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Van Schaftingen E. Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate. ADVANCES IN ENZYMOLOGY AND RELATED AREAS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 59:315-95. [PMID: 3028056 DOI: 10.1002/9780470123058.ch7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Shah RM, Young AV, Feeley EJE, Donaldson EM. Growth and differentiation of the secondary palate in a teleostean fish,Oncorhynchus kisutch. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.1402710309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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4
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Fernández-Bañares I, Clotet J, Ariño J, Guinovart JJ. Glycogen hyperaccumulation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae ras2 mutant. A biochemical study. FEBS Lett 1991; 290:38-42. [PMID: 1655535 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(91)81220-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism by which yeast ras2 mutant hyperaccumulates glycogen has been investigated. Total glycogen synthase activity was between 2.5 and 1.3 times higher in the ras2 mutant than in an isogenic strain. In addition, while in the normal strain the glycogen synthase activation state decreased along the exponential phase, in the mutant strain the opposite behaviour was observed: glycogen synthase activation state rose continuously reaching full activation at the beginning of the stationary phase. Glycogen phosphorylase a activity was up to 40 times higher in the mutant than in the normal strain. Glucose 6-phosphate and fructose 2,6-bisphosphate levels were slightly more elevated in the mutants. The increase in total glycogen synthase and, particularly, the full activation of this enzyme may explain glycogen hyperaccumulation in the ras2 mutant even in the presence of elevated levels of glycogen phosphorylase a.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Fernández-Bañares
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
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Pertseva M. The evolution of hormonal signalling systems. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. A, COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 1991; 100:775-87. [PMID: 1685369 DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(91)90292-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
1. A comparative analysis was made of chemosignalling systems responsible for the action of hormones, hormone-like substances, pheromones, etc. in vertebrates--multicellular invertebrates--unicellular eukaryotes. Many common features revealed in structural-functional organization of the above systems give evidence of their evolutionary conservatism. 2. It was shown that some molecular components as well as signal transduction mechanisms similar to those of higher eukaryote hormonal signalling systems are present in such early organisms as bacteria. This allowed a suggestion that the roots of chemosignalling systems are likely to be found in prokaryotes. 3. The evolution of hormonal signalling systems is discussed in terms of current theories of the origin of eukaryotic cell, its organelles and components. A hypothesis is put forward about endosymbiotic genesis of these signal transduction systems in eukaryotes. 4. A possible evolutionary scenario of the formation of hormonocompetent systems is proposed with hormone-sensitive adenylate cyclase complex taken as an example.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pertseva
- Laboratory of Evolution of Biochemical Communication Systems, Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences U.S.S.R., Leningrad
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6
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Characterization of a mutant of the yeast Candida maltosa defective in catabolite inactivation of gluconeogenetic enzymes. Arch Microbiol 1990. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00245237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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7
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Chapter 2 Benzodiazepine Alkaloids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0099-9598(08)60164-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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8
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Hofmann KH, Polnisch E. Cyclic AMP-dependent phosphorylation of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase and other proteins in the yeast Candida maltosa. J Basic Microbiol 1990; 30:555-9. [PMID: 1965837 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.3620300805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In crude extracts of Candida maltosa, about 12 proteins are phosphorylated in the presence of cAMP or of a catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. A strongly labelled protein spot occurred in the position of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase both after electrophoresis of crude extracts incubated with cAMP and of a partially purified fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase incubated with a catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. No phosphorylation of the cytoplasmic malate dehydrogenase could be detected. From these results it was concluded that cAMP-dependent phosphorylation plays an important role in the catabolite inactivation of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase in Candida maltosa, as described for Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Hofmann
- Sektion Biologie, WB Technische Mikrobiologie, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität Greifswald
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Neves MJ, Terenzi HF. In vivo control of gluconeogenesis in wild-type Neurospora crassa and in the adenylate cyclase-deficient cr-1 (crisp) mutant. J Bacteriol 1989; 171:1767-71. [PMID: 2522093 PMCID: PMC209815 DOI: 10.1128/jb.171.3.1767-1771.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The rate of cycloheximide-resistant incorporation of carbon from [14C]alanine and [14C]acetate into polysaccharidic material was used to study gluconeogenic activity in wild-type Neurospora crassa and in the adenylate cyclase-deficient cr-1 (crisp-1) mutant. The wild-type efficiently utilized alanine and acetate as gluconeogenic substrates, whereas the mutant used acetate efficiently but was unable to use alanine. Cycloheximide-resistant 14C-incorporating activity was sensitive to carbon catabolite effects (repression and inactivation) in the two strains, which suggested that cyclic AMP metabolism was not involved in these regulatory responses. In the wild type, gluconeogenesis was induced by incubation of the cells in the absence of a carbon source. In contrast, cr-1 required supplementation with acetate. This finding suggested that induction of gluconeogenesis in N. crassa could be mediated by metabolites formed in carbon-starved cells. The cr-1 mutant seemed to be deficient in this process and to depend on an exogenous effector to induce gluconeogenesis. Incubation of cr-1 with cyclic AMP partially overcame the acetate requirement for induction of gluconeogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Neves
- Departamentos de Fisiologia e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
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François J, Villanueva ME, Hers HG. The control of glycogen metabolism in yeast. 1. Interconversion in vivo of glycogen synthase and glycogen phosphorylase induced by glucose, a nitrogen source or uncouplers. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1988; 174:551-9. [PMID: 2839334 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1988.tb14134.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The addition of glucose to a suspension of yeast initiated glycogen synthesis and ethanol formation. Other effects of the glucose addition were a transient rise in the concentration of cyclic AMP and a more prolonged increase in the concentration of hexose 6-monophosphate and of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate. The activity of glycogen synthase increased about 4-fold and that of glycogen phosphorylase decreased 3-5-fold. These changes could be reversed by the removal of glucose from the medium and induced again by a new addition of the sugar. These effects of glucose were also obtained with glucose derivatives known to form the corresponding 6-phosphoester. Similar changes in glycogen synthase and glycogen phosphorylase activity were induced by glucose in a thermosensitive mutant deficient in adenylate cyclase (cdc35) when incubated at the permissive temperature of 26 degrees C, but were much more pronounced at the nonpermissive temperature of 35 degrees C. Under the latter condition, glycogen synthase was nearly fully activated and glycogen phosphorylase fully inactivated. Such large effects of glucose were, however, not seen in another adenylate-cyclase-deficient mutant (cyr1), able to incorporate exogenous cyclic AMP. When a nitrogen source or uncouplers were added to the incubation medium after glucose, they had effects on glycogen metabolism and on the activity of glycogen synthase and glycogen phosphorylase which were directly opposite to those of glucose. By contrast, like glucose, these agents also caused, under most experimental conditions, a detectable rise in cyclic AMP concentration and a series of cyclic-AMP-dependent effects such as an activation of phosphofructokinase 2 and of trehalase and an increase in the concentration of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate and in the rate of glycolysis. Under all experimental conditions, the rate of glycolysis was proportional to the concentration of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate. Uncouplers, but not a nitrogen source, also induced an activation of glycogen phosphorylase and an inactivation of glycogen synthase when added to the cdc35 mutant incubated at the restrictive temperature of 35 degrees C without affecting cyclic AMP concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- J François
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physiologique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Bruxelles, Belgium
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11
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Pall ML, Robertson CK. Regulation of lactate/pyruvate ratios by cyclic AMP in Neurospora crassa. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1988; 150:365-70. [PMID: 2827675 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(88)90529-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic AMP is thought to have a general role in stimulating the breakdown of carbohydrate reserves and subsequent glycolytic activity. This would be expected to increase the availability of reducing equivalents in the form of cytoplasmic NADH. The current study examines another potential reaction controlling cytoplasmic NADH in the fungus Neurospora crassa, that of lactate dehydrogenase, to determine whether it is also regulated by cyclic AMP. The cr-1, adenylate cyclase and cyclic AMP-deficient mutant, grown with and without exogenous cyclic AMP was compared with an isogenic wild type. The results show that cyclic AMP raises pyruvic acid pools and lowers both lactic acid pools and lactate/pyruvate ratios. It does that, in part or in whole, by lowering lactate dehydrogenase activity. The possibility that cytoplasmic NAD+/NADH is a major target of cyclic AMP control is discussed. The high performance liquid chromatography procedures used in these studies are applicable to the measurement of intracellular pools of tricarboxylic acid cycle and other organic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Pall
- Program in Genetics, Washington State University, Pullman 99164-4350
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Janssens PM. The evolutionary origin of eukaryotic transmembrane signal transduction. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. A, COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 1988; 90:209-23. [PMID: 2900114 DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(88)91106-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
1. A comparison was made of transmembrane signal transduction mechanisms in different eukaryotes and prokaryotes. 2. Much attention was given to eukaryotic microbes and their signal transduction mechanisms, since these organisms are intermediate in complexity between animals, plants and bacteria. 3. Signal transduction mechanisms in eukaryotic microbes, however, do not appear to be intermediate between those in animals, plants and bacteria, but show features characteristic of the higher eukaryotes. 4. These similarities include the regulation of receptor function, adenylate cyclase activity, the presence of a phosphatidylinositol cycle and of GTP-binding regulatory proteins. 5. It is proposed that the signal transduction systems known to operate in present-day eukaryotes evolved in the earliest eukaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Janssens
- Cell Biology and Genetics Unit, University of Leiden, The Netherlands
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Dumbrava VA, Pall ML. Control of nucleotide and erythroascorbic acid pools by cyclic AMP in Neurospora crassa. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1987; 926:331-8. [PMID: 2825802 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(87)90219-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
UDPglucuronic acid and erythroascorbic acid were identified in extracts of the fungus Neurospora crassa. The concentrations of these two compounds are estimated, in growing wild type N. crassa, to be about 0.10 and 0.28 mumol/ml of cell water, respectively. The pools of these two compounds are regulated by cyclic AMP in Neurospora, both being elevated in the cr-1, adenylate cyclase deficient mutant and both being lowered by exogenous cyclic AMP. The pools of these two compounds are also elevated on nitrogen deprivation. The pools of a large number of other nucleotides are not influenced by cyclic AMP. Possible relationships between the metabolism of UDPglucuronic acid and erythroascorbic acid are discussed. It was found that exogenous cyclic AMP was much more effective in influencing cultures grown at 30-37 degrees C than those grown at 25 degrees C. We suggest that higher temperatures may render Neurospora more permeable to a variety of different compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- V A Dumbrava
- Program in Biochemistry/Biophysics, Washington State University, Pullman 99164-4350
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François J, Eraso P, Gancedo C. Changes in the concentration of cAMP, fructose 2,6-bisphosphate and related metabolites and enzymes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae during growth on glucose. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1987; 164:369-73. [PMID: 3032616 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1987.tb11067.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Changes in the concentration of several metabolites and enzymes related to carbohydrate metabolism were measured during the growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on a mineral medium containing glucose as the limiting nutrient. When about 50% of the original glucose was used the exponential phase ended and the culture entered a 'transition' phase before the complete exhaustion of glucose. In this transition phase several metabolic changes occurred. cAMP, that decreased along growth, reached a constant value of about 0.7 nmol/g dry weight. A pronounced drop in fructose-6-phosphate-2-kinase activity and in the concentration of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate and fructose 1,6-bisphosphate was observed accompanied by a less marked decrease in hexose monophosphates. Trehalase activity also dropped and reached a minimal value at the onset of the stationary phase when synthesis of trehalose began. Glycogen concentration and glycogen synthase activity increased sharply during the transition phase. Plasma membrane ATPase began to increase at the middle of the exponential phase and then, coincident with the glucose exhaustion, a 90% decrease in the measurable activity was observed.
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Murayama T, Uno I, Hamamoto K, Ishikawa T. A cyclic adenosine 3?,5?-monophosphate-dependent protein kinase mutant of Neurospora crassa. Arch Microbiol 1985. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00447052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Janssens PM, van der Geer PL, Arents JC, van Driel R. Guanine nucleotides modulate the function of chemotactic cyclic AMP receptors in Dictyostelium discoideum. Mol Cell Biochem 1985; 67:119-24. [PMID: 2995788 DOI: 10.1007/bf02370170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Guanosine di- and triphosphates specifically decrease the affinity of chemotactic cAMP receptors in isolated Dictyostelium discoideum membranes. The K0.5 was increased from 50 nM to 150 nM. Receptors were shown to be heterogeneous in dissociation kinetics. In the absence of guanine nucleotides three dissociation processes could be resolved, having first order rate constants of 8.7 X 10(-4), 1.3 X 10(-2), and higher than 0.1 s-1. Guanine nucleotides decreased the affinity for cAMP by transforming the slowest dissociating receptor form (KD is 8 nM) to forms dissociating more rapidly. Our data indicate that a guanine nucleotide binding protein (G-protein) is involved in the transduction of the cAMP signal in D. discoideum.
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Hers HG, François J, van Schaftingen E. Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate versus cyclic AMP in the liver and in lower eukaryotic cells. CURRENT TOPICS IN CELLULAR REGULATION 1985; 27:399-410. [PMID: 3004825 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-152827-0.50041-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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François J, Van Schaftingen E, Hers HG. The mechanism by which glucose increases fructose 2,6-bisphosphate concentration in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A cyclic-AMP-dependent activation of phosphofructokinase 2. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1984; 145:187-93. [PMID: 6092080 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1984.tb08539.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
When glucose was added to a suspension of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in stationary phase, it caused a transient increase in the concentration of cyclic AMP and a more persistent increase in the concentration of hexose 6-phosphate and of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate. These effects of glucose on cyclic AMP and fructose 2,6-bisphosphate but not that on hexose 6-phosphate were greatly decreased in the presence of 0.15 mM acridine orange or when a temperature-sensitive mutant deficient in adenylate cyclase was used at the restrictive temperature. Incubation of the cells in the presence of dinitrophenol and in the absence of glucose increased the concentration of both cyclic AMP and fructose 2,6-bisphosphate, but with a minimal change in that of hexose 6-phosphate. Glucose induced also in less than 3 min a severalfold increase in the activity of 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase and this effect was counteracted by the presence of acridine orange. When a cell-free extract of yeast in the stationary phase was incubated with ATP-Mg and cyclic AMP, there was a 10-fold activation of 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase. Finally, the latter enzyme was purified 150-fold and its activity could then be increased about 10-fold upon incubation with ATP-Mg and the catalytic subunit of cyclic-AMP-dependent protein kinase. This activation resulted from a 4.3-fold increase in V and a 2-fold decrease in Km. Both forms of the enzyme were inhibited by sn-glycerol 3-phosphate. From these results it is concluded that the effect of glucose in increasing the concentration of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate in S. cerevisiae is mediated by the successive activation of adenylate cyclase and of cyclic-AMP-dependent protein kinase and by the phosphorylation of 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase by the latter enzyme. In deep contrast with what is known of the liver enzyme, yeast 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase is activated by phosphorylation instead of being inactivated.
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