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Schmidt AE, Lescroël A, Lisovski S, Elrod M, Jongsomjit D, Dugger KM, Ballard G. Sea ice concentration decline in an important Adélie penguin molt area. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2306840120. [PMID: 37931108 PMCID: PMC10655226 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2306840120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Unlike in many polar regions, the spatial extent and duration of the sea ice season have increased in the Ross Sea sector of the Southern Ocean during the satellite era. Simultaneously, populations of Adélie penguins, a sea ice obligate, have been stable or increasing in the region. Relationships between Adélie penguin population growth and sea ice concentration (SIC) are complex, with sea ice driving different, sometimes contrasting, demographic patterns. Adélie penguins undergo a complete molt annually, replacing all their feathers while fasting shortly after the breeding season. Unlike most penguin species, a majority of Adélies are thought to molt on sea ice, away from the breeding colonies, which makes this period particularly difficult to study. Here, we evaluate the hypothesis that persistent areas of high SIC provide an important molting habitat for Adélie penguins. We analyzed data from geolocating dive recorders deployed year-round on 195 adult penguins at two colonies in the Ross Sea from 2017 to 2019. We identified molt by detecting extended gaps in postbreeding diving activity and used associated locations to define two key molting areas. Remotely sensed data indicated that SIC during molt was anomalously low during the study and has declined in the primary molt area since 1980. Further, annual return rates of penguins to breeding colonies were positively correlated with SIC in the molt areas over 20 y. Together these results suggest that sea ice conditions during Adélie penguin molt may represent a previously underappreciated annual bottleneck for adult survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie E. Schmidt
- Point Blue Conservation Science, Antarctica Program, Petaluma, CA94954
| | - Amélie Lescroël
- Point Blue Conservation Science, Antarctica Program, Petaluma, CA94954
| | - Simeon Lisovski
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Polar Terrestrial Environmental Systems, Potsdam14473, Germany
| | - Megan Elrod
- Point Blue Conservation Science, Antarctica Program, Petaluma, CA94954
| | - Dennis Jongsomjit
- Point Blue Conservation Science, Antarctica Program, Petaluma, CA94954
| | - Katie M. Dugger
- US Geological Survey, Oregon Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Corvallis, OR97331
| | - Grant Ballard
- Point Blue Conservation Science, Antarctica Program, Petaluma, CA94954
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2
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Hicks O, Kato A, Wisniewska DM, Marciau C, Angelier F, Ropert-Coudert Y, Hegemann A. Holding time has limited impact on constitutive innate immune function in a long-lived Antarctic seabird, the Adélie penguin: implications for field studies. Biol Open 2023; 12:286793. [PMID: 36716101 PMCID: PMC9990909 DOI: 10.1242/bio.059512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
There is great interest in measuring immune function in wild animals. Yet, field conditions often have methodological challenges related to handling stress, which can alter physiology. Despite general consensus that immune function is influenced by handling stress, previous studies have provided equivocal results. Furthermore, few studies have focused on long-lived species, which may have different stress-immune trade-offs compared to short-lived species that have primarily been tested. Here, we investigate whether capture and handling duration impacts innate immune function in a long-lived seabird, the Adélie penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae). We found no evidence for changes in three commonly used parameters of innate immune function upon holding time of up to 2 h, suggesting that immune function in this species is more robust against handling than in other species. This opens up exciting possibilities for measuring immune function in species with similar life-histories even if samples cannot be taken directly after capture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Hicks
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, CNRS, La Rochelle Université, UMR 7372, Villiers-en-Bois, France.,Department of Biology, Lund University, Ecology Building, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Akiko Kato
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, CNRS, La Rochelle Université, UMR 7372, Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | | | - Coline Marciau
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, CNRS, La Rochelle Université, UMR 7372, Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | - Frédéric Angelier
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, CNRS, La Rochelle Université, UMR 7372, Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | - Yan Ropert-Coudert
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, CNRS, La Rochelle Université, UMR 7372, Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | - Arne Hegemann
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark
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3
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Pertierra LR, Segovia NI, Noll D, Martinez PA, Pliscoff P, Barbosa A, Aragón P, Raya Rey A, Pistorius P, Trathan P, Polanowski A, Bonadonna F, Le Bohec C, Bi K, Wang‐Claypool CY, González‐Acuña D, Dantas GPM, Bowie RCK, Poulin E, Vianna JA. Cryptic speciation in gentoo penguins is driven by geographic isolation and regional marine conditions: Unforeseen vulnerabilities to global change. DIVERS DISTRIB 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Luis R. Pertierra
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva Museo Nacional de Ciencias NaturalesCSIC Madrid Spain
| | - Nicolás I. Segovia
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad Universidad de Chile Santiago Chile
- Departamento de Biología Marina Facultad de Ciencias del Mar Universidad Católica del Norte Coquimbo Chile
| | - Daly Noll
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad Universidad de Chile Santiago Chile
- Departamento de Ecosistemas y Medio Ambiente, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago Chile
| | - Pablo A. Martinez
- PIBi‐Lab Departamento de Biologia Universidade Federal de Sergipe São Cristóvão Brazil
| | - Patricio Pliscoff
- Departamento de Ecología Instituto de Geografía Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago Chile
| | - Andrés Barbosa
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva Museo Nacional de Ciencias NaturalesCSIC Madrid Spain
| | - Pedro Aragón
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva Museo Nacional de Ciencias NaturalesCSIC Madrid Spain
- Facultad de Ciecias Biológicas Departamento de Biodiversidad, Ecología y Evolución Universidad Complutense de Madrid Madrid Spain
| | - Andrea Raya Rey
- Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas – Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CADIC‐CONICET) Ushuaia Argentina
- Instituto de Ciencias Polares, Ambiente y Recursos Naturales Universidad Nacional de Tierra del Fuego Ushuaia Argentina
- Wildlife Conservation Society Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Pierre Pistorius
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence at the Percy FitzPatrick Institute for African Ornithology Department of Zoology Nelson Mandela University Port Elizabeth South Africa
| | | | | | - Francesco Bonadonna
- CEFE UMR 5175CNRSUniversité de MontpellierUniversité Paul‐Valéry MontpellierEPHE Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Céline Le Bohec
- Universit de Strasbourg, CNRSIPHC UMR 7178F-67000 Strasbourg France
- Centre Scientifique de Monaco Département de Biologie Polaire Monaco City Monaco
| | - Ke Bi
- Department of Integrative Biology Museum of Vertebrate Zoology University of California Berkeley CA USA
| | - Cynthia Y. Wang‐Claypool
- Department of Integrative Biology Museum of Vertebrate Zoology University of California Berkeley CA USA
| | - Daniel González‐Acuña
- Laboratorio de Parásitos y Enfermedades de Fauna Silvestre Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias Universidad de Concepción Chillán Santiago Chile
| | - Gisele P. M. Dantas
- PPG in Vertebrate Zoology Pontificia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte Brazil
| | - Rauri C. K. Bowie
- Department of Integrative Biology Museum of Vertebrate Zoology University of California Berkeley CA USA
| | - Elie Poulin
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad Universidad de Chile Santiago Chile
| | - Juliana A. Vianna
- Departamento de Ecosistemas y Medio Ambiente, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago Chile
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4
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Colominas-Ciuró R, Santos M, Coria N, Barbosa A. Reproductive effort affects oxidative status and stress in an Antarctic penguin species: An experimental study. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177124. [PMID: 28493935 PMCID: PMC5426717 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The oxidative cost of reproduction has been a matter of debate in recent years presumably because of the lack of proper experimental studies. Based on the hypothesis that different brood sizes produce differential reproductive costs, an experimental manipulation during breeding of Adélie penguins was conducted at Hope Bay, Antarctica, to study oxidative status and stress. We predict that a lower reproductive effort should be positively related to low oxidative and physiological stress. We randomly assigned nests with two chicks to a control reproductive effort group (CRE), and by removing one chick from some nests with two chicks, formed a second, low reproductive effort group (LRE). We examined how oxidative status in blood plasma (reactive oxygen metabolites, ROMs, and total antioxidant capacity, OXY) and stress (heterophil/lymphocyte ratio, H/L) responded to a lower production of offspring total biomass. Our nest manipulation showed significant differences in offspring total biomass, which was lower in the LRE group. As predicted, the LRE group had higher antioxidant capacity than individuals in the CRE group. We have also found, although marginally significant, interactions between sex and treatment in the three variables analysed. Females had higher OXY, lower ROMs and lower H/L ratio when rearing one chick, whereas males did so when rearing two except for OXY which was high regardless of treatment. Moreover, there was a significant negative correlation between the H/L ratio and OXY in females. Finally, we have found a negative and significant relationship between the duration of the experiment and OXY and ROMs and positive with H/L ratio which suggests that indeed breeding penguins are paying an effort in physiological terms in relation to the duration of the chick rearing. In conclusion, a reduction of the reproductive effort decreased oxidative stress in this long-lived bird meaning that a link exists between breeding effort and oxidative stress. However, our findings suggest different sex strategies which results in opposite physiological responses presumably depending on different life-history strategies in males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Colominas-Ciuró
- Depto. Ecología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, Calle de José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Mercedes Santos
- Instituto Antártico Argentino–División Biología, Cerrito 1248 (1010), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Néstor Coria
- Instituto Antártico Argentino–División Biología, Cerrito 1248 (1010), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrés Barbosa
- Depto. Ecología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, Calle de José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, Madrid, Spain
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5
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Xavier JC, Trathan PN, Ceia FR, Tarling GA, Adlard S, Fox D, Edwards EWJ, Vieira RP, Medeiros R, De Broyer C, Cherel Y. Sexual and individual foraging segregation in Gentoo penguins Pygoscelis papua from the Southern Ocean during an abnormal winter. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174850. [PMID: 28362847 PMCID: PMC5376302 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Knowledge about sexual segregation and gender-specific, or indeed individual specialization, in marine organisms has improved considerably in the past decade. In this context, we tested the "Intersexual Competition Hypothesis" for penguins by investigating the feeding ecology of Gentoo penguins during their austral winter non-breeding season. We considered this during unusual environmental conditions (i.e. the year 2009 had observations of high sea surface and air temperatures) in comparison with the long term average at Bird Island, South Georgia. Through conventional (i.e. stomach contents) and stable isotopic values from red blood cells, plasma and feathers of both male and female Gentoo penguins, we showed that there were significant differences between sexes, with males feeding mainly on fish (54% by mass) followed by crustaceans (38%) whereas females fed mainly on crustaceans (89% by mass) followed by fish (4%). Themisto gaudichaudii was the most important crustacean prey for males (64% by mass; 82% by number; 53% by frequency of occurrence) and females (63% by mass; 77% by number; 89% by frequency of occurrence), contrasting with all previous studies that found Antarctic krill Euphausia superba were generally the main prey. Stable isotopic data showed that, in terms of habitat use (based on δ 13C), there were significant differences in short-term carbon signatures between males and females (based on plasma and red blood cells), suggesting that both sexes explored different habitats, with females exploring more offshore pelagic waters and males feeding more in coastal benthic waters. Based on δ 15N, males fed on significantly higher trophic level than females (based on plasma and red blood cells), in agreement with our diet results., Thus, Gentoo penguins behave in a similar manner to other non-breeding penguins species (e.g. king, macaroni and rockhopper penguins), albeit at a smaller spatial scale (as they do not disperse as these other penguins do), in that they have a wider habitat and trophic niche during the Antarctic Winter (in comparison to Summer). We also detected individual specialization in feeding/trophic levels for each gender, with certain males feeding mainly on fish and certain females mainly on crustaceans, which may be driven the prevailing environmental conditions that lead individuals to search for alternative prey, and cause sexual diet segregation. Our results provide further information to help improve understanding about sexual segregation and individual specialization of marine organisms, while contributing valuable information on the winter diet for Antarctic monitoring programs and for modelling Antarctic marine food webs.
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Affiliation(s)
- José C Xavier
- Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Philip N Trathan
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Filipe R Ceia
- Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Geraint A Tarling
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stacey Adlard
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Derren Fox
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ewan W J Edwards
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rui P Vieira
- Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Renata Medeiros
- Cardiff University, Cardiff School of Biosciences, Sir Martin Evans Building, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Claude De Broyer
- Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, OD Taxonomy and Phylogeny, Rue Vautier 29, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Yves Cherel
- Centre d´Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, UPR 7372 du CNRS-Université de La Rochelle, Villiers-en-Bois, France
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6
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7
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Parental physiological condition and reproductive success in chinstrap penguins (Pygoscelis antarctica). Polar Biol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-012-1279-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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8
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A model of parental conflict: Predicting provisioning behavior of penguin partners in response to local changes in krill. Ecol Modell 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2012.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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9
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Ainley DG, Ballard G. Non-consumptive factors affecting foraging patterns in Antarctic penguins: a review and synthesis. Polar Biol 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-011-1042-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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10
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Shaffer SA. A review of seabird energetics using the doubly labeled water method. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2011; 158:315-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2010.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2010] [Revised: 07/09/2010] [Accepted: 07/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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11
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Beaulieu M, Reichert S, Le Maho Y, Ancel A, Criscuolo F. Oxidative status and telomere length in a long-lived bird facing a costly reproductive event. Funct Ecol 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2010.01825.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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12
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Spée M, Beaulieu M, Dervaux A, Chastel O, Le Maho Y, Raclot T. Should I stay or should I go? Hormonal control of nest abandonment in a long-lived bird, the Adélie penguin. Horm Behav 2010; 58:762-8. [PMID: 20691185 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2010.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2010] [Revised: 07/08/2010] [Accepted: 07/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
According to life-history theory, long-lived birds should favor their survival over the current reproductive attempt, when breeding becomes too costly. In seabirds, incubation is often associated with spontaneous long-term fasting. Below a threshold in body reserves, hormonal and metabolic shift characteristics of a switch from lipid to protein utilization (phase III, PIII) occur. These metabolic changes are paralleled by nest abandonment and stimulation of refeeding behavior. Parental behavior is then under control of two hormones with opposite effects: corticosterone (CORT) and prolactin which stimulate foraging and incubation behavior, respectively. The aim of this study was to determine the respective role of these two hormones in nest abandonment by Adélie penguins. To this end, plasma hormone levels were measured before egg-laying and at departure from the colony (i.e. when birds were relieved by their partner or abandoned their nest), and related to nutritional state and incubation success. We found that males abandoning their nest in PIII presented high CORT levels and low prolactin levels. Interestingly, males which presented high plasma levels of prolactin in PIII did not abandon. We show that although CORT is the first hormone to be affected by prolonged energy constraints, the combined effects of high CORT and low prolactin levels are necessary for parents to favor self-maintenance and abandon the nest. We provide insights into time-course changes of the endocrine profile as PIII proceeds and report that reaching proteolytic late fasting is not sufficient to induce nest abandonment in a long-lived bird.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Spée
- Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), Département d'Ecologie, Physiologie, Ethologie (DEPE), UMR 7178 CNRS-UdS, 23 rue Becquerel, Strasbourg Cedex 2, France.
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13
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Lescroël A, Ballard G, Toniolo V, Barton KJ, Wilson PR, Lyver PO, Ainley DG. Working less to gain more: when breeding quality relates to foraging efficiency. Ecology 2010; 91:2044-55. [PMID: 20715627 DOI: 10.1890/09-0766.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In animal populations, a minority of individuals consistently achieves the highest breeding success and therefore contributes the most recruits to future generations. On average, foraging performance is important in determining breeding success at the population level, but evidence is scarce to show that more successful breeders (better breeders) forage differently than less successful ones (poorer breeders). To test this hypothesis, we used a 10-year, three-colony, individual-based longitudinal data set on breeding success and foraging parameters of a long-lived bird, the Adélie Penguin, Pygoscelis adeliae. Better breeders foraged more efficiently than poorer breeders under harsh environmental conditions and when offspring needs were higher, therefore gaining higher net energy profit to be allocated to reproduction and survival. These results imply that adverse "extrinsic" conditions might select breeding individuals on the basis of their foraging ability. Adélie Penguins show sufficient phenotypic plasticity that at least a portion of the population is capable of surviving and successfully reproducing despite extreme variability in their physical and biological environment, variability that is likely to be associated with climate change and, ultimately, with the species' evolution. This study is the first to demonstrate the importance of "extrinsic" conditions (in terms of environmental conditions and offspring needs) on the relationship between foraging behavior and individual quality.
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14
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Using logistic regression models to predict breeding success in male Adélie penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae). Polar Biol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-010-0793-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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15
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Beaulieu M, Dervaux A, Thierry AM, Lazin D, Le Maho Y, Ropert-Coudert Y, Spée M, Raclot T, Ancel A. When sea-ice clock is ahead of Adélie penguinsâ clock. Funct Ecol 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2009.01638.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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16
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Beaulieu M, Spée M, Lazin D, Ropert-Coudert Y, le Maho Y, Ancel A, Raclot T. Ecophysiological response of Adélie penguins facing an experimental increase in breeding constraints. J Exp Biol 2010; 213:33-9. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.035378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY
Foraging strategies play a key role in breeding effort. Little is known, however, about their connection with hormonal and nutritional states, especially when breeding constraints vary. Here, we experimentally increased foraging costs and thus breeding constraints by handicapping Adélie penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae) with dummy devices representing 3–4% of the penguins' cross-sectional area. We examined food-related stress (via plasma corticosterone concentration) and nutritional state (via metabolite levels). Concurrently, we investigated the use of ecological niches via the isotopic signature of red blood cells indicating the trophic position (δ15N) and the spatial distribution (δ13C) of penguins. Handicapped birds performed ∼70% longer foraging trips and lost ∼60% more body mass than controls and their partners. However, corticosterone levels and the nutritional state were unchanged. The isotopic signature revealed that males and females differed in their foraging behaviour: upper trophic levels contributed more in the males' diet, who foraged in more pelagic areas. Handicapped and partner birds adopted the same strategy at sea: a shift towards higher δ13C values suggested that they foraged in more coastal areas than controls. This change in foraging decisions may optimize feeding time by decreasing travelling time. This may partly compensate for the presumed lower foraging efficiency of handicapped birds and for the energetic debt of their partners who had to fast ∼70% longer on the nest. We propose that this flexible use of ecological niches may allow birds facing increased breeding constraints to avoid chronic stress and to minimize the impact on their body condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Beaulieu
- Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), Département Ecologie, Physiologie et Ethologie (DEPE), UMR 7178 CNRS-UdS, 23 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - M. Spée
- Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), Département Ecologie, Physiologie et Ethologie (DEPE), UMR 7178 CNRS-UdS, 23 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - D. Lazin
- Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), Département Ecologie, Physiologie et Ethologie (DEPE), UMR 7178 CNRS-UdS, 23 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Y. Ropert-Coudert
- Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), Département Ecologie, Physiologie et Ethologie (DEPE), UMR 7178 CNRS-UdS, 23 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Y. le Maho
- Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), Département Ecologie, Physiologie et Ethologie (DEPE), UMR 7178 CNRS-UdS, 23 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - A. Ancel
- Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), Département Ecologie, Physiologie et Ethologie (DEPE), UMR 7178 CNRS-UdS, 23 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - T. Raclot
- Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), Département Ecologie, Physiologie et Ethologie (DEPE), UMR 7178 CNRS-UdS, 23 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg, France
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17
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18
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Halsey L, Butler P, Fahlman A, Bost C, Woakes A, Handrich Y. Modeling the Marine Resources Consumed in Raising a King Penguin Chick: An Energetics Approach. Physiol Biochem Zool 2008; 81:856-67. [DOI: 10.1086/592821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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19
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Allen ME, Ullrey DE. Relationships among nutrition and reproduction and relevance for wild animals. Zoo Biol 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/zoo.20029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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20
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Takahashi A, Watanuki Y, Sato K, Kato A, Arai N, Nishikawa J, Naito Y. Parental foraging effort and offspring growth in Adélie Penguins: does working hard improve reproductive success? Funct Ecol 2003. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2435.2003.00772.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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21
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Walker BG, Boersma PD. Diving behavior of Magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus) at Punta Tombo, Argentina. CAN J ZOOL 2003. [DOI: 10.1139/z03-142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Geographic and temporal variability in the marine environment affects seabirds' ability to find food. Similarly, an individual's body size or condition may influence their ability to capture prey. We examined the diving behavior of Magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus) at Punta Tombo, Argentina, as an indicator of variation in foraging ability. We studied how body size affected diving capability and how diving varies among years and within breeding seasons. We also compared diving patterns of Magellanic penguins at Punta Tombo with those of birds in two colonies at the opposite end of the species' breeding range. Larger penguins tended to dive deeper and for longer than smaller birds. Trips were longer during incubation and in the years and colonies with lower reproductive success, which suggests that in those instances birds were working hard to recover body condition and feed chicks. Average dive depths, average dive durations, and percentages of time spent diving were always similar. We found that the only parameter these penguins consistently modified while foraging was the length of their foraging trip, which suggests that penguins at Punta Tombo were diving at maximum rates to find their preferred prey. Increasing trip length, we suggest, is a physiologically conservative solution for increasing the likelihood of encountering prey.
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Taylor SS, Leonard ML, Boness DJ, Majluf P. Foraging by Humboldt penguins (Spheniscus humboldti) during the chick-rearing period: general patterns, sex differences, and recommendations to reduce incidental catches in fishing nets. CAN J ZOOL 2002. [DOI: 10.1139/z02-046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We studied the foraging behaviour of endangered Humboldt penguins (Spheniscus humboldti) to examine general foraging patterns, sex differences in foraging behaviour, and the reasons for incidental catches in fishing nets. Humboldt penguins foraged diurnally and typically made short, shallow dives within 30 m of the surface. Males and females made overnight (lasting 25.8 ± 3.4 h; mean ± SD) and day (10.4 ± 2.0 h) trips when they departed the colony to forage. Overnight trips were more common (68.2% of all trips) and were associated with a significantly greater amount of foraging time. Males dived to greater maximum depths than females but did not differ in other diving parameters, including foraging time, foraging effort, and proportions of day and overnight trips made. Adults may maintain their body condition during chick rearing by making a mixture of overnight and day trips. The two foraging periods observed during overnight trips may function to feed both the adults and the chicks, whereas the single period observed during day trips may function to accommodate the rate of provisioning required by the chicks. We suggest that both males and females would be protected from incidental catches in fishing nets if commercial fisheries avoided setting surface nets at night and setting nets between 0 and 30 m depth during the day in areas where penguins forage and transit.
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Takahashi A, Niizuma Y, Watanuki Y. Regulation of food provisioning and parental body condition in Leach’s storm‐petrels,Oceanodroma leucorhoa: Experimental manipulation of offspring food demand. Ecol Res 2002. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1703.1999.00285.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akinori Takahashi
- Akkeshi Marine Biological Station, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Aikkappu, Akkeshi, Hokkaido 088‐11, Japan and
| | - Yasuaki Niizuma
- Laboratory of Applied Zoology, Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060‐8589, Japan
| | - Yutaka Watanuki
- Laboratory of Applied Zoology, Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060‐8589, Japan
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Mellish JA, Iverson SJ, Don Bowen W. Variation in milk production and lactation performance in grey seals and consequences for pup growth and weaning characteristics. Physiol Biochem Zool 1999; 72:677-90. [PMID: 10603331 DOI: 10.1086/316708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Phocid seals are one of the few groups of mammals capable of sustaining the energetic demands of lactation entirely through body nutrient stores while fasting. Lactation performance of the female in turn influences the rate and pattern of pup growth. We examined variation in and patterns of milk composition and production, maternal energy output, and pup growth and energy deposition over the entire lactation period in 18 grey seal mother-pup pairs using hydrogen isotope (3H2O and D2O) dilution. Milk composition was independent of maternal mass and nutrient stores, indicating dependence on other physiological and genetic factors. Heavier females lactated longer (r2=0.653, P<0.001), had higher total milk outputs (r2=0.652, P<0.001), and produced larger pups at weaning (r2=0.417, P=0.005). While fatter females lactated for longer periods of time (r2=0.595, P<0.001), females with a larger lean body mass at parturition produced more milk (r2=0.579, P<0.001). Total milk energy output was the strongest predictor of pup weaning mass, which, along with the pup's efficiency of energy storage, accounted for 91% of the variation in weaning mass. Nevertheless, there was sufficient plasticity in milk composition and energy output that some smaller females produced relatively large pups. Few females appeared to deplete body nutrients to the point where it might limit the duration of lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Mellish
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4J1, Canada.
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Janes DN. Energetics, growth, and body composition of Adélie penguin chicks, Pygoscelis adeliae. PHYSIOLOGICAL ZOOLOGY 1997; 70:237-43. [PMID: 9231397 DOI: 10.1086/639586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Adélie penguins are very abundant in Antarctica and constitute a large biomass of predatory consumers in the Antarctic ecosystem. Adélies eat almost exclusively krill (Euphausia spp.), and to determine krill requirements by Adélies, information on energetics is needed, including energy intake of the chicks. I measured energy use and growth in Adélie penguin chicks, using both field and laboratory techniques. Field metabolic rate was quite variable, but mass-specific rates were not correlated with body mass. Growth followed the logistic equation: the growth constant was 0.143 d-1, and the asymptote for growth to fledging was 3,200 g. Different body organs had similar energy densities (in kilojoules per gram of dry mass), and total body energy density did not vary with chick mass. However, proportional mass of the skin increased rapidly as chicks grew, making the skin an important energy store in larger chicks. Metabolic efficiency measured in the laboratory averaged 69% and did not vary with chick mass. Total energy ingested over the 50-d development period was 162 MJ, which corresponds to approximately 33.6 kg of fresh krill. Previous studies of Adélie energetics have focused on adult energy balance and have calculated chick energy requirements indirectly on the basis of adults' stomach loads of krill and frequency of feeding chicks. Values from previous studies do not agree with those from the present study. The method used in the present study is more informative and accurate for measuring energy use by chicks, since measurements are made directly from chicks.
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Affiliation(s)
- D N Janes
- Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside 92521, USA
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Fraser WR, Trivelpiece WZ. Factors controlling the distribution of seabirds: Winter-summer heterogeneity in the distribution of adélie penguin populations. FOUNDATIONS FOR ECOLOGICAL RESEARCH WEST OF THE ANTARCTIC PENINSULA 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/ar070p0257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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