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Zhang H, Shang R, Kim K, Zheng W, Johnson CJ, Sun L, Niu X, Liu L, Zhou J, Liu L, Zhang Z, Uyeno TA, Pei J, Fissette SD, Green SA, Samudra SP, Wen J, Zhang J, Eggenschwiler JT, Menke DB, Bronner ME, Grishin NV, Li W, Ye K, Zhang Y, Stolfi A, Bi P. Evolution of a chordate-specific mechanism for myoblast fusion. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eadd2696. [PMID: 36054355 PMCID: PMC10848958 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add2696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Vertebrate myoblast fusion allows for multinucleated muscle fibers to compound the size and strength of mononucleated cells, but the evolution of this important process is unknown. We investigated the evolutionary origins and function of membrane-coalescing agents Myomaker and Myomixer in various groups of chordates. Here, we report that Myomaker likely arose through gene duplication in the last common ancestor of tunicates and vertebrates, while Myomixer appears to have evolved de novo in early vertebrates. Functional tests revealed a complex evolutionary history of myoblast fusion. A prevertebrate phase of muscle multinucleation driven by Myomaker was followed by the later emergence of Myomixer that enables the highly efficient fusion system of vertebrates. Evolutionary comparisons between vertebrate and nonvertebrate Myomaker revealed key structural and mechanistic insights into myoblast fusion. Thus, our findings suggest an evolutionary model of chordate fusogens and illustrate how new genes shape the emergence of novel morphogenetic traits and mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Zhang
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Renjie Shang
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Kwantae Kim
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Wei Zheng
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Lei Sun
- The Fifth People’s Hospital of Shanghai, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang Niu
- Tri-Institutional Program in Computational Biology and Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA
| | - Liang Liu
- Department of Statistics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Jingqi Zhou
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Lingshu Liu
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | | | - Jimin Pei
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Skye D. Fissette
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Stephen A. Green
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | | | - Junfei Wen
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Jianli Zhang
- College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | | | | | - Marianne E. Bronner
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Nick V. Grishin
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Weiming Li
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Kaixiong Ye
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Alberto Stolfi
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Pengpeng Bi
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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Razy-Krajka F, Stolfi A. Regulation and evolution of muscle development in tunicates. EvoDevo 2019; 10:13. [PMID: 31249657 PMCID: PMC6589888 DOI: 10.1186/s13227-019-0125-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
For more than a century, studies on tunicate muscle formation have revealed many principles of cell fate specification, gene regulation, morphogenesis, and evolution. Here, we review the key studies that have probed the development of all the various muscle cell types in a wide variety of tunicate species. We seize this occasion to explore the implications and questions raised by these findings in the broader context of muscle evolution in chordates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Razy-Krajka
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA
| | - Alberto Stolfi
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA
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Characterization of the compact bicistronic microRNA precursor, miR-1/miR-133, expressed specifically in Ciona muscle tissues. Gene Expr Patterns 2013; 13:43-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2012.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Revised: 10/20/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Obinata T, Sato N. Comparative studies on troponin, a Ca²⁺-dependent regulator of muscle contraction, in striated and smooth muscles of protochordates. Methods 2011; 56:3-10. [PMID: 22027345 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2011.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Revised: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Troponin is well known as a Ca(2+)-dependent regulator of striated muscle contraction and it has been generally accepted that troponin functions as an inhibitor of muscle contraction or actin-myosin interaction at low Ca(2+) concentrations, and Ca(2+) at higher concentrations removes the inhibitory action of troponin. Recently, however, troponin became detectable in non-striated muscles of several invertebrates and in addition, unique troponin that functions as a Ca(2+)-dependent activator of muscle contraction has been detected in protochordate animals, although troponin in vertebrate striated muscle is known as an inhibitor of the contraction in the absence of a Ca(2+). Further studies on troponin in invertebrate muscle, especially in non-striated muscle, would provide new insight into the evolution of regulatory systems for muscle contraction and diverse function of troponin and related proteins. The methodology used for preparation and characterization of functional properties of protochordate striated and smooth muscles will be helpful for further studies of troponin in other invertebrate animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Obinata
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiba University, Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan.
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Ohshiro K, Obinata T, Dennisson JG, Ogasawara M, Sato N. Troponin in both Smooth and Striated Muscles of Ascidian Ciona intestinalis Functions as a Ca2+-Dependent Accelerator of Actin−Myosin Interaction. Biochemistry 2010; 49:9563-71. [DOI: 10.1021/bi101295m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katsushi Ohshiro
- Department of Nanobiology, Graduate School of Advanced Integration Science, Chiba University, Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Takashi Obinata
- Department of Nanobiology, Graduate School of Advanced Integration Science, Chiba University, Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Teikyo-Heisei University, Higashi Ikebukuro 2-51-4, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 170-8445, Japan
| | - Jeanette G. Dennisson
- Department of Nanobiology, Graduate School of Advanced Integration Science, Chiba University, Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Michio Ogasawara
- Department of Nanobiology, Graduate School of Advanced Integration Science, Chiba University, Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Naruki Sato
- Department of Nanobiology, Graduate School of Advanced Integration Science, Chiba University, Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
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Dennisson JG, Tando Y, Sato N, Ogasawara M, Kubokawa K, Obinata T. Functional Characteristics of Amphioxus Troponin in Regulation of Muscle Contraction. Zoolog Sci 2010; 27:461-9. [DOI: 10.2108/zsj.27.461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Degasperi V, Gasparini F, Shimeld SM, Sinigaglia C, Burighel P, Manni L. Muscle differentiation in a colonial ascidian: organisation, gene expression and evolutionary considerations. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2009; 9:48. [PMID: 19737381 PMCID: PMC2753633 DOI: 10.1186/1471-213x-9-48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2009] [Accepted: 09/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ascidians are tunicates, the taxon recently proposed as sister group to the vertebrates. They possess a chordate-like swimming larva, which metamorphoses into a sessile adult. Several ascidian species form colonies of clonal individuals by asexual reproduction. During their life cycle, ascidians present three muscle types: striated in larval tail, striated in the heart, and unstriated in the adult body-wall. RESULTS In the colonial ascidian Botryllus schlosseri, we investigated organisation, differentiation and gene expression of muscle beginning from early buds to adults and during zooid regression. We characterised transcripts for troponin T (BsTnT-c), adult muscle-type (BsMA2) and cytoplasmic-type (BsCA1) actins, followed by in situ hybridisation (ISH) on sections to establish the spatio-temporal expression of BsTnT-c and BsMA2 during asexual reproduction and in the larva. Moreover, we characterised actin genomic sequences, which by comparison with other metazoans revealed conserved intron patterns. CONCLUSION Integration of data from ISH, phalloidin staining and TEM allowed us to follow the phases of differentiation of the three muscle kinds, which differ in expression pattern of the two transcripts. Moreover, phylogenetic analyses provided evidence for the close relationship between tunicate and vertebrate muscle genes. The characteristics and plasticity of muscles in tunicates are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Degasperi
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Fabio Gasparini
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Sebastian M Shimeld
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
| | - Chiara Sinigaglia
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Paolo Burighel
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Lucia Manni
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131, Padova, Italy
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Tiozzo S, Murray M, Degnan BM, De Tomaso AW, Croll RP. Development of the neuromuscular system during asexual propagation in an invertebrate chordate. Dev Dyn 2009; 238:2081-94. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Sugino YM, Matsumura M, Kawamura K. Body Muscle-Cell Differentiation from Coelomic Stem Cells in Colonial Tunicates. Zoolog Sci 2007; 24:542-6. [PMID: 17867855 DOI: 10.2108/zsj.24.542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2006] [Accepted: 01/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Body muscle-cell differentiation was ultrastructurally examined in palleal buds of the colonial tunicate Symplegma reptans. Undifferentiated coelomic cells accumulate near the primordial oral siphon and associate with the basal lamina beneath the epidermis. They initially display the characteristics of hemoblast cells that have a large nucleus with a prominent nucleolus and narrow cytoplasm filled with polysomes. However, they soon become unique due to the development of an indented contour of the nucleus. When the basal lamina of the epidermis develops into the fibrous extracellular matrix (ECM), the muscle precursor cell has the deeply-notched nucleus, and thick and thin filaments in the cytoplasm facing the ECM. Collagen fibril-like structures appear in the ECM. Myofilaments are arranged with the ratio of thick to thin filaments being 1:2.5. Dense bodies and plaques become evident before the oral siphon is perforated. These results show that in S. reptans, the sphincter muscle cells arise from undifferentiated hemoblasts, and that their differentiation begins with a morphological change in their nuclei. Epidermal cells and/or the ECM may have an inductive effect on muscle cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo M Sugino
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan
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Ribeiro AACM. Size and number of binucleate and mononucleate superior cervical ganglion neurons in young capybaras. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 211:607-17. [PMID: 17006659 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-006-0113-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The total number of neurons in the superior cervical ganglion (SCG) of adult capybaras is known from a previous study, where a marked occurrence of binucleate neurons (13%) was also noted. Here, distribution, number and fate of binucleate neurons were examined in younger, developing capybaras, aged 3 months. The mean neuronal cross-sectional area was 575.2 microm2 for mononucleate neurons and 806.8 microm2 in binucleate neurons. Frequency of binucleate neurons was about 36%. The mean ganglion volume was about 190 mm3 in young capybaras and the mean neuronal density was about 9,517 neurons/mm3. The total number of neurons per ganglion was about 1.81 mill. Neuronal cell bodies constituted 22.5% of the ganglion volume and the average neuronal volume was 23,600 microm3. By comparing the present data with those previously published the conclusion is drawn that the maturation period was characterized by the following points: a 26% remarkable decrease in neuronal density which was significant (P < 0.05) and a significant 16% (P < 0.05) decrease in the total number of SCG neurons accompanied by a 23% decrease in the total number of SCG binucleate neurons.
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11
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Kusakabe R, Takechi M, Tochinai S, Kuratani S. Lamprey contractile protein genes mark different populations of skeletal muscles during development. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2004; 302:121-33. [PMID: 15054856 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.20009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Agnathan lampreys retain ancestral characteristics of vertebrates in the morphology of skeletal muscles derived from two mesodermal regions: trunk myotomes and unsegmented head mesoderm. During lamprey development, some populations of myoblasts migrate via pathways that differ from those of gnathostomes. To investigate the evolution of skeletal muscle differentiation in vertebrates, we characterize multiple contractile protein genes expressed in the muscle cells of the Japanese lamprey, Lethenteron japonicum. Lamprey actin gene LjMA2, and myosin heavy chain (MyHC) genes LjMyHC1 and LjMyHC2 are all expressed in the developing skeletal muscle cells of early embryos. However, LjMyHC1 and LjMyHC2 are expressed only in cells originating from myotomes, while LjMA2 is expressed in both myotomal and head musculature. Thus, in lampreys, myotomes and head mesoderm differ in the use of genes encoding contractile protein isoforms. Phylogenetic tree analyses including lamprey MyHCs suggest that the variety of muscle MyHC isoforms in different skeletal muscles may correspond to the morphological complexity of skeletal muscles of different vertebrate species. Another lamprey actin gene LjMA1 is likely to be the first smooth muscle actin gene isolated from non-tetrapods. We conclude that, in vertebrate evolution, the different regulatory systems for striated and smooth muscle-specific genes may have been established before the agnathan/gnathostome divergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rie Kusakabe
- Laboratory for Evolutionary Morphology, Center for Developmental Biology, Riken, Japan.
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Chiba S, Awazu S, Itoh M, Chin-Bow ST, Satoh N, Satou Y, Hastings KEM. A genomewide survey of developmentally relevant genes in Ciona intestinalis. IX. Genes for muscle structural proteins. Dev Genes Evol 2003; 213:291-302. [PMID: 12740698 DOI: 10.1007/s00427-003-0324-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2002] [Accepted: 03/11/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Ascidians are simple chordates that are related to, and may resemble, vertebrate ancestors. Comparison of ascidian and vertebrate genomes is expected to provide insight into the molecular genetic basis of chordate/vertebrate evolution. We annotated muscle structural (contractile protein) genes in the completely determined genome sequence of the ascidian Ciona intestinalis, and examined gene expression patterns through extensive EST analysis. Ascidian muscle protein isoform families are generally of similar, or lesser, complexity in comparison with the corresponding vertebrate isoform families, and are based on gene duplication histories and alternative splicing mechanisms that are largely or entirely distinct from those responsible for generating the vertebrate isoforms. Although each of the three ascidian muscle types - larval tail muscle, adult body-wall muscle and heart - expresses a distinct profile of contractile protein isoforms, none of these isoforms are strictly orthologous to the smooth-muscle-specific, fast or slow skeletal muscle-specific, or heart-specific isoforms of vertebrates. Many isoform families showed larval-versus-adult differential expression and in several cases numerous very similar genes were expressed specifically in larval muscle. This may reflect different functional requirements of the locomotor larval muscle as opposed to the non-locomotor muscles of the sessile adult, and/or the biosynthetic demands of extremely rapid larval development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shota Chiba
- Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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Ohtsuka Y, Nakae H, Abe H, Obinata T. Functional characteristics and the complete primary structure of ascidian gelsolin. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1998; 1383:219-31. [PMID: 9602133 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4838(97)00211-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The body wall of the ascidian is composed of unusual multi-nucleated smooth muscle cells enriched with thin actin filaments containing troponin-tropomyosin which run along the longitudinal cell axis without being organized into striated structures. We purified an actin-binding protein of 80 kDa, tentatively termed 80K protein, from the body wall muscle of ascidian, Halocynthia roretzi, and characterized the functional properties and molecular structures. In the presence of Ca2+, the 80K protein accelerated the initial phase of actin polymerization, namely the nucleation process, decreased the level of polymerization at the steady state, caused marked reduction in viscosity of an F-actin solution, and fragmented F-actin filaments, while in the absence of Ca2+, it remained associated with F-actin without severing the filaments. The interaction of the 80K protein with actin was inhibited by phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2). When actin was polymerized in the presence of acrosome actin bundles from horseshoe crab sperm, the 80K protein inhibited the growth of actin filaments at the barbed end but not at the pointed end, indicating that the 80K protein functions as a barbed-end capping protein. In order to characterize the molecular structure of the 80K protein, cDNAs encoding this protein were isolated from the lambda gt11 cDNA library of the ascidian muscle by using a monoclonal antibody (AS23) specific for this protein and the entire sequence was determined. The deduced peptide sequence showed about 44% homology in amino acid residues with the human gelsolin sequence, and in addition, 6 repeating segments were observed in the sequence of the 80K protein as has been described in the gelsolin sequence. These results indicate strongly that the 80K protein belongs to the gelsolin family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ohtsuka
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Chiba University, Japan
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Endo T, Matsumoto K, Hama T, Ohtsuka Y, Katsura G, Obinata T. Distinct troponin T genes are expressed in embryonic/larval tail striated muscle and adult body wall smooth muscle of ascidian. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:27855-62. [PMID: 8910384 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.44.27855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
During development of the ascidian Halocynthia roretzi, the tadpole larva hatched from the tailbud embryo metamorphoses to the sessile adult with a body wall muscle. Although the adult body wall muscle is morphologically nonsarcomeric smooth muscle, it contains troponin complex consisting of three subunits (T, I, and C) as do vertebrate striated muscles. Different from vertebrate troponins, however, the smooth muscle troponin promotes actomyosin Mg2+-ATPase activity in the presence of high concentration of Ca2+, and this promoting property is attributable to troponin T. To address whether the embryonic/larval tail striated muscle and the adult smooth muscle utilize identical or different regulatory machinery, we cloned troponin T cDNAs from each cDNA library. The embryonic and the adult troponin Ts were encoded by distinct genes and shared only <60% identity with each other. Northern blotting and whole mount in situ hybridization revealed that these isoforms were specifically expressed in the embryonic/larval tail striated muscle and the adult smooth muscle, respectively. These results may imply that these isoforms regulate actin-myosin interaction in different manners. The adult troponin T under forced expression in mouse fibroblasts was unexpectedly located in the nuclei. However, a truncated protein with a deletion including a cluster of basic amino acids colocalized with tropomyosin on actin filaments. Thus, complex formation with troponin I and C immediately after the synthesis is likely to be essential for the protein to properly localize on the thin filaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Endo
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiba University, Yayoicho, Inageku, Chiba 263, Japan.
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16
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Abstract
Temporal and spatial expression of muscle actin (MA)-encoding genes in the Halocynthia roretzi MA (HrMA) cluster was examined by whole-mount in situ hybridization and Northern blot analyses. Expression of these MA was restricted to larval muscle cells. None of the MA from the cluster was expressed in any adult tissues examined, including two different types of adult muscle tissue, body-wall muscle and heart muscle. When Northern hybridization was performed using an HrMA coding region probe under low-stringency conditions, transcripts were detected in body-wall muscle and heart muscle, but not in other adult tissues. In addition, transcripts of different lengths were detected in body-wall muscle and heart muscle. The comparison of amino-acid sequences among ascidian MA indicates that they possess at least two distinct MA isoforms, found in larval muscle and adult body-wall. These suggest that different MA are expressed in each type of ascidian muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kusakabe
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Kyoto University, Japan
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Nakae H, Sugano M, Ishimori Y, Endo T, Obinata T. Ascidian entactin/nidogen. Implication of evolution by shuffling two kinds of cysteine-rich motifs. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1993; 213:11-9. [PMID: 8477687 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1993.tb17729.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Entactin/nidogen, a major component of the basement membrane, has a domain structure comprising three globular domains, and thread-like and rod-like domains connecting them. It contains six epidermal-growth-factor-(EGF)-like motifs and one thyroglobulin-like motif. In the present study, ascidian entactin/nidogen has been identified by a monoclonal antibody technique. We prepared anti-(ascidian entactin/nidogen)IgG, named anti-AsEnt1, then cloned the cDNA of ascidian entactin/nidogen using anti-AsEnt1 as a probe, and determined its entire sequence. Mainly because the deduced amino acid sequence exhibited high similarity to mouse entactin and human nidogen, and because the antigen localized in basement membrane of ascidian body-wall muscle, we have concluded that the antigen anti-AsEnt1 corresponds to the ascidian entactin/nidogen homologue. The deduced amino acid sequence of ascidian entactin/nidogen clearly showed that the ascidian homologue also has a domain structure. However, the ascidian homologue lacked the thread-like domain, and the rod-like domain differed from that of mouse entactin in composition, consisting of two kinds of cysteine-rich motifs, that is, the EGF-like motif and the thyroglobulin-like motif. These results suggest that entactin/nidogen have evolved by modifying the domains, especially by shuffling the two kinds of cysteine-rich motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Nakae
- Advanced Research Laboratory, Research and Development Center, Toshiba Corporation, Japan
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Meedel T, Hastings K. Striated muscle-type tropomyosin in a chordate smooth muscle, ascidian body-wall muscle. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)53314-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Small JV, Fürst DO, Thornell LE. The cytoskeletal lattice of muscle cells. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1992; 208:559-72. [PMID: 1396662 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1992.tb17220.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J V Small
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Salzburg
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Forsman CA, Lindh B, Elfvin LG, Hallman H. Measurements of the DNA amount in mono- and binucleate cells in the celiac superior mesenteric ganglion of the guinea pig. ANATOMY AND EMBRYOLOGY 1989; 179:587-90. [PMID: 2751119 DOI: 10.1007/bf00315700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The relative proportion, ultrastructure and DNA-content of the binucleate cells in the celiac superior mesenteric ganglion of the guinea pig was studied using light and electron microscopy as well as computerized image analysis of Feulgen stained cells. The number of mono - versus binucleate cells was found to vary with stage of development with about 40% of the cells being binucleate in adult animals and 50% in late prenatal stage. No difference in ultrastructure was observed between the nuclei of the two cell types. The binucleate cells contain twice the amount of DNA found in the mononucleate cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Forsman
- Department of Anatomy, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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