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Singh S, Tarannum Z, Kokane S, Ghosh DK, Sharma AK, Chauhan H. Efficient transformation and regeneration of transgenic plants in commercial cultivars of Citrus aurantifolia and Citrus sinensis. Transgenic Res 2023; 32:523-536. [PMID: 37702987 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-023-00367-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Citrus is one of the major horticultural crops with high economic and nutraceutical value. Despite the fact that conventional research has developed numerous improved varieties, citriculture is still susceptible to various stresses and requires innovative solutions such as genetic engineering. Among all the currently available modern approaches, Agrobacterium-mediated transformation is the most efficient method for introducing desired traits in citrus. However, being a non-host for Agrobacterium, various citrus species, including Citrus aurantifolia and Citrus sinensis, are recalcitrant to this method. The available reports on Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of commercial citrus cultivars show very low transformation efficiency with poor recovery rates of whole transgenic plantlets. Here, we provide an efficient and reliable procedure of Agrobacterium-mediated transformation for both C. aurantifolia and C. sinensis. This protocol depends on providing callus-inducing treatment to explants before and during Agrobacterium co-cultivation, using optimum conditions for shoot regeneration and modifying in-vitro micrografting protocol to combat the loss of transgenic lines. As transgenic citrus shoots are difficult to root, we also developed the ideal conditions for their rooting. Using this protocol, the whole transgenic plantlets of C. aurantifolia and C. sinensis can be developed in about ~ 4 months, with transformation efficiency of 30% and 22% for the respective species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sweta Singh
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247 667, India
| | - Zeba Tarannum
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247 667, India
| | - Sunil Kokane
- ICAR-Central Citrus Research Institute, Nagpur, 440 033, India
| | - Dilip K Ghosh
- ICAR-Central Citrus Research Institute, Nagpur, 440 033, India
| | - Ashwani K Sharma
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247 667, India
| | - Harsh Chauhan
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247 667, India.
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Martín-Valmaseda M, Devin SR, Ortuño-Hernández G, Pérez-Caselles C, Mahdavi SME, Bujdoso G, Salazar JA, Martínez-Gómez P, Alburquerque N. CRISPR/Cas as a Genome-Editing Technique in Fruit Tree Breeding. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16656. [PMID: 38068981 PMCID: PMC10705926 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
CRISPR (short for "Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats") is a technology that research scientists use to selectively modify the DNA of living organisms. CRISPR was adapted for use in the laboratory from the naturally occurring genome-editing systems found in bacteria. In this work, we reviewed the methods used to introduce CRISPR/Cas-mediated genome editing into fruit species, as well as the impacts of the application of this technology to activate and knock out target genes in different fruit tree species, including on tree development, yield, fruit quality, and tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. The application of this gene-editing technology could allow the development of new generations of fruit crops with improved traits by targeting different genetic segments or even could facilitate the introduction of traits into elite cultivars without changing other traits. However, currently, the scarcity of efficient regeneration and transformation protocols in some species, the fact that many of those procedures are genotype-dependent, and the convenience of segregating the transgenic parts of the CRISPR system represent the main handicaps limiting the potential of genetic editing techniques for fruit trees. Finally, the latest news on the legislation and regulations about the use of plants modified using CRISPR/Cas systems has been also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Martín-Valmaseda
- Fruit Biotechnology Group, Department of Plant Breeding, CEBAS-CSIC (Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), Campus Universitario Espinardo, E-30100 Murcia, Spain (C.P.-C.); (N.A.)
| | - Sama Rahimi Devin
- Department of Horticultural Science, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz 7144165186, Iran; (S.R.D.); (S.M.E.M.)
| | - Germán Ortuño-Hernández
- Fruit Breeding Group, Department of Plant Breeding, CEBAS-CSIC (Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), Campus Universitario Espinardo, E-30100 Murcia, Spain; (G.O.-H.); (J.A.S.)
| | - Cristian Pérez-Caselles
- Fruit Biotechnology Group, Department of Plant Breeding, CEBAS-CSIC (Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), Campus Universitario Espinardo, E-30100 Murcia, Spain (C.P.-C.); (N.A.)
| | - Sayyed Mohammad Ehsan Mahdavi
- Department of Horticultural Science, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz 7144165186, Iran; (S.R.D.); (S.M.E.M.)
| | - Geza Bujdoso
- Research Centre for Fruit Growing, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 1223 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Juan Alfonso Salazar
- Fruit Breeding Group, Department of Plant Breeding, CEBAS-CSIC (Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), Campus Universitario Espinardo, E-30100 Murcia, Spain; (G.O.-H.); (J.A.S.)
| | - Pedro Martínez-Gómez
- Fruit Breeding Group, Department of Plant Breeding, CEBAS-CSIC (Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), Campus Universitario Espinardo, E-30100 Murcia, Spain; (G.O.-H.); (J.A.S.)
| | - Nuria Alburquerque
- Fruit Biotechnology Group, Department of Plant Breeding, CEBAS-CSIC (Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), Campus Universitario Espinardo, E-30100 Murcia, Spain (C.P.-C.); (N.A.)
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Citrus Cell Suspension Culture Establishment, Maintenance, Efficient Transformation and Regeneration to Complete Transgenic Plant. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10040664. [PMID: 33808465 PMCID: PMC8066040 DOI: 10.3390/plants10040664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of epicotyl segment has been used in Citrus transgenic studies. The approach suffers, however, from limitations such as occasionally seed unavailability, the low transformation efficiency of juvenile tissues and the high frequency of chimeric plants. Therefore, a suspension cell culture system was established and used to generate transgenic plants in this study to overcome the shortcomings. The embryonic calli were successfully developed from undeveloped ovules of the three cultivars used in this study, “Sweet orange”-Egyptian cultivar (Citrus sinensis), “Shatangju” (Citrus reticulata) and “W. Murcott” (Citrus reticulata), on three different solid media. Effects of media, genotypes and ages of ovules on the induction of embryonic calli were also investigated. The result showed that the ovules’ age interferes with the callus production more significantly than media and genotypes. The 8 to 10 week-old ovules were found to be the best materials. A cell suspension culture system was established in an H+H liquid medium. Transgenic plants were obtained from Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of cell suspension as long as eight weeks subculture intervals. A high transformation rate (~35%) was achieved by using our systems, confirming BASTA selection and later on by PCR confirmation. The results demonstrated that transformation of cell suspension should be more useful for the generation of non-chimeric transgenic Citrus plants. It was also shown that our cell suspension culture procedure was efficient in maintaining the vigor and regeneration potential of the cells.
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Dutt M, Mou Z, Zhang X, Tanwir SE, Grosser JW. Efficient CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing with Citrus embryogenic cell cultures. BMC Biotechnol 2020; 20:58. [PMID: 33167938 PMCID: PMC7654154 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-020-00652-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Development of precise genome editing strategies is a prerequisite for producing edited plants that can aid in the study of gene function and help understand the genetic traits in a cultivar. Citrus embryogenic cell cultures can be used to rapidly produce a large population of genome edited transformed citrus lines. The ability to introduce specific mutations in the genome of these cells using two constructs (pC-PDS1 and pC-PDS2) was evaluated in this study. RESULTS Citrus sinensis 'EV2' embryogenic cell cultures are amenable to Agrobacterium-mediated CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing. Guide RNAs (gRNAs) targeting two locations in the phytoene desaturase (PDS) gene were either driven by the Arabidopsis U6-26 promoter (pC-PDS1) or assembled as a Csy4 array under the control of the CmYLCV promoter (pC-PDS2). All transgenic embryos were completely albino and no variegated phenotype was observed. We evaluated 12 lines from each construct in this study and the majority contain either insertion (1-2 bp), substitution (1 bp), or deletion (1-3 bp) mutations that occurred close to the protospacer adjacent motif. CONCLUSIONS Both the pC-PDS1 and pC-PDS2 could successfully edit the citrus embryogenic cell cultures. However, the editing efficiency was dependent on the gRNA, confirming that the selection of a proper gRNA is essential for successful genome editing using the CRISPR/Cas9 technique. Also, utilization of embryogenic cell cultures offers another option for successful genome editing in citrus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjul Dutt
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, Florida, USA.
| | - Zhonglin Mou
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Xudong Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Sameena E Tanwir
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, Florida, USA
| | - Jude W Grosser
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, Florida, USA
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Jardak R, Boubakri H, Zemni H, Gandoura S, Mejri S, Mliki A, Ghorbel A. Establishment of an in vitro regeneration system and genetic transformation of the Tunisian 'Maltese half-blood' ( Citrus sinensis): an agro-economically important variety. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:99. [PMID: 32099740 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-2097-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
An efficient in vitro regeneration system using epicotyl segments was developed and then used for optimizing genetic transformation of the Tunisian 'Maltese half-blood' (Citrus sinensis) variety using phosphinothricin (PPT) resistance as a selectable marker. The maximum regeneration efficiency was achieved after incubating epicotyl explants (excised in an oblique manner) in MT culture media containing BAP (4 mg/l) and IAA (0.3 mg/l) hormonal combination in the dark for 3 weeks before their transfer to light. Data from the genetic transformation assays indicated that the highest number of regenerated-transformants was reached when the selection phase was conducted in MT culture media containing PPT (0.25 mg/l) and Carbenicillin (500 mg/l) for 3 weeks in the dark followed by 8 weeks of light. After that, transformed buds were maintained for eight additional weeks in the same culture media but with reduced PPT concentration (0.125 mg/l) before decreasing Carbenicillin dose (250 mg/l) at the second half of this last incubation period which allowed both a good shoot proliferation and an optimal rooting efficiency. Based on molecular analyses, the transgenicity of 21.42% of the regenerated vitroplants was confirmed. The developed regeneration and transformation procedures of the elite 'Maltese half-blood' variety can be used for orchard renewal as well as for functional studies and genome editing purposes to develop new cultivars with the desired genetic traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahma Jardak
- 1Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Centre of Biotechnology of Borj-Cedria, BP 901, 2050, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
| | - Hatem Boubakri
- 2Laboratory of Leguminous, Centre of Biotechnology of Borj-Cedria, BP 901, 2050 Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
| | - Hassene Zemni
- 1Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Centre of Biotechnology of Borj-Cedria, BP 901, 2050, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
| | - Samia Gandoura
- 1Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Centre of Biotechnology of Borj-Cedria, BP 901, 2050, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
| | - Samiha Mejri
- 1Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Centre of Biotechnology of Borj-Cedria, BP 901, 2050, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
| | - Ahmed Mliki
- 1Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Centre of Biotechnology of Borj-Cedria, BP 901, 2050, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
| | - Abdelwahed Ghorbel
- 1Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Centre of Biotechnology of Borj-Cedria, BP 901, 2050, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
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Pinheiro TT, Figueira A, Latado RR. Early-flowering sweet orange mutant 'x11' as a model for functional genomic studies of Citrus. BMC Res Notes 2014; 7:511. [PMID: 25108567 PMCID: PMC4267115 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-7-511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There had been many reports on genetic transformation of Citrus for functional genomic studies but few included genes associated with flower or fruit traits. A major reason for this might derive from the extensive juvenile stage of Citrus plants when regenerated from juvenile explants (epicotyls, cotyledon or calli), which delays the observation of the resulting phenotype. Alternatives include the use of explants from adult tissues, which sometimes may be recalcitrant to regeneration or transformation, or of early-flowering genotypes. However, there is no report about the use of early-flowering sweet orange mutants for functional genomic studies. RESULTS Here, we propose a sweet orange spontaneous early-flowering mutant, named 'x11', as a platform for Citrus functional genomic studies, particularly for genes associated with flower or fruit traits. We report a procedure for efficient regeneration and transformation using epicotyl segment explants of 'x11' and Agrobacterium tumefaciens as a proof-of-concept. The average transformation efficiency was 18.6%, but reached 29.6% in the best protocol tested. Among 270 positive shoots, five were in vitro micrografted and acclimatized, followed by evaluation of transgene expression by quantitative amplification of reversed transcripts (RT-qPCR) and determination of the number of copies inserted. Four of these plants, containing from one to four copies of the transgene, exhibited the first flowers within three months after ex vitro establishment, and the other, two months later, regardless of the period of the year. Flowers of transgenic plants displayed fertile pollen and gynoecium, with self-pollination inducing fruit development with seeds. Histochemical staining for β-glucuronidase activity using stem segments, flowers and fruits from 5 to 7 month-old acclimatized transgenic plants confirmed the constitutive transgene expression in these organs. CONCLUSION The 'x11' sweet orange is suitable for functional genomics studies with a satisfactory transformation rate, and it can be considered a good model for functional genomic studies in commercial sweet oranges, for traits related to flower and fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaísa Tessutti Pinheiro
- />Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Centenário, 303, CP 96, Piracicaba, SP 13400-970 Brazil
- />Centro de Citricultura “Sylvio Moreira”, Instituto Agronômico, CP 04, Cordeirópolis, SP 13490-970 Brazil
| | - Antonio Figueira
- />Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Centenário, 303, CP 96, Piracicaba, SP 13400-970 Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Rocha Latado
- />Centro de Citricultura “Sylvio Moreira”, Instituto Agronômico, CP 04, Cordeirópolis, SP 13490-970 Brazil
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Donmez D, Simsek O, Izgu T, Aka Kacar Y, Yalcin Mendi Y. Genetic transformation in citrus. ScientificWorldJournal 2013; 2013:491207. [PMID: 23983635 PMCID: PMC3745968 DOI: 10.1155/2013/491207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrus is one of the world's important fruit crops. Recently, citrus molecular genetics and biotechnology work have been accelerated in the world. Genetic transformation, a biotechnological tool, allows the release of improved cultivars with desirable characteristics in a shorter period of time and therefore may be useful in citrus breeding programs. Citrus transformation has now been achieved in a number of laboratories by various methods. Agrobacterium tumefaciens is used mainly in citrus transformation studies. Particle bombardment, electroporation, A. rhizogenes, and a new method called RNA interference are used in citrus transformation studies in addition to A. tumefaciens. In this review, we illustrate how different gene transformation methods can be employed in different citrus species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dicle Donmez
- Biotechnology Department, Institute of Applied and Natural Sciences, Çukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey
| | - Ozhan Simsek
- Horticulture Department, Agriculture Faculty, Çukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey
| | - Tolga Izgu
- Horticulture Department, Agriculture Faculty, Ege University, 35100 İzmir, Turkey
| | - Yildiz Aka Kacar
- Biotechnology Department, Institute of Applied and Natural Sciences, Çukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey
- Horticulture Department, Agriculture Faculty, Çukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey
| | - Yesim Yalcin Mendi
- Biotechnology Department, Institute of Applied and Natural Sciences, Çukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey
- Horticulture Department, Agriculture Faculty, Çukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey
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Pantazis CJ, Fisk S, Mills K, Flinn BS, Shulaev V, Veilleux RE, Dan Y. Development of an efficient transformation method by Agrobacterium tumefaciens and high throughput spray assay to identify transgenic plants for woodland strawberry (Fragaria vesca) using NPTII selection. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2013; 32:329-337. [PMID: 23160638 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-012-1366-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Revised: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE : We developed an efficient Agrobacterium -mediated transformation method using an Ac/Ds transposon tagging construct for F. vesca and high throughput paromomycin spray assay to identify its transformants for strawberry functional genomics. Genomic resources for Rosaceae species are now readily available, including the Fragaria vesca genome, EST sequences, markers, linkage maps, and physical maps. The Rosaceae Genomic Executive Committee has promoted strawberry as a translational genomics model due to its unique biological features and transformability for fruit trait improvement. Our overall research goal is to use functional genomic and metabolic approaches to pursue high throughput gene discovery in the diploid woodland strawberry. F. vesca offers several advantages of a fleshy fruit typical of most fruit crops, short life cycle (seed to seed in 12-16 weeks), small genome size (206 Mbb/C), small plant size, self-compatibility, and many seeds per plant. We have developed an efficient Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated strawberry transformation method using kanamycin selection, and high throughput paromomycin spray assay to efficiently identify transgenic strawberry plants. Using our kanamycin transformation method, we were able to produce up to 98 independent kanamycin resistant insertional mutant lines using a T-DNA construct carrying an Ac/Ds transposon Launchpad system from a single transformation experiment involving inoculation of 22 leaf explants of F. vesca accession 551572 within approx. 11 weeks (from inoculation to soil). Transgenic plants with 1-2 copies of a transgene were confirmed by Southern blot analysis. Using our paromomycin spray assay, transgenic F. vesca plants were rapidly identified within 10 days after spraying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Pantazis
- Institute for Advanced Learning and Research, 150 Slayton Avenue Danville, Danville, VA 24540, USA
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Marutani-Hert M, Bowman KD, McCollum GT, Mirkov TE, Evens TJ, Niedz RP. A dark incubation period is important for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of mature internode explants of sweet orange, grapefruit, citron, and a citrange rootstock. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47426. [PMID: 23082165 PMCID: PMC3474820 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2011] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Citrus has an extended juvenile phase and trees can take 2-20 years to transition to the adult reproductive phase and produce fruit. For citrus variety development this substantially prolongs the time before adult traits, such as fruit yield and quality, can be evaluated. Methods to transform tissue from mature citrus trees would shorten the evaluation period via the direct production of adult phase transgenic citrus trees. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Factors important for promoting shoot regeneration from internode explants from adult phase citrus trees were identified and included a dark incubation period and the use of the cytokinin zeatin riboside. Transgenic trees were produced from four citrus types including sweet orange, citron, grapefruit, and a trifoliate hybrid using the identified factors and factor settings. SIGNIFICANCE The critical importance of a dark incubation period for shoot regeneration was established. These results confirm previous reports on the feasibility of transforming mature tissue from sweet orange and are the first to document the transformation of mature tissue from grapefruit, citron, and a trifoliate hybrid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuri Marutani-Hert
- U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ft. Pierce, Florida, United States of America
| | - Kim D. Bowman
- U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ft. Pierce, Florida, United States of America
| | - Greg T. McCollum
- U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ft. Pierce, Florida, United States of America
| | - T. Erik Mirkov
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, Texas AgriLIFE Research, Weslaco, Texas, United States of America
| | - Terence J. Evens
- U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ft. Pierce, Florida, United States of America
| | - Randall P. Niedz
- U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ft. Pierce, Florida, United States of America
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Ali S, Mannan A, El Oirdi M, Waheed A, Mirza B. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of rough lemon (Citrus jambhiri Lush) with yeast HAL2 gene. BMC Res Notes 2012; 5:285. [PMID: 22691292 PMCID: PMC3507645 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-5-285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rough lemon (Citrus jambhiri Lush.) is the most commonly used Citrus rootstock in south Asia. It is extremely sensitive to salt stress that decreases the growth and yield of Citrus crops in many areas worldwide. Over expression of the yeast halotolerant gene (HAL2) results in increasing the level of salt tolerance in transgenic plants. RESULTS Transformation of rough lemon was carried out by using Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains LBA4404 harboring plasmid pJRM17. Transgenic shoots were selected on kanamycin 100 mg L(-1) along with 250 mg L(-1) each of cefotaxime and vancomycin for effective inhibition of Agrobacterium growth. The Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing 200 μM acetoseryngone (AS) proved to be the best inoculation and co-cultivation medium for transformation. MS medium supplemented with 3 mg L(-1) of 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) showed maximum regeneration efficiency of the transformed explants. The final selection of the transformed plants was made on the basis of PCR and Southern blot analysis. CONCLUSION Rough lemon has been successfully transformed via Agrobacterium tumefaciens with β-glucuronidase (GUS) and HAL2. Various factors affecting gene transformation and regeneration efficiency were also investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawkat Ali
- Department of Biochemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
- Horticulture R & D Centre Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada 430, Boulevard Gouin, St-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Québec, Canada
| | - Abdul Mannan
- Department of Biochemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad, 22060, Pakistan
| | - Mohamed El Oirdi
- Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Abdul Waheed
- Department of Botany, University of Arid Agriculture, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Bushra Mirza
- Department of Biochemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Singh S, Rajam MV. Citrus biotechnology: Achievements, limitations and future directions. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2009; 15:3-22. [PMID: 23572908 PMCID: PMC3550383 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-009-0001-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Citrus is one of the most important commercial and nutritional fruit crops in the world, hence it needs to be improved to cater to the diverse needs of consumers and crop breeders. Genetic manipulation through conventional techniques in this genus is invariably a difficult task for plant breeders as it poses various biological limitations comprising long juvenile period, high heterozygosity, sexual incompatibility, nucellar polyembryony and large plant size that greatly hinder cultivar improvement. Hence, several attempts were made to improve Citrus sps. by using various in vitro techniques. Citrus sps are widely known for their recalcitrance to transformation and subsequent rooting, but constant research has led to the establishment of improved protocols to ensure the production of uniformly transformed plants, albeit with relatively low efficiency, depending upon the genotype. Genetic modification through Agrobacterium-mediated transformation has emerged as an important tool for introducing agronomically important genes into Citrus sps. Somatic hybridization has been applied to overcome self and cross-incompatibility barriers and generated inter-specific and inter-generic hybrids. Encouraging results have been achieved through transgenics for resistance against viruses and bacteria, thereby augmenting the yield and quality of the fruit. Now, when major transformation and regeneration protocols have sufficiently been standardized for important cultivars, ongoing citrus research focuses mainly on incorporating such genes in citrus genotypes that can combat different biotic and abiotic stresses. This review summarizes the advances made so far in Citrus biotechnology, and suggests some future directions of research in this fruit crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeepa Singh
- Department of Genetics, University of Delhi — South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi, 110021 India
| | - Manchikatla V. Rajam
- Department of Genetics, University of Delhi — South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi, 110021 India
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Tang W, Lin J, Newton RJ. Okadaic acid and trifluoperazine enhance Agrobacterium-mediated transformation in eastern white pine. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2007; 26:673-82. [PMID: 17242943 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-006-0270-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2006] [Revised: 11/02/2006] [Accepted: 11/05/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Mature zygotic embryos of recalcitrant Christmas tree species eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.) were used as explants for Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain GV3101-mediated transformation using the uidA (beta-Glucuronidase) gene as a reporter. Influence of the time of sonication and the concentrations of protein phosphatase inhibitor (okadaic acid) and kinase inhibitor (trifluoperazine) on Agrobacterium-mediated transformation have been evaluated. A high transformation frequency was obtained after embryos were sonicated for 45-50 s, or treated with 1.5-2.0 microM okadaic acid or treated with 100-200 microM trifluoperazine, respectively. Protein phosphatase and kinase inhibitors enhance Agrobacterium-mediated transformation in eastern white pine. A 2-3.5-fold higher rate of hygromycin-resistant callus was obtained with an addition of 2 microM okadaic acid or 150 microM trifluoperazine or sonicated embryos for 45 s. Stable integration of the uidA gene in the plant genome of eastern white pine was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Southern and northern blot analyses. These results demonstrated that a stable and enhanced transformation system has been established in eastern white pine and this system would provide an opportunity to transfer economically important genes into this Christmas tree species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Tang
- Department of Biology, Howell Science Complex, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858-4353, USA.
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Peña L, Pérez RM, Cervera M, Juárez JA, Navarro L. Early events in Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation of citrus explants. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2004; 94:67-74. [PMID: 15145796 PMCID: PMC4242373 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mch117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Genetic transformation of plants relies on two independent but concurrent processes: integration of foreign DNA into plant cells and regeneration of whole plants from these transformed cells. Cell competence for regeneration and for transformation does not always fall into the same cell type/developmental stage, and this is one of the main causes of the so-called recalcitrance for transformation of certain plant species. In this study, a detailed examination of the first steps of morphogenesis from citrus explants after co-cultivation with Agrobacterium tumefaciens was performed, and an investigation into which cells and tissues are competent for regeneration and transformation was carried out. Moreover, the role of phytohormones in the co-cultivation medium as possible enhancers of gene transfer was also studied. METHODS A highly responsive citrus genotype and well-established culture conditions were used to perform a histological analysis of morphogenesis and cell competence for transformation after co-cultivation of citrus epicotyl segments with A. tumefaciens. In addition, the role of phytohormones as transformation enhancers was investigated by flow cytometry. KEY RESULTS It is demonstrated that cells competent for transformation are located in the newly formed callus growing from the cambial ring. Conditions conducive to further development of this callus, such as treatment of explants in a medium rich in auxins, resulted in a more pronounced formation of cambial callus and a slower shoot regeneration process, both in Agrobacterium-inoculated and non-inoculated explants. Furthermore, co- cultivation in a medium rich in auxins caused a significant increase in the rate of actively dividing cells in S-phase, the stage in which cells are more prone to integrate foreign DNA. CONCLUSIONS Use of proper co-cultivation medium and conditions led to a higher number of stably transformed cells and to an increase in the final number of regenerated transgenic plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Peña
- Dpto. Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias, Apartado Oficial, 46113-Moncada, Valencia, Spain.
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Hasegawa S, Miyake M. Biochemistry and biological functions of citrus limonoids. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 1996. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129609541089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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