1
|
Sohn SI, Thamilarasan SK, Pandian S, Oh YJ, Kang HJ, Shin EK. Characteristics and Fitness Analysis through Interspecific Hybrid Progenies of Transgenic Brassica napus and B. rapa L. ssp. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810512. [PMID: 36142426 PMCID: PMC9506035 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Interspecific hybridization between transgenic crops and their wild relatives is a major concern for transgene dispersal in the environment. Under controlled conditions, artificial hand pollination experiments were performed in order to assess the hybridization potential and the fitness of interspecific hybrids between Brassica rapa and genetically modified (GM) Brassica napus. Initially, six subspecies of B. rapa were hybridized with GM B. napus through hand pollination. In the resulting F1 hybrids, the combination of B. rapa ssp. narinosa (♀) × GM B. napus (♂) had the highest crossability index (16.9 ± 2.6). However, the F1 selfing progenies of B. rapa ssp. rapa (♀) × GM B. napus were found to be more effective in producing viable future generations with the highest crossability index (1.6 ± 0.69) compared to other subspecies. Consequently, they were used for the generation of F2 and F3 progenies. The 18 different morphological characteristics among the parental cross-combinations and F1 hybrid progenies were measured and visualized through hierarchical clustering. Different generations were found to be grouped based on their different morphological characteristics. The chromosome numbers among the interspecific hybrids ranged from 2n = 29 to 2n = 40. Furthermore, the SSR markers revealed the presence of genomic portions in the hybrids in comparison with their parental lines. There is a high possibility of transgene flow between GM B. napus and B. rapa. The study concluded that the interspecific hybrids between B. napus and B. rapa can be viable and can actively hybridize up to F3 generations and more. This suggests that the GM B. napus can disperse the transgene into B. rapa, and that it can pass through for several generations by hand pollination in a greenhouse environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soo-In Sohn
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-063-238-4712
| | - Senthil Kumar Thamilarasan
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Korea
| | - Subramani Pandian
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Korea
| | - Young-Ju Oh
- Institute for Future Environment Ecology Co., Ltd., Jeonju 54883, Korea
| | - Hyeon-Jung Kang
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Korea
| | - Eun-Kyoung Shin
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
I-SceI and customized meganucleases-mediated genome editing in tomato and oilseed rape. Transgenic Res 2021; 31:87-105. [PMID: 34632562 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-021-00287-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Meganucleases are rare cutting enzymes that can generate DNA modifications and are part of the plant genome editing toolkit although they lack versatility. Here, we evaluated the use of two meganucleases, I-SceI and a customized meganuclease, in tomato and oilseed rape. Different strategies were explored for the use of these meganucleases. The activity of a customized and a I-SceI meganucleases was first estimated by the use of a reporter construct GFFP with the target sequences and enabled to demonstrate that both meganucleases can generate double-strand break and HDR mediated recombination in a reporter gene. Interestingly, I-SceI seems to have a higher DSB efficiency than the customized meganuclease: up to 62.5% in tomato and 44.8% in oilseed rape. Secondly, the same exogenous landing pad was introduced in both species. Despite being less efficient compared to I-SceI, the customized meganuclease was able to generate the excision of an exogenous transgene (large deletion of up to 3316 bp) present in tomato. In this paper, we also present some pitfalls to be considered before using meganucleases (e.g., potential toxicity) for plant genome editing.
Collapse
|
3
|
Metz PLJ, Jacobsen E, Stiekema WJ. Aspects of the biosafety of transgenic oilseed rape (Brassica napusL.). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/plb.1997.46.1.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
4
|
Liu Y, Wei W, Ma K, Li J, Liang Y, Darmency H. Consequences of gene flow between oilseed rape (Brassica napus) and its relatives. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 211:42-51. [PMID: 23987810 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have focused on the probability of occurrence of gene flow between transgenic crops and their wild relatives and the likelihood of transgene escape, which should be assessed before the commercial release of transgenic crops. This review paper focuses on this issue for oilseed rape, Brassica napus L., a species that produces huge numbers of pollen grains and seeds. We analyze separately the distinct steps of gene flow: (1) pollen and seeds as vectors of gene flow; (2) spontaneous hybridization; (3) hybrid behavior, fitness cost due to hybridization and mechanisms of introgression; (4) and fitness benefit due to transgenes (e.g. herbicide resistance and Bt toxin). Some physical, biological and molecular means of transgene containment are also described. Although hybrids and first generation progeny are difficult to identify in fields and non-crop habitats, the literature shows that transgenes could readily introgress into Brassica rapa, Brassica juncea and Brassica oleracea, while introgression is expected to be rare with Brassica nigra, Hirschfeldia incana and Raphanus raphanistrum. The hybrids grow well but produce less seed than their wild parent. The difference declines with increasing generations. However, there is large uncertainty about the evolution of chromosome numbers and recombination, and many parameters of life history traits of hybrids and progeny are not determined with satisfactory confidence to build generic models capable to really cover the wide diversity of situations. We show that more studies are needed to strengthen and organize biological knowledge, which is a necessary prerequisite for model simulations to assess the practical and evolutionary outputs of introgression, and to provide guidelines for gene flow management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongbo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lohe AR, Perotti E. Intertribal hybrid plants produced from crossing Arabidopsis thaliana with apomictic Boechera. PLANTA 2012; 236:371-385. [PMID: 22367110 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-012-1612-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis thaliana and Boechera belong to different tribes of the Brassicaceae and last shared a common ancestor 13-35 million years ago. A. thaliana reproduces sexually but some Boechera accessions reproduce by apomixis (asexual reproduction by seed). The two species are reproductively isolated, preventing introgression of the trait(s) controlling apomixis from Boechera into A. thaliana and their molecular characterisation. To identify if "escapers" from such hybridisation barriers exist, we crossed diploid or tetraploid A. thaliana mothers carrying a conditional male sterile mutation with a triploid Boechera apomict. These cross-pollinations generated zygotes and embryos. Most aborted or suffered multiple developmental defects at all stages of growth, but some seed matured and germinated. Seedlings grew slowly but eventually some developed into mature plants that were novel synthetic allopolyploid hybrids. With one exception, intertribal hybrids contained three Boechera plus either one or two A. thaliana genomes (depending on maternal ploidy) and were male and female sterile. The exception was a semi-fertile, sexual partial hybrid with one Boechera plus two A. thaliana genomes. The synthesis of "escapers" that survive rigorous early developmental challenges in crosses between A. thaliana and Boechera demonstrates that the inviability form of postzygotic reproductive isolation separating these distantly related species is not impenetrable. The recovery of a single semi-fertile partial hybrid also demonstrates that hybrid sterility, another form of postzygotic reproductive isolation, can be overcome between these species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allan R Lohe
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 0200, Australia.
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Liu YB, Tang ZX, Darmency H, Stewart CN, Di K, Wei W, Ma KP. The effects of seed size on hybrids formed between oilseed rape (Brassica napus) and wild brown mustard (B. juncea). PLoS One 2012; 7:e39705. [PMID: 22745814 PMCID: PMC3382164 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Seed size has significant implications in ecology, because of its effects on plant fitness. The hybrid seeds that result from crosses between crops and their wild relatives are often small, and the consequences of this have been poorly investigated. Here we report on plant performance of hybrid and its parental transgenic oilseed rape (Brassica napus) and wild B. juncea, all grown from seeds sorted into three seed-size categories. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Three seed-size categories were sorted by seed diameter for transgenic B. napus, wild B. juncea and their transgenic and non-transgenic hybrids. The seeds were sown in a field at various plant densities. Globally, small-seeded plants had delayed flowering, lower biomass, fewer flowers and seeds, and a lower thousand-seed weight. The seed-size effect varied among plant types but was not affected by plant density. There was no negative effect of seed size in hybrids, but it was correlated with reduced growth for both parents. CONCLUSIONS Our results imply that the risk of further gene flow would probably not be mitigated by the small size of transgenic hybrid seeds. No fitness cost was detected to be associated with the Bt-transgene in this study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong-bo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- UMR1347 Agroécologie, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Dijon, France
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi-xi Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Henri Darmency
- UMR1347 Agroécologie, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Dijon, France
| | - C. Neal Stewart
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Kun Di
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- PetroChina Tarim Oilfield Company, Korler, Xinjiang, China
| | - Wei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ke-ping Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Song X, Liu L, Wang Z, Qiang S. Potential gene flow from transgenic rice (Oryza sativa L.) to different weedy rice (Oryza sativa f. spontanea) accessions based on reproductive compatibility. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2009; 65:862-869. [PMID: 19418443 DOI: 10.1002/ps.1766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The possibility of gene flow from transgenic crops to wild relatives may be affected by reproductive capacity between them. The potential gene flow from two transgenic rice lines containing the bar gene to five accessions of weedy rice (WR1-WR5) was determined through examination of reproductive compatibility under controlled pollination. RESULTS The pollen grain germination of two transgenic rice lines on the stigma of all weedy rice, rice pollen tube growth down the style and entry into the weedy rice ovary were similar to self-pollination in weedy rice. However, delayed double fertilisation and embryo abortion in crosses between WR2 and Y0003 were observed. Seed sets between transgenic rice lines and weedy rice varied from 8 to 76%. Although repeated pollination increased seed set significantly, the rank of the seed set between the weedy rice accessions and rice lines was not changed. The germination rates of F(1) hybrids were similar or greater compared with respective females. All F(1) plants expressed glufosinate resistance in the presence of glufosinate selection pressure. CONCLUSIONS The frequency of gene flow between different weedy rice accessions and transgenic herbicide-resistant rice may differ owing to different reproductive compatibility. This result suggests that, when wild relatives are selected as experimental materials for assessing the gene flow of transgenic rice, it is necessary to address the compatibility between transgenic rice and wild relatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Song
- Weed Research Laboratory, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Xiao L, Lu C, Zhang B, Bo H, Wu Y, Wu G, Cao Y, Yu D. Gene transferability from transgenic Brassica napus L. to various subspecies and varieties of Brassica rapa. Transgenic Res 2009; 18:733-46. [PMID: 19357986 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-009-9261-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2008] [Accepted: 03/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Gene transferability from transgenic rapeseed to various subspecies and varieties of Brassica rapa was assessed in this study. Artificial crossability was studied in 118 cultivars of 7 B. rapa subspecies and varieties with the transgenic rapeseed GT73 (Brassica napus) as the pollen donor. On average 5.7 seeds were obtained per pollination, with a range from 0.05 to 19.4. The heading type of B. rapa L. showed significantly higher crossability than non-heading types of B. rapa. The spontaneous outcrossing rate between B. rapa (female) and the transgenic rapeseed Ms8 x Rf3 (B. napus) (male) ranged from 0.039 to 0.406%, with an average of 0.19%. The fertilization process and the development of the hybrid seeds as shown by fluorescent staining techniques indicated that the number of adhered pollens on the stigma was reduced by 80%, the number of pollen tubes in the style was reduced by 2/3 and the fertilization time was delayed by over 20 h when pollinated with the transgenic rapeseed Ms8 x Rf3 in comparison with the bud self-pollination of B. rapa as control. About 10-70% of the interspecific hybrid embryos were aborted in the course of development. Some seeds looked cracked in mature pods, which showed germination abilities lower than 10%. The spontaneous outcrossing rates were much lower than the artificial crossability, and their survival fitness of the interspecific hybrid was very low, indicating that it should be possible to keep the adventitious presence of the off-plants under the allowed threshold, if proper measures are taken.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Xiao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ammitzbøll H, Bagger Jørgensen R. Hybridization between oilseed rape (Brassica napus) and different populations and species of Raphanus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 5:3-13. [PMID: 16978570 DOI: 10.1051/ebr:2006010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
When cultivating genetically modified varieties, the spontaneous gene flow between crop and wild relatives could be of concern. We analyzed spontaneous hybridization between a transgenic male-sterile line of oilseed rape (Brassica napus, 2n = 38, AACC) and, as pollen donors, three European populations of wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum, 2n = 18, Rr,Rr) and a variety of cultivated radish (Raphanus sativus, 2n = 18, RR). Seeds showed size and shape dimorphism that correlated to the frequency of hybrids. The offspring were scored morphologically and analyzed using DNA markers (inter-simple sequence repeats) to quantify hybrid frequencies. Seed set ranged from 0.4-1.2 seeds per pod, and 0.02-0.6 seeds per pod were confirmed as hybrids. The frequency of confirmed hybrids differed significantly among populations of R. raphanistrum. In the cross with a French population, all offspring were hybrids; in the cross with a Swiss population, 53% of the offspring were hybrids; and in the cross with a Danish population, only 2% of the offspring were found to be hybrids. The remaining offspring apparently belonged to two groups: the majority was B. napus-like plants, possibly of matromorphic origin, and a minority from the Danish cross seemed to carry fragments of the Raphanus genome. In the cross with a cultivated R. sativus, all offspring were found to be hybrids. This is the first report on spontaneous hybridization between B. napus and R. sativus. Hybrids from all cross-combinations had low pollen fertility (0-15%). If R. raphanistrum occurs where male-sterile B. napus is cultivated, large regional differences in hybridization frequencies between the species could complicate environmental risk assessment of transgenic oilseed rape.
Collapse
|
10
|
Shen BC, Stewart CN, Zhang MQ, Le YT, Tang ZX, Mi XC, Wei W, Ma KP. Correlated expression of gfp and Bt cry1Ac gene facilitates quantification of transgenic hybridization between Brassicas. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2006; 8:723-30. [PMID: 16883477 DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-924277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Gene flow from transgenic oilseed rape (BRASSICA NAPUS) might not be avoidable, thus, it is important to detect and quantify hybridization events with its relatives in real time. Data are presented showing the correlation between genetically linked green fluorescent protein (GFP) with BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS (Bt) CRY1AC gene expression in hybrids formed between transgenic B. NAPUS "Westar" and a wild Chinese accession of wild mustard (B. JUNCEA) and hybridization between transgenic B. NAPUS and a conspecific Chinese landrace oilseed rape. Hybrids were obtained either by spontaneous hybridization in the field or by hand-crossing in a greenhouse. In all cases, transgenic hybrids were selected by GFP fluorescence among seedlings originating from seeds harvested from B. JUNCEA and the Chinese oilseed rape plants. Transgenicity was confirmed by PCR detection of transgenes. GFP fluorescence was easily and rapidly detected in the hybrids under greenhouse and field conditions. Results showed that both GFP fluorescence and Bt protein synthesis decreased as either plant or leaf aged, and GFP fluorescence intensity was closely correlated with Bt protein concentration during the entire vegetative lifetime in hybrids. These findings allow the use of GFP fluorescence as an accurate tool to detect gene-flow in time in the field and to conveniently estimate BT CRY1AC expression in hybrids on-the-plant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B-C Shen
- Laboratory of Quantitative Vegetation Ecology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100093, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Al Mouemar A, Darmency H. Lack of stable inheritance of introgressed transgene from oilseed rape in wild radish. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 3:209-14. [PMID: 16028797 DOI: 10.1051/ebr:2005007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Hybridization of Brassica napus L. (oilseed rape) and Raphanus raphanistrum L. (wild radish) has been demonstrated, and may be the first step towards introgression of transgenes in this wild relative. If wild radish were to display a new adaptive advantage by expressing the transgene, this could modify the ecological balance of species within the agro-ecosystem. To determine if transgenes remained stable in the hybrid, the frequency of herbicide resistance was studied over four advanced generations of hybrid progeny (G8 to G11) that were subjected to herbicide selection pressure. It is expected that hemizygous resistant plants containing an herbicide resistance transgene back-crossed to wild radish would have 50% resistant progeny. In each of the G8 to G11 generations, only 18% of the progeny from resistant plants were resistant. The chromosome complement of herbicide-susceptible progenies, analyzed at G9, was not different from that of wild populations of wild radish. Herbicide-resistant G9 progeny showed higher chromosome instability, and one third of the progeny contained a supernumerary chromosome. These results suggest that in the presence of herbicide selection pressure, the transgene for herbicide resistance would be maintained despite a lack of stabilized introgression. In the absence of selection, the frequency of resistance in the population is expected to decline.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anoir Al Mouemar
- Unité Mixte de Recherche sur la Biologie et la Gestion des Adventices, INRA, BP 86510, 21065 Dijon, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Prieto JL, Pouilly N, Jenczewski E, Deragon JM, Chèvre AM. Development of crop-specific transposable element (SINE) markers for studying gene flow from oilseed rape to wild radish. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2005; 111:446-55. [PMID: 15942756 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-005-2017-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2004] [Accepted: 03/30/2005] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The screening of wild populations for evidence of gene flow from a crop to a wild related species requires the unambiguous detection of crop genes within the genome of the wild species, taking into account the intraspecific variability of each species. If the crop and wild relatives share a common ancestor, as is the case for the Brassica crops and their wild relatives (subtribe Brassiceae), the species-specific markers needed to make this unambiguous detection are difficult to identify. In the model oilseed rape (Brassica napus, AACC, 2n = 38)-wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum, RrRr, 2n = 18) system, we utilized the presence or absence of a short-interspersed element (SINE) at a given locus to develop oilseed rape-specific markers, as SINE insertions are irreversible. By means of sequence-specific amplified polymorphism (SINE-SSAP) reactions, we identified and cloned 67 bands specific to the oilseed rape genome and absent from that of wild radish. Forty-seven PCR-specific markers were developed from three combinations of primers anchored either in (1) the 5'- and 3'-genomic sequences flanking the SINE, (2) the 5'-flanking and SINE internal sequences or (3) the SINE internal and flanking 3'-sequences. Seventeen markers were monomorphic whatever the oilseed rape varieties tested, whereas 30 revealed polymorphism and behaved either as dominant (17) or co-dominant (13) markers. Polymorphic markers were mapped on 19 genomic regions assigned to ten linkage groups. The markers developed will be efficient tools to trace the occurrence and frequency of introgressions of oilseed rape genomic region within wild radish populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J L Prieto
- CNRS UMR6547 Biomove, Université Blaise Pascal, 24 Avenue des Landais, 63177 Aubière Cedex, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Jenczewski E, Ronfort J, Chèvre AM. Crop-to-wild gene flow, introgression and possible fitness effects of transgenes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 2:9-24. [PMID: 15615064 DOI: 10.1051/ebr:2003001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Crop-to-wild gene flow has received close attention over the past ten years in connection with the development and cultivation of transgenic crops. In this paper, we review key examples of crop/wild sympatry and overlapping flowering phenology, pollen and seed dispersal, the barriers to hybridisation and introgression, the evolution and fate of interspecific hybrids, their fitness, and the potential cost of transgenes. We pay particular attention to ways in which the evolution and divergence between crops and their wild relatives may interfere with these successive steps. Our review suggests that crop-to-weed gene flow is highly idiosyncratic and that crop gene dispersion will certainly be very difficult to preclude totally. Future directions for research should thus focus on the long-term establishment and effects of transgenes on natural communities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Jenczewski
- Unité Mixte de Recherche ENSAR-INRA, Amélioration des plantes et biotechnologies végétales - Domaine de la Motte, BP 35327, 35653 Le Rheu, France.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Halfhill MD, Zhu B, Warwick SI, Raymer PL, Millwood RJ, Weissinger AK, Stewart CN. Hybridization and backcrossing between transgenic oilseed rape and two related weed species under field conditions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 3:73-81. [PMID: 15612504 DOI: 10.1051/ebr:2004007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Determining the frequency of crop-wild transgene flow under field conditions is a necessity for the development of regulatory strategies to manage transgenic hybrids. Gene flow of green fluorescent protein (GFP) and Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) transgenes was quantified in three field experiments using eleven independent transformed Brassica napus L. lines and the wild relatives, B. rapa L. and Raphanus raphanistrum L. Under a high crop to wild relative ratio (600:1), hybridization frequency with B. rapa differed among the individual transformed B. napus lines (ranging from ca. 4% to 22%), however, this difference could be caused by the insertion events or other factors, e.g., differences in the hybridization frequencies among the B. rapa plants. The average hybridization frequency over all transformed lines was close to 10%. No hybridization with R. raphanistrum was detected. Under a lower crop to wild relative ratio (180:1), hybridization frequency with B. rapa was consistent among the transformed B. napus lines at ca. 2%. Interspecific hybridization was higher when B. rapa occurred within the B. napus plot (ca. 37.2%) compared with plot margins (ca. 5.2%). No significant differences were detected among marginal plants grown at 1, 2, and 3 m from the field plot. Transgene backcrossing frequency between B. rapa and transgenic hybrids was determined in two field experiments in which the wild relative to transgenic hybrid ratio was 5-15 plants of B. rapa to 1 transgenic hybrid. As expected, ca. 50% of the seeds produced were transgenic backcrosses when the transgenic hybrid plants served as the maternal parent. When B. rapa plants served as the maternal parent, transgene backcrossing frequencies were 0.088% and 0.060%. Results show that transgene flow from many independent transformed lines of B. napus to B. rapa can occur under a range of field conditions, and that transgenic hybrids have a high potential to produce transgenic seeds in backcrosses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Halfhill
- Crop Science Department, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Snow ALLISONA, Andersen BENTE, Jørgensen RIKKEBAGGER. Costs of transgenic herbicide resistance introgressed fromBrassica napusinto weedyB. rapa. Mol Ecol 2003. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-294x.1999.00596.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
16
|
Warwick SI, Simard MJ, Légère A, Beckie HJ, Braun L, Zhu B, Mason P, Séguin-Swartz G, Stewart CN. Hybridization between transgenic Brassica napus L. and its wild relatives: Brassica rapa L., Raphanus raphanistrum L., Sinapis arvensis L., and Erucastrum gallicum (Willd.) O.E. Schulz. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2003; 107:528-39. [PMID: 12721639 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-003-1278-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2002] [Accepted: 01/23/2003] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The frequency of gene flow from Brassica napus L. (canola) to four wild relatives, Brassica rapa L., Raphanus raphanistrum L., Sinapis arvensis L. and Erucastrum gallicum (Willd.) O.E. Schulz, was assessed in greenhouse and/or field experiments, and actual rates measured in commercial fields in Canada. Various marker systems were used to detect hybrid individuals: herbicide resistance traits (HR), green fluorescent protein marker (GFP), species-specific amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) and ploidy level. Hybridization between B. rapa and B. napus occurred in two field experiments (frequency approximately 7%) and in wild populations in commercial fields (approximately 13.6%). The higher frequency in commercial fields was most likely due to greater distance between B. rapa plants. All F(1) hybrids were morphologically similar to B. rapa, had B. napus- and B. rapa-specific AFLP markers and were triploid (AAC, 2n=29 chromosomes). They had reduced pollen viability (about 55%) and segregated for both self-incompatible and self-compatible individuals (the latter being a B. napus trait). In contrast, gene flow between R. raphanistrum and B. napus was very rare. A single R. raphanistrum x B. napus F1 hybrid was detected in 32,821 seedlings from the HR B. napus field experiment. The hybrid was morphologically similar to R. raphanistrum except for the presence of valves, a B. napus trait, in the distorted seed pods. It had a genomic structure consistent with the fusion of an unreduced gamete of R. raphanistrum and a reduced gamete of B. napus (RrRrAC, 2n=37), both B. napus- and R. raphanistrum-specific AFLP markers, and had <1% pollen viability. No hybrids were detected in the greenhouse experiments (1,534 seedlings), the GFP field experiment (4,059 seedlings) or in commercial fields in Québec and Alberta (22,114 seedlings). No S. arvensis or E. gallicum x B. napus hybrids were detected (42,828 and 21,841 seedlings, respectively) from commercial fields in Saskatchewan. These findings suggest that the probability of gene flow from transgenic B. napus to R. raphanistrum, S. arvensis or E. gallicum is very low (<2-5 x 10(-5)). However, transgenes can disperse in the environment via wild B. rapa in eastern Canada and possibly via commercial B. rapa volunteers in western Canada.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S I Warwick
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, K.W. Neatby Building, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A OC6, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Benabdelmouna A, Guéritaine G, Abirached-Darmency M, Darmency H. Genome discrimination in progeny of interspecific hybrids between Brassica napus and Raphanus raphanistrum. Genome 2003; 46:469-72. [PMID: 12834064 DOI: 10.1139/g03-020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) applied to the F1 interspecific hybrid between oilseed rape (Brassica napus, AACC, 2n = 38) and wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum, RrRr, 2n = 18) showed the predicted 19 chromosomes from B. napus and 9 chromosomes from R. raphanistrum. The very low female fertility of these interspecific hybrids when backcrossed to R. raphanistrum led to only two descendants. Their chromosome number varied between 45 and 48. Both of these progenies showed only 9 chromosomes from R. raphanistrum and 36-39 chromosomes from B. napus. These results indicate the efficiency and limits of GISH as a suitable tool to assess and interpret the behavior of chromosomes after such interspecific crosses. The unexpected chromosome combination is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Benabdelmouna
- Unité de Malherbologie et Agronomie, INRA BP 86510, 21065 Dijon CEDEX, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Guéritaine G, Bazot S, Darmency H. Emergence and growth of hybrids between Brassica napus and Raphanus raphanistrum. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2003; 158:561-567. [PMID: 36056504 DOI: 10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00755.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
• Risk assessment studies of transgenic crops have recently brought evidence of a low spontaneous hybridization frequency of Brassica napus with Raphanus raphanistrum. The fate of the first generation hybrids is crucial to determine the initial rate of spread of transgenes. • This work aims to compare the fitness components of parents and F1 hybrids at the first step of the life cycle. The ability to emerge, establish seedling, cover the soil and develop adult plant was examined in controlled and field conditions, alone or in competition. • The F1 hybrids showed a lower seedling emergence, a significant delay of emergence, and a lower survival than for both parents. Rosette diameter and dry matter of hybrid plants were very reduced compared with those of both parents, especially when they grew in the field and under competition conditions. • The relevance of these results to gene flow and possible impact to agriculture and environment is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Guéritaine
- Unité de Malherbologie et Agronomie, INRA BP 86510, F-21065 Dijon Cédex, France
| | - S Bazot
- Unité de Malherbologie et Agronomie, INRA BP 86510, F-21065 Dijon Cédex, France
| | - H Darmency
- Unité de Malherbologie et Agronomie, INRA BP 86510, F-21065 Dijon Cédex, France
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Thompson C, Thompson B, Ades P, Cousens R, Garnier-Gere P, Landman K, Newbigin E, Burgman M. Model-based analysis of the likelihood of gene introgression from genetically modified crops into wild relatives. Ecol Modell 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3800(02)00347-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
20
|
Gueritaine G, Sester M, Eber F, Chevre AM, Darmency H. Fitness of backcross six of hybrids between transgenic oilseed rape (Brassica napus) and wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum). Mol Ecol 2002; 11:1419-26. [PMID: 12144662 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-294x.2002.01540.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The process of introgression between a transgenic crop modified for better agronomic characters and a wild relative could lead potentially to increased weediness and adaptation to the environment of the wild species. However, the formation of hybrid and hybrid progeny could be associated with functional imbalance and low fitness, which reduces the risk of gene escape and establishment of the wild species in the field. Our work compares the fitness components of parents and different types of backcross in the sixth generation of hybrids between transgenic oilseed rape (Brassica napus, AACC, 2n = 38) resistant to the herbicide glufosinate and wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum, RrRr, 2n = 18). The backcross with oilseed rape cytoplasm (OBC) has a fitness value 100 times lower than that of the backcross with wild radish cytoplasm (RBC). The herbicide-resistant RBC has similar growth to the susceptible RBC, but final male and female fitness values are two times lower. In turn, susceptible RBC exhibit similar fitness to the control wild radishes. The relative fitnesses of the different types are the same whether or not they grow under competitive conditions. The consequence on fitness of the chromosome location of the transgene conferring resistance and the relevance of these results to the impact of gene flow on the environment are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Gueritaine
- Unité de Malherbologie et Agronomie, INRA BP 86510, 21065 Dijon Cedex, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
|
22
|
Hauser TP, Shaw RG, østergård H. Fitness of F1 hybrids between weedy Brassica rapa and oilseed rape (B. napus). Heredity (Edinb) 1998. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2540.1998.00424.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
23
|
|
24
|
|