Abstract
The amphibian carotid labyrinth is a characteristic maze-like vascular expansion at the bifurcation of the common carotid artery into the internal and external carotid arteries. The carotid labyrinths of anurans are spherical and those of urodeles are oblong. In the intervascular stroma of both anuran and urodelan carotid labyrinths, the glomus cells (type I cells, chief cells) are distributed singly or in clusters between connective tissue cells and smooth muscle cells. In fluorescence histochemistry, the glomus cells emit intense fluorescence for biogenic monoamines. In fine structure, the glomus cells are characterized by a number of dense-cored vesicles in their cytoplasm. The glomus cells have long, thin cytoplasmic processes, some of which are closely associated with smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells, and pericytes. Afferent, efferent, and reciprocal synapses are found on the glomus cells. The morphogenesis of the carotid labyrinth starts in the larvae at the point where the carotid arch descends to the internal gills. Through the early stages of larval development, the slightly expanded region of the external carotid artery becomes closely connected with the carotid arch. By the end of the foot stage, the expanded region becomes globular, and at the final stage of metamorphosis the carotid labyrinth is close to its adult form. In fine structure, the glomus cells appear as early as the initial stage of larval development. At the middle stages of development, the number of dense-cored vesicles increases remarkably. Distinct afferent synapses are found in juveniles, although efferent synapses can be seen during metamorphosis. The carotid labyrinth is innervated by nerve fibers containing several kinds of regulatory neuropeptides. Double-immunolabeling in combination with a multiple dye filter system demonstrates the coexistence of two different neuropeptides. The amphibian carotid labyrinth has been electrophysiologically confirmed to have arterial chemo- and baroreceptor functions analogous to those of the mammalian carotid body and carotid sinus. The ultrastructural characteristics of the glomus cells during and after metamorphosis suggest that the glomus cells contribute to the chemoreception after metamorphosis. The three-dimensional fine structure of vascular corrosion casts suggests that the amphibian carotid labyrinth has the appropriate architecture for controlling vascular tone and the findings throughout metamorphosis reveal that the vascular regulatory function begins at an early stage of metamorphosis. In addition, immunohistochemical studies suggest that the vascular regulation in the carotid labyrinth is under peptidergic innervation. Thus, the multiple functions of the carotid labyrinth underline the importance of this relatively small organ for maintenance of homeostasis and appropriate blood supply to the cephalic region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsumi Kusakabe
- Laboratory for Anatomy and Physiology, Department of Sport and Medical Science, Kokushikan University, Tokyo 206-8515, Japan.
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Abstract
The ultrastructural characteristics of peptidergic peripheral contacts in the snail, Helix pomatia, were investigated, with special attention to the innervation of the heart, buccal mass, and salivary gland by Mytilus inhibitory peptide-immunoreactive neurons. Following the application of correlative light- and electron-microscopic pre-embedding immunocytochemistry, the peripheral tissues reveal a rich innervation by Mytilus inhibitory peptide-immunoreactive elements. These neurons establish three types of neuromuscular contacts in the heart and buccal mass: (1) close (16-20 nm) unspecialized membrane contacts; (2) contacts with a relative wide (40-100 nm) intersynaptic cleft; and (3) labeled varicosties located freely in the extracellular space, far (0. 5-several microm) from the muscle cells. In the salivary gland, the immunoractive profiles contact both the muscular and glandular elements with close (type 1) and wider (type 2) membrane attachments. The great majority of Mytilus inhibitory peptide-immunoreactive profiles contain an ultrastructurally uniform population of large (120-150 nm) electron dense granules. The ultrastructural features of the innervation by Mytilus inhibitory peptide-immunoreactive elements are compared with those established by immunogold labelled FMRFamide-containing profiles in the heart and salivary gland. These latter display similarities in forming the different kinds of intercellular contacts, and differences in the morphological variability of the content of granules in the immunolabeled profiles. The results suggest diverse, non-synaptic modulatory roles of neuropeptides in the peripheral nervous system of Helix pomatia, including localized membrane effects and neurohormonal-like remote global controls, that may also be of significance in orchestrating the effects of neuropeptides released at the same time on different targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Elekes
- Department of Experimental Zoology, Balaton Limnological Research Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-8237 Tihany, Hungary.
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Araki Y, Liu GJ, Zhang W, Takeuchi H, Munekata E. Further mapping of the Achatina giant neurone types sensitive to the neuroactive peptides isolated from invertebrates. GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY 1995; 26:1701-8. [PMID: 8745159 DOI: 10.1016/0306-3623(95)00045-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
1. The effects of the 10 synthetic neuroactive peptides originally isolated from invertebrates, applied locally to the neurone tested by the brief pneumatic pressure ejection on the identifiable neurone types of Achatina fulica Ferussac were examined. 2. Achatin-1 (Gly-D-Phe-Ala-Asp), an Achatina endogenous tetrapeptide having a D-phenylalanine residue, ejected locally, showed the depolarizing effects on nearly half of the number of neurone types tested. 3. ACEP-1 (Ser-Gly-Gln-Ser-Trp-Arg-Pro-Gln-Gly-Arg-Phe-NH2), isolated originally from Achatina atria, and pedal peptide (Pro-Leu-Asp-Ser-Val-Tyr-Gly-Thr-His-Gly-Met-Ser-Gly-Phe-Ala) and buccalin (Gly-Met-Asp-Ser-Leu-Ala-Phe-Ser-Gly-Gly-Leu-NH2), found in Aplysia neurones, showed excitatory effects on some Achatina neurone types. 4. Myomodulin (Pro-Met-Ser-Met-Leu-Arg-Leu-NH2), found in Aplysia neurones, produced a hyperpolarization on nearly half of the number of Achatina neurone types tested. The two FMRFamide-like peptides, <EDPFLRFamide (<Glu-Asp-Pro-Phe-Leu-Arg-Phe-NH2), isolated from Helix heart, and AF1 (Lys-Asn-Glu-Phe-Ile-Arg-Phe-NH2), from Ascaris head, also showed hyperpolarizing effects on more than half of the number of Achatina neurone types. 5. SALMFamide 1 (Gly-Phe-Asn-Ser-Ala-Leu-Met-Phe-NH2), isolated from Asterias nervous system, CCAP (Pro-Phe-Cys-Asn-Ala-Phe-Thr-Gly-Cys-NH2), from Carcinus pericardial organ, and corazonin (<Glu-Thr-Phe-Gln-Tyr-Ser-Arg-Gly-Trp-Thr-Asn-NH2), from Periplaneta cardiac corpus, had no effect on Achatina neurones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Araki
- Department of Physiology, Gifu University School of Medicine, Japan
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Kusakabe T, Kawakami T, Ono M, Hori H, Sawada H, Takenaka T. Distribution of galanin-immunoreactive nerve fibers in the carotid labyrinth of the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana: Comparison with substance P-immunoreactive fibers. Cell Tissue Res 1995; 281:63-7. [PMID: 7542567 DOI: 10.1007/bf00307958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Immunoreactivity of galanin (GAL) was detected in the nerve fibers distributed within the intervascular stroma of the bullfrog carotid labyrinth. GAL-immunoreactive fibers are numerous, and some are close to the sinusoidal plexus. Most GAL fibers appear as thin processes with some varicosities. A combination of indirect double immunofluorescence labelling and image processing clearly demonstrated that the distribution pattern of GAL fibers is different from that of SP fibers. This indicates that GAL and SP do not coexist in the same nerve fibers. The role of GAL fibers may be different from that of previously reported neuropeptides (substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, neuropeptide Y, and others) as a neuromodulator in controlling vascular tone of the labyrinth.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kusakabe
- Department of Anatomy, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Japan
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Elekes K, Ude J. Peripheral connections of FMRFamide-like immunoreactive neurons in the snail, helix pomatia: an immunogold electron microscopic study. JOURNAL OF NEUROCYTOLOGY 1994; 23:758-69. [PMID: 7897441 DOI: 10.1007/bf01268088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Using a postembedding immunogold electron microscopic method, the ultrastructure and synaptic connections of FMRFamide-like immunoreactive varicosities were investigated in different peripheral organs of the snail Helix pomatia, including the heart (auricle), intestine, hepatopancreas, upper tentacle and salivary gland. The FMRFamide-like immunoreactive varicosities contained granules and vesicles as described in a previous study of the CNS of this species, and additionally, based on their granule content, two novel types of varicosities were found in the auricle. A selective accumulation of gold particles over the granules could be demonstrated. The FMRFamide-like immunoreactive varicosities formed unspecialized contacts with postsynaptic target cells in all peripheral organs investigated, with the exception of the tentacle retractor muscle. Both the neuro-muscular and the neuro-glandular contacts were characterized by either unspecialized close apposition of the 'pre- and postsynaptic' membranes or the immunoreactive elements faced the target cell(s) across a relatively wide extracellular space. In the tentacle retractor muscle some of the neuromuscular contacts showed appositions of electron dense material along the presynaptic membrane, clustering of agranular synaptic vesicles and intersynaptic cleft material. The present observations support previous electrophysiological findings and suggest a versatile modulatory role of FMRFamide and related substances in the Helix PNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Elekes
- Department of Experimental Zoology, Balaton Limnological Research Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Tihany
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Moroz L, Nezlin L, Elofsson R, Sakharov D. Serotonin-and FMRFamide-immunoreactive nerve elements in the chiton Lepidopleurus asellus (Mollusca, Polyplacophora). Cell Tissue Res 1994. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00319425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Marchand CR, Colard C. Presence of cells and fibers immunoreactive toward antibodies to different peptides or amine in the digestive tract of the snailHelix aspersa. J Morphol 1991; 207:185-190. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.1052070209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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12
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Monoaminergic-peptidergic interactions in neuroregulatory control of the cephalic aorta in Sepia officinalis L. (cephalopoda). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0742-8413(91)90266-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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13
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Griffond B, Mounzih K. Innervation of the dorsal body cells of Helix aspersa: Immunocytochemical evidence for the presence of FMRF amidelike substances in nerves and synapses. Tissue Cell 1990; 22:741-8. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-8166(90)90068-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/1990] [Revised: 06/13/1990] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Reuter M, Gustafsson MKS, Lang J, Grimmelikhuijzen CJP. The release sites and targets of nerve cells immunoreactive to RFamide ? an ultrastructural study ofMicrostomum lineare andDiphyllobothrium dendriticum (Plathelminthes). ZOOMORPHOLOGY 1990. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00803570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Griffond B, Mounzih K. In vitro inhibition of methionine incorporation in the dorsal bodies of Helix aspersa by synthetic FMRFamide. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. C, COMPARATIVE PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY 1989; 92:45-9. [PMID: 2566442 DOI: 10.1016/0742-8413(89)90200-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
1. In in vitro conditions, synthetic FMRFamide was shown to inhibit the uptake of labelled methionine by the dorsal bodies (DB)-containing connective tissue of Helix aspersa. 2. This effect occurred at physiological concentrations and in a dose-dependent manner. 3. Among the different cell types of the explants, the DB cells preferentially incorporated the radioactive precursor. 4. These results suggest that FMRFamide plays a biological role in controlling the DB activity (protein synthesis) of Helix aspersa.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Griffond
- Laboratoire de Zoologie et Embryologie, UA CNRS 040687, Faculté des Sciences, Besançon, France
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Abstract
First purified 11 years ago from clam ganglia, FMRFamide (Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-NH2) was quickly demonstrated to be cardioactive in several molluscan species. Subsequent discovery that FMRFamide, or FMRFamide-related peptides (FaRPs), were present in mammalian central nervous system and gastrointestinal tract prompted investigations into the effect of FMRFamide on mammals. FMRFamide has now been shown to be cardioexcitatory in mammals, to inhibit morphine-induced antinociception, and to block morphine-, defeat-, and deprivation-induced feeding. It also inhibits colonic propulsive motility, induces behavioral effects when administered intrathecally, and has been reported to have amnesic effects in rodents. A proposal has arisen that a FMRFamide-like substance is an endogenous opioid antagonist and has stimulated a search for such a substance. However, FMRFamide has only weak affinity for opioid receptors and not all the actions of FMRFamide appear to be explained by actions at opioid receptors. Alternative mechanisms have been proposed which suggest that FMRFamide acts as a neuromodulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Raffa
- Department of Biological Research, Janssen Research Foundation, Spring House, PA 19477-0776
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Halasy K, Benedeczky I, Fekete E, Tóth L, Gábriel R. Enteric neuromuscular junctions: comparison of ultrastructural features in different phylogenetic groups. Neuroscience 1988; 25:147-62. [PMID: 3393275 DOI: 10.1016/0306-4522(88)90014-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The enteric neuromuscular junctions of snail (Helix pomatia), locust (Locusta migratoria migratorioides), cockroach (Periplaneta americana), carp (Cyprinus carpio) and tench (Tinca tinca) were studied by means of different light and electron microscopic methods. The nitroblue tetrazolium staining revealed that the myenteric plexuses of the above species are composed of nerve cells, a network of varicose nerves and nerve bundles. Instead of highly organized ganglia, single neurons or small groups of 2-4 cells are characteristic of the invertebrates and fish studied. Catecholaminergic fluorescence induced by glyoxylic acid was detected in the muscular layer of the entire alimentary tract in snail and the hindgut of tench. Fluorescent nerves and perikarya were frequent in the snail gut, while only nerves and no perikarya were found in tench. A close contact between enteric muscles and nerves is the most common form of enteric neuromuscular junction in both the smooth (i.e. the molluscan and fish gut) and the striated (i.e. the insect gut) musculature. The striated musculature (i.e. the insect gut, the oesophagus of carp, and the oesophagus, stomach and the midgut of tench) also receives a synaptic input. Cytochemical evidence is provided of the cholinergic character of fish motor endplates. The ultrastructural appearance and vesicle population of certain nerve terminals suggest a universal role of aminergic and peptidergic control in gut motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Halasy
- Department of Zoology, József Attila University, Szeged, Hungary
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