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Thiam EH, Dunn M, Jackson EW, Jellen EN, Nelson M, Rogers W, Wallace C, Ahlborn G, Mounir M, Yakovac T, Morris S, Benlhabib O. Quality Characteristics of Twelve Advanced Lines of Avena magna ssp. domestica Grown in Three Contrasting Locations in Morocco. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:294. [PMID: 38256847 PMCID: PMC10818295 DOI: 10.3390/plants13020294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
The popularity of oats (Avena sativa) continues to increase in the cereal market due to their health benefits. The recent domestication of Avena magna, a Moroccan oat, presents an opportunity to enhance these benefits due to their higher nutritional composition. As the impact of microclimates on A. magna grain composition has not been explored, this study evaluates twelve A. magna ssp. domestica lines across three Moroccan locations, providing new data into microclimate effects on key grain characteristics. Significant variability is observed among lines and sites for nutrients, with mean protein, fat, and dietary fiber contents at 23.1%, 8.38%, and 7.23%, respectively. High protein levels, reaching 27.1% in Alnif and 26.5% in El Kbab, surpass the 'Avery' control (21.7% and 24.2%) in these environments. Groats from Bouchane exhibited elevated fat and fiber contents (10.2% and 9.94%) compared to the control (8.83% and 7.36%). While β-glucan levels remain consistent at 2.53%, a negative correlation between protein content, fat, and starch was observed. A. magna lines exhibited higher levels of iron (7.50 × 10-3 g/100 g DM) and zinc (3.40 × 10-3 g/100 g DM) compared to other cereals. Environmental conditions significantly influence grain quality, with El Kbab yielding higher protein and ash contents, as well as Bouchane having increased fat, fiber, and starch. Stability analysis indicates that fat content was more influenced by the environment, while 25% of protein variability is influenced by genetics. Lines AT3, AT5, AT6, AT13, and AT15 consistently exceeds both the mean for protein and fiber across all sites, emphasizing their potential nutritional value. This study highlights the potential of A. magna ssp. domestica to address nutritional insecurity, particularly for protein, iron, and zinc in domestic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- El hadji Thiam
- Plant, Production, Protection and Biotechnology Department, Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, Rabat 10000, Morocco;
| | - Michael Dunn
- Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Science Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA; (M.D.); (G.A.)
| | - Eric W. Jackson
- 25:2 Solutions LLC, 815 S First Ave Suite A, Pocatello, ID 83201, USA; (E.W.J.); (T.Y.); (S.M.)
| | - Eric N. Jellen
- Plant and Wildlife Sciences Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA;
| | - Mark Nelson
- Resourced Inc., 304 East Main Street #148, Mahomet, IL 61853, USA; (M.N.); (W.R.)
| | - Will Rogers
- Resourced Inc., 304 East Main Street #148, Mahomet, IL 61853, USA; (M.N.); (W.R.)
| | - Carol Wallace
- Resourced Inc., 304 East Main Street #148, Mahomet, IL 61853, USA; (M.N.); (W.R.)
| | - Gene Ahlborn
- Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Science Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA; (M.D.); (G.A.)
| | - Majid Mounir
- Food Science and Nutrition Department, Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, Rabat 10000, Morocco;
| | - Teresa Yakovac
- 25:2 Solutions LLC, 815 S First Ave Suite A, Pocatello, ID 83201, USA; (E.W.J.); (T.Y.); (S.M.)
| | - Shane Morris
- 25:2 Solutions LLC, 815 S First Ave Suite A, Pocatello, ID 83201, USA; (E.W.J.); (T.Y.); (S.M.)
| | - Ouafae Benlhabib
- Plant, Production, Protection and Biotechnology Department, Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, Rabat 10000, Morocco;
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Unraveling the evolutionary dynamics of ancient and recent polyploidization events in Avena (Poaceae). Sci Rep 2017; 7:41944. [PMID: 28157193 PMCID: PMC5291219 DOI: 10.1038/srep41944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the diversification of polyploid crops in the circum-Mediterranean region is a challenging issue in evolutionary biology. Sequence data of three nuclear genes and three plastid DNA fragments from 109 accessions of Avena L. (Poaceae) and the outgroups were used for maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses. The evolution of cultivated oat (Avena sativa L.) and its close relatives was inferred to have involved ancient allotetraploidy and subsequent recent allohexaploidy events. The crown ages of two infrageneric lineages (Avena sect. Ventricosa Baum ex Romero-Zarco and Avena sect. Avena) were estimated to be in the early to middle Miocene, and the A. sativa lineages were dated to the late Miocene to Pliocene. These periods coincided with the mild seasonal climatic contrasts and the Mediterranean climate established in the Mediterranean Basin. Our results suggest that polyploidy, lineage divergence, and complex reticulate evolution have occurred in Avena, exemplifying the long-term persistence of tetraploids and the multiple origins of hexaploids related to paleoclimatic oscillations during the Miocene-Pliocene interval in the circum-Mediterranean region. This newly-resolved infrageneric phylogenetic framework represents a major step forward in understanding the origin of the cultivated oat.
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Morikawa T. Protocol for Producing Synthetic Polyploid Oats. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1536:43-52. [PMID: 28132142 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6682-0_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A protocol to produce synthetic oats by introducing alien genetic variations into cultivated oats is proposed based on suitable genetic relationships between Avena species. Furthermore, artificial hybridization procedures between different ploidy species are explained. Amphiploids can be produced by rescuing aborted embryos and treating the F1 hybrids with colchicine to overcome sterility between interspecific plants. Furthermore, I present the cytological methods for observing somatic and meiotic chromosomes in the treated hybrids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshinobu Morikawa
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai city, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan.
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Winkler LR, Michael Bonman J, Chao S, Admassu Yimer B, Bockelman H, Esvelt Klos K. Population Structure and Genotype-Phenotype Associations in a Collection of Oat Landraces and Historic Cultivars. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1077. [PMID: 27524988 PMCID: PMC4965477 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Population structure and genetic architecture of phenotypic traits in oat (Avena sativa L.) remain relatively under-researched compared to other small grain species. This study explores the historic context of current elite germplasm, including phenotypic and genetic characterization, with a particular focus on identifying under-utilized areas. A diverse panel of cultivated oat accessions was assembled from the USDA National Small Grains Collection to represent a gene pool relatively unaffected by twentieth century breeding activity and unlikely to have been included in recent molecular studies. The panel was genotyped using an oat iSelect 6K beadchip SNP array. The final dataset included 759 unique individuals and 2,715 polymorphic markers. Some population structure was apparent, with the first three principal components accounting for 38.8% of variation and 73% of individuals belonging to one of three clusters. One cluster with high genetic distinctness appears to have been largely overlooked in twentieth century breeding. Classification and phenotype data provided by the Germplasm Resources Information Network were evaluated for their relationship to population structure. Of the structuring variables evaluated, improvement status (cultivar or landrace) was relatively unimportant, indicating that landraces and cultivars included in the panel were all sampled from a similar underlying population. Instead, lemma color and region of origin showed the strongest explanatory power. An exploratory association mapping study of the panel using a subset of 2,588 mapped markers generated novel indications of genomic regions associated with awn frequency, kernels per spikelet, lemma color, and panicle type. Further results supported previous findings of loci associated with barley yellow dwarf virus tolerance, crown rust (caused by Puccinia coronata f. sp. avenae) resistance, days to anthesis, and growth habit (winter/spring). In addition, two novel loci were identified for crown rust resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisa R. Winkler
- Sustainable Seed Systems Laboratory, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, PullmanWA, USA
| | - J. Michael Bonman
- Small Grains and Potato Germplasm Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture – Agricultural Research Service, AberdeenID, USA
| | - Shiaoman Chao
- Cereal Crops Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture – Agricultural Research Service, FargoND, USA
| | - B. Admassu Yimer
- Small Grains and Potato Germplasm Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture – Agricultural Research Service, AberdeenID, USA
| | - Harold Bockelman
- Small Grains and Potato Germplasm Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture – Agricultural Research Service, AberdeenID, USA
| | - Kathy Esvelt Klos
- Small Grains and Potato Germplasm Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture – Agricultural Research Service, AberdeenID, USA
- *Correspondence: Kathy Esvelt Klos,
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Rolletschek H, Fuchs J, Friedel S, Börner A, Todt H, Jakob PM, Borisjuk L. A novel noninvasive procedure for high-throughput screening of major seed traits. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2015; 13:188-199. [PMID: 25201084 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The large numbers of samples processed in breeding and biodiversity programmes require the development of efficient methods for the nondestructive evaluation of basic seed properties. Near-infrared spectroscopy is the state-of-the-art solution for this analytical demand, but it also has some limitations. Here, we present a novel, rapid, accurate procedure based on time domain-nuclear magnetic resonance (TD-NMR), designed to simultaneously quantify a number of basic seed traits without any seed destruction. Using a low-field, benchtop (1) H-NMR instrument, the procedure gives a high-accuracy measurement of oil content (R(2) = 0.98), carbohydrate content (R(2) = 0.99), water content (R(2) = 0.98) and both fresh and dry weight of seeds/grains (R(2) = 0.99). The method requires a minimum of ~20 mg biomass per sample and thus enables to screen individual, intact seeds. When combined with an automated sample delivery system, a throughput of ~1400 samples per day is achievable. The procedure has been trialled as a proof of concept on cereal grains (collection of ~3000 accessions of Avena spp. curated at the IPK genebank). A mathematical multitrait selection approach has been designed to simplify the selection of outlying (most contrasting) accessions. To provide deeper insights into storage oil topology, some oat accessions were further analysed by three-dimensional seed modelling and lipid imaging. We conclude that the novel TD-NMR-based screening tool opens perspectives for breeding and plant biology in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hardy Rolletschek
- Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
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Oliver RE, Jellen EN, Ladizinsky G, Korol AB, Kilian A, Beard JL, Dumlupinar Z, Wisniewski-Morehead NH, Svedin E, Coon M, Redman RR, Maughan PJ, Obert DE, Jackson EW. New Diversity Arrays Technology (DArT) markers for tetraploid oat (Avena magna Murphy et Terrell) provide the first complete oat linkage map and markers linked to domestication genes from hexaploid A. sativa L. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2011; 123:1159-71. [PMID: 21805339 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-011-1656-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Accepted: 07/09/2011] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Nutritional benefits of cultivated oat (Avena sativa L., 2n = 6x = 42, AACCDD) are well recognized; however, seed protein levels are modest and resources for genetic improvement are scarce. The wild tetraploid, A. magna Murphy et Terrell (syn A. maroccana Gdgr., 2n = 4x = 28, CCDD), which contains approximately 31% seed protein, was hybridized with cultivated oat to produce a domesticated A. magna. Wild and cultivated accessions were crossed to generate a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population. Although these materials could be used to develop domesticated, high-protein oat, mapping and quantitative trait loci introgression is hindered by a near absence of genetic markers. Objectives of this study were to develop high-throughput, A. magna-specific markers; generate a genetic linkage map based on the A. magna RIL population; and map genes controlling oat domestication. A Diversity Arrays Technology (DArT) array derived from 10 A. magna genotypes was used to generate 2,688 genome-specific probes. These, with 12,672 additional oat clones, produced 2,349 polymorphic markers, including 498 (21.2%) from A. magna arrays and 1,851 (78.8%) from other Avena libraries. Linkage analysis included 974 DArT markers, 26 microsatellites, 13 SNPs, and 4 phenotypic markers, and resulted in a 14-linkage-group map. Marker-to-marker correlation coefficient analysis allowed classification of shared markers as unique or redundant, and putative linkage-group-to-genome anchoring. Results of this study provide for the first time a collection of high-throughput tetraploid oat markers and a comprehensive map of the genome, providing insights to the genome ancestry of oat and affording a resource for study of oat domestication, gene transfer, and comparative genomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Oliver
- USDA-ARS Small Grains and Potato Germplasm Research Unit, Aberdeen, ID, USA
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Oliver RE, Lazo GR, Lutz JD, Rubenfield MJ, Tinker NA, Anderson JM, Wisniewski Morehead NH, Adhikary D, Jellen EN, Maughan PJ, Brown Guedira GL, Chao S, Beattie AD, Carson ML, Rines HW, Obert DE, Bonman JM, Jackson EW. Model SNP development for complex genomes based on hexaploid oat using high-throughput 454 sequencing technology. BMC Genomics 2011; 12:77. [PMID: 21272354 PMCID: PMC3041746 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-12-77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Accepted: 01/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Genetic markers are pivotal to modern genomics research; however, discovery and genotyping of molecular markers in oat has been hindered by the size and complexity of the genome, and by a scarcity of sequence data. The purpose of this study was to generate oat expressed sequence tag (EST) information, develop a bioinformatics pipeline for SNP discovery, and establish a method for rapid, cost-effective, and straightforward genotyping of SNP markers in complex polyploid genomes such as oat. Results Based on cDNA libraries of four cultivated oat genotypes, approximately 127,000 contigs were assembled from approximately one million Roche 454 sequence reads. Contigs were filtered through a novel bioinformatics pipeline to eliminate ambiguous polymorphism caused by subgenome homology, and 96 in silico SNPs were selected from 9,448 candidate loci for validation using high-resolution melting (HRM) analysis. Of these, 52 (54%) were polymorphic between parents of the Ogle1040 × TAM O-301 (OT) mapping population, with 48 segregating as single Mendelian loci, and 44 being placed on the existing OT linkage map. Ogle and TAM amplicons from 12 primers were sequenced for SNP validation, revealing complex polymorphism in seven amplicons but general sequence conservation within SNP loci. Whole-amplicon interrogation with HRM revealed insertions, deletions, and heterozygotes in secondary oat germplasm pools, generating multiple alleles at some primer targets. To validate marker utility, 36 SNP assays were used to evaluate the genetic diversity of 34 diverse oat genotypes. Dendrogram clusters corresponded generally to known genome composition and genetic ancestry. Conclusions The high-throughput SNP discovery pipeline presented here is a rapid and effective method for identification of polymorphic SNP alleles in the oat genome. The current-generation HRM system is a simple and highly-informative platform for SNP genotyping. These techniques provide a model for SNP discovery and genotyping in other species with complex and poorly-characterized genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah E Oliver
- USDA-ARS, Small Grains and Potato Germplasm Research Unit, Aberdeen, ID, USA
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Van Tassel DL, DeHaan LR, Cox TS. Missing domesticated plant forms: can artificial selection fill the gap? Evol Appl 2010; 3:434-52. [PMID: 25567937 PMCID: PMC3352511 DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-4571.2010.00132.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2010] [Accepted: 04/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In the course of their evolution, the angiosperms have radiated into most known plant forms and life histories. Their adaptation to a recently created habitat, the crop field, produced a novel form: the plant that allocates an unprecedented 30-60% of its net productivity to sexual structures. Long-lived trees, shrubs and vines of this form evolved, as did annual herbs. Perennial herb forms with increased allocation to asexual reproduction evolved, but there are no examples of perennial herbs with high sexual effort. We suggest that sowing seed into annually tilled fields favored shorter-lived herbs because of trade-offs between first-year seed production and relative growth rate and/or persistence. By propagating cuttings, people quickly domesticated tuber crops and large woody plants. Perennial herbs were too small to be efficiently propagated by cuttings, and the association between longevity, allogamy and genetic load made rapid domestication by sexual cycles unlikely. Perennial grain crops do not exist because they could not have evolved under the original set of conditions; however, they can be deliberately developed today through artificial phenotypic and genotypic selection.
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Peng YY, Wei YM, Baum BR, Zheng YL. Molecular diversity of the 5S rRNA gene and genomic relationships in the genus Avena (Poaceae: Aveneae). Genome 2008; 51:137-54. [PMID: 18356948 DOI: 10.1139/g07-111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The molecular diversity of the rDNA sequences (5S rDNA units) in 71 accessions from 26 taxa of Avena was evaluated. The analyses, based on 553 sequenced clones, indicated that there were 6 unit classes, named according to the haplomes (genomes) they putatively represent, namely the long A1, long B1, long M1, short C1, short D1, and short M1 unit classes. The long and short M1 unit classes were found in the tetraploid A. macrostachya, the only perennial species. The long M1 unit class was closely related to the short C1 unit class, while the short M1 unit class was closely related to the long A1 and long B1 unit classes. However, the short D1 unit class was more divergent from the other unit classes. There was only one unit class per haplome in Avena, whereas haplomes in the Triticeae often have two. Most of the sequences captured belonged to the long A1 unit class. Sequences identified as the long B1 unit class were found in the tetraploids A. abyssinica and A. vaviloviana and the diploids A. atlantica and A. longiglumis. The short C1 unit class was found in the diploid species carrying the C genome, i.e., A. clauda, A. eriantha, and A. ventricosa, and also in the diploid A. longiglumis, the tetraploids A. insularis and A. maroccana, and all the hexaploid species. The short D1 unit class was found in all the hexaploid species and two clones of A. clauda. It is noteworthy that in previous studies the B genome was found only in tetraploid species and the D genome only in hexaploid species. Unexpectedly, we found that various diploid Avena species contained the B1 and D1 units. The long B1 unit class was found in 3 accessions of the diploid A. atlantica (CN25849, CN25864, and CN25887) collected in Morocco and in 2 accessions of A. longiglumis (CIav9087 and CIav9089) collected in Algeria and Libya, respectively, whereas only 1 clone of A. clauda (CN21378) had the short D1 unit. Thus there might be a clue as to where to search for diploids carrying the B and D genomes. Avena longiglumis was found to be the most diverse species, possibly harboring the A, B, and C haplomes. The long M1 and short M1 are the unit classes typical of A. macrostachya. These results could explain the roles of A. clauda, A. longiglumis, and A. atlantica in the evolution of the genus Avena. Furthermore, one clone of the tetraploid A. murphyi was found to have sequences belonging to the short D1 unit class, which could indicate that A. murphyi might have been the progenitor of hexaploid oats and not, as postulated earlier, A. insularis. The evolution of Avena did not follow the molecular clock. The path inferred is that the C genome is more ancient than the A and B genomes and closer to the genome of A. macrostachya, the only existing perennial, which is presumed to be the most ancestral species in the genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Ying Peng
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan 625014, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
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Jellen E, Michael Leggett J. Cytogenetic Manipulation in Oat Improvement. GENETIC RESOURCES, CHROMOSOME ENGINEERING, AND CROP IMPROVEMENT 2006. [DOI: 10.1201/9780203489260.ch7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Opportunities for improved adaptation via further domestication. LINKING RESEARCH AND MARKETING OPPORTUNITIES FOR PULSES IN THE 21ST CENTURY 2000. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-4385-1_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Linares C, Ferrer E, Fominaya A. Discrimination of the closely related A and D genomes of the hexaploid oat Avena sativa L. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95:12450-5. [PMID: 9770506 PMCID: PMC22851 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.21.12450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
A satellite DNA sequence, As120a, specific to the A-genome chromosomes in the hexaploid oat, Avena sativa L., was isolated by subcloning a fragment with internal tandem repeats from a plasmid, pAs120, that had been obtained from an Avena strigosa (As genome) genomic library. Southern and in situ hybridization showed that sequences with homology to sequences within pAs120 were dispersed throughout the genome of diploid (A and C genomes), tetraploid (AC genomes), and hexaploid (ACD genomes) Avena species. In contrast, sequences homologous to As120a were found in two A-genome species (A. strigosa and Avena longiglumis) and in the hexaploid A. sativa whereas this sequence was little amplified in the tetraploid Avena murphyi and was absent in the remaining A- and C-genome diploid species. In situ hybridization of pAs120a to hexaploid oat species revealed the distribution of elements of the As120a repeated family over both arms of 14 of 42 chromosomes of this species. By using double in situ hybridization with pAs120a and a C genome-specific probe, three sets of 14 chromosomes were revealed corresponding to the A, C, and D genomes of the hexaploid species. Simultaneous in situ hybridizations with pAs120a and ribosomal probes were used to assign the SAT chromosomes of hexaploid species to their correct genomes. This work reports a sequence able to distinguish between the closely related A and D genomes of hexaploid oats. This sequence offers new opportunities to analyze the relationships of Avena species and to explore the possible evolution of various polyploid oat species.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Linares
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, University of Alcalá, Campus Universitario, ES-28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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