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Kunimura H, Oda H, Kawasaki T, Gao H, Fukuda S, Hiraoka K. Effect of Spatial and Temporal Prediction on Tactile Sensitivity. Brain Sci 2024; 14:749. [PMID: 39199444 PMCID: PMC11352973 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14080749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2024] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to examine whether spatial or temporal prediction of the tactile stimulus contributes to tactile sensitivity. To investigate the effect of spatial prediction on tactile sensitivity, electrical stimuli were provided for the digit nerve in one of five fingers, and advanced notice of the stimulating finger was provided before the stimulus in some trials but not in others. There was no significant effect of spatial prediction on the intensity at the perceptual threshold of the digit nerve stimulus. This indicates that spatial prediction of the tactile stimulus does not influence tactile sensitivity. To examine the effect of temporal prediction, an auditory warning cue was provided 0, 1, or 10 s before the electrical stimulus to the digit nerve. The stimulus intensity at the perceptual threshold in the trials with the 1 s warning cue was lower than those with the 0 s warning cue. This indicates that temporal prediction enhances tactile sensitivity. The stimulus intensity at the perceptual threshold in the trials with the 1 s warning cue was lower than those with the 10 s warning cue. This means that the contribution of temporal prediction to the tactile sensitivity is greater as the warning cue is closer to the time of the stimulus. This finding may be explained by a defense mechanism activated when humans predict that a tactile stimulus is coming soon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kunimura
- Graduate School of Rehabilitation Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, 3-7-30 Habikino, Habikino City 583-8555, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Oda
- Graduate School of Rehabilitation Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, 3-7-30 Habikino, Habikino City 583-8555, Osaka, Japan
| | - Taku Kawasaki
- Graduate School of Rehabilitation Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, 3-7-30 Habikino, Habikino City 583-8555, Osaka, Japan
| | - Han Gao
- Graduate School of Rehabilitation Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, 3-7-30 Habikino, Habikino City 583-8555, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shiho Fukuda
- Graduate School of Rehabilitation Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, 3-7-30 Habikino, Habikino City 583-8555, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koichi Hiraoka
- School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, 3-7-30 Habikino, Habikino City 583-8555, Osaka, Japan
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2
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Gradwell MA, Ozeri-Engelhard N, Eisdorfer JT, Laflamme OD, Gonzalez M, Upadhyay A, Medlock L, Shrier T, Patel KR, Aoki A, Gandhi M, Abbas-Zadeh G, Oputa O, Thackray JK, Ricci M, George A, Yusuf N, Keating J, Imtiaz Z, Alomary SA, Bohic M, Haas M, Hernandez Y, Prescott SA, Akay T, Abraira VE. Multimodal sensory control of motor performance by glycinergic interneurons of the mouse spinal cord deep dorsal horn. Neuron 2024; 112:1302-1327.e13. [PMID: 38452762 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2024.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Sensory feedback is integral for contextually appropriate motor output, yet the neural circuits responsible remain elusive. Here, we pinpoint the medial deep dorsal horn of the mouse spinal cord as a convergence point for proprioceptive and cutaneous input. Within this region, we identify a population of tonically active glycinergic inhibitory neurons expressing parvalbumin. Using anatomy and electrophysiology, we demonstrate that deep dorsal horn parvalbumin-expressing interneuron (dPV) activity is shaped by convergent proprioceptive, cutaneous, and descending input. Selectively targeting spinal dPVs, we reveal their widespread ipsilateral inhibition onto pre-motor and motor networks and demonstrate their role in gating sensory-evoked muscle activity using electromyography (EMG) recordings. dPV ablation altered limb kinematics and step-cycle timing during treadmill locomotion and reduced the transitions between sub-movements during spontaneous behavior. These findings reveal a circuit basis by which sensory convergence onto dorsal horn inhibitory neurons modulates motor output to facilitate smooth movement and context-appropriate transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Gradwell
- Cell Biology and Neuroscience Department, Rutgers University, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA; W.M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Rutgers University, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Nofar Ozeri-Engelhard
- Cell Biology and Neuroscience Department, Rutgers University, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA; W.M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Rutgers University, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA; Neuroscience PhD program, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Jaclyn T Eisdorfer
- Cell Biology and Neuroscience Department, Rutgers University, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA; W.M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Rutgers University, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Olivier D Laflamme
- Dalhousie PhD program, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada; Department of Medical Neuroscience, Atlantic Mobility Action Project, Brain Repair Center, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Melissa Gonzalez
- Cell Biology and Neuroscience Department, Rutgers University, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA; W.M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Rutgers University, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Aman Upadhyay
- Cell Biology and Neuroscience Department, Rutgers University, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA; W.M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Rutgers University, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA; Neuroscience PhD program, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Laura Medlock
- Neurosciences & Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tara Shrier
- Cell Biology and Neuroscience Department, Rutgers University, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA; W.M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Rutgers University, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Komal R Patel
- Cell Biology and Neuroscience Department, Rutgers University, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA; W.M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Rutgers University, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Adin Aoki
- Cell Biology and Neuroscience Department, Rutgers University, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA; W.M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Rutgers University, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Melissa Gandhi
- Cell Biology and Neuroscience Department, Rutgers University, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA; W.M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Rutgers University, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Gloria Abbas-Zadeh
- Cell Biology and Neuroscience Department, Rutgers University, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA; W.M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Rutgers University, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Olisemaka Oputa
- Cell Biology and Neuroscience Department, Rutgers University, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA; W.M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Rutgers University, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Joshua K Thackray
- Cell Biology and Neuroscience Department, Rutgers University, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA; W.M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Rutgers University, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA; Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA; Tourette International Collaborative Genetics Study (TIC Genetics)
| | - Matthew Ricci
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Arlene George
- Cell Biology and Neuroscience Department, Rutgers University, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA; W.M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Rutgers University, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Nusrath Yusuf
- Cell Biology and Neuroscience Department, Rutgers University, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA; W.M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Rutgers University, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA; Neuroscience PhD program, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Jessica Keating
- Cell Biology and Neuroscience Department, Rutgers University, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA; W.M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Rutgers University, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Zarghona Imtiaz
- Cell Biology and Neuroscience Department, Rutgers University, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA; W.M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Rutgers University, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Simona A Alomary
- Cell Biology and Neuroscience Department, Rutgers University, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA; W.M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Rutgers University, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Manon Bohic
- Cell Biology and Neuroscience Department, Rutgers University, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA; W.M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Rutgers University, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Michael Haas
- Cell Biology and Neuroscience Department, Rutgers University, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA; W.M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Rutgers University, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Yurdiana Hernandez
- W.M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Rutgers University, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Steven A Prescott
- Neurosciences & Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Turgay Akay
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Atlantic Mobility Action Project, Brain Repair Center, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Victoria E Abraira
- Cell Biology and Neuroscience Department, Rutgers University, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA; W.M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Rutgers University, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
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Stacheneder R, Alt L, Straube A, Ruscheweyh R. Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (t-DCS) of the Cerebellum on Pain Perception and Endogenous Pain Modulation: a Randomized, Monocentric, Double-Blind, Sham-Controlled Crossover Study. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2023; 22:1234-1242. [PMID: 36482026 PMCID: PMC10657278 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-022-01498-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence demonstrates a role of the cerebellum in nociception. Some studies suggest that this is mediated via endogenous pain modulation. Here, we used t-DCS to test the effects of modulation of cerebellar function on nociception and endogenous pain modulation. Anodal, cathodal, and sham cerebellar t-DCS were investigated in a cross-over design in 21 healthy subjects. The nociceptive flexor (RIII) reflex, conditioning pain modulation (CPM), and offset analgesia (OA) paradigms were used to assess endogenous pain modulation. Somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) and pain ratings were used to assess supraspinal nociception and pain perception, respectively. No significant t-DCS effects were detected when including all t-DCS types and time points (baseline, 0, 30, 60 min post t-DCS) in the analysis. Exploratory analysis revealed an increased RIII reflex size immediately after cathodal t-DCS (compared to sham, P = 0.046, η2p = 0.184), in parallel with a trend for a decrease in electrical pain thresholds (P = 0.094, η2p = 0.134), and increased N120 SEP amplitudes 30 min after cathodal compared to anodal t-DCS (P = 0.007, η2p = 0.374). OA was increased after anodal compared to sham stimulation (P = 0.023, η2p = 0.232). Exploratory results suggested that cathodal (inhibitory) cerebellar t-DCS increased pain perception and reduced endogenous pain inhibition while anodal (excitatory) t-DCS increased endogenous pain inhibition. Results are principally compatible with activation of endogenous pain inhibition by cerebellar excitation. However, maybe due to limited t-DCS skull penetration, effects were small and unlikely to be clinically significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Stacheneder
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Großhadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Marchioni-Str. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Mannheim, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Laura Alt
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Großhadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Marchioni-Str. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University Hospital, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Andreas Straube
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Großhadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Marchioni-Str. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
- Research Training Group 2175, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Ruth Ruscheweyh
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Großhadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Marchioni-Str. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany.
- Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.
- Research Training Group 2175, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.
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4
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Hamada N, Kunimura H, Matsuoka M, Oda H, Hiraoka K. Advanced cueing of auditory stimulus to the head induces body sway in the direction opposite to the stimulus site during quiet stance in male participants. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:1028700. [PMID: 36569476 PMCID: PMC9775284 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.1028700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Under certain conditions, a tactile stimulus to the head induces the movement of the head away from the stimulus, and this is thought to be caused by a defense mechanism. In this study, we tested our hypothesis that predicting the stimulus site of the head in a quiet stance activates the defense mechanism, causing a body to sway to keep the head away from the stimulus. Fourteen healthy male participants aged 31.2 ± 6.8 years participated in this study. A visual cue predicting the forthcoming stimulus site (forehead, left side of the head, right side of the head, or back of the head) was given. Four seconds after this cue, an auditory or electrical tactile stimulus was given at the site predicted by the cue. The cue predicting the tactile stimulus site of the head did not induce a body sway. The cue predicting the auditory stimulus to the back of the head induced a forward body sway, and the cue predicting the stimulus to the forehead induced a backward body sway. The cue predicting the auditory stimulus to the left side of the head induced a rightward body sway, and the cue predicting the stimulus to the right side of the head induced a leftward body sway. These findings support our hypothesis that predicting the auditory stimulus site of the head induces a body sway in a quiet stance to keep the head away from the stimulus. The right gastrocnemius muscle contributes to the control of the body sway in the anterior-posterior axis related to this defense mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Hamada
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, Habikino, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kunimura
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, Habikino, Japan
| | - Masakazu Matsuoka
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, Habikino, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Oda
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Rehabilitation, Osaka Prefecture University, Habikino, Japan
| | - Koichi Hiraoka
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, Habikino, Japan,*Correspondence: Koichi Hiraoka
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5
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Henrich MC, Steffen Frahm K, Coghill RC, Kæseler Andersen O. Spinal nociception is facilitated during cognitive distraction. Neuroscience 2022; 491:134-145. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Nicola FDC, Hua I, Levine AJ. Intersectional genetic tools to study skilled reaching in mice. Exp Neurol 2021; 347:113879. [PMID: 34597682 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Reaching to grasp is an evolutionarily conserved behavior and a crucial part of the motor repertoire in mammals. As it is studied in the laboratory, reaching has become the prototypical example of dexterous forelimb movements, illuminating key principles of motor control throughout the spinal cord, brain, and peripheral nervous system. Here, we (1) review the motor elements or phases that comprise the reach, grasp, and retract movements of reaching behavior, (2) highlight the role of intersectional genetic tools in linking these movements to their neuronal substrates, (3) describe spinal cord cell types and their roles in skilled reaching, and (4) how descending pathways from the brain and the sensory systems contribute to skilled reaching. We emphasize that genetic perturbation experiments can pin-point the neuronal substrates of specific phases of reaching behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabricio do Couto Nicola
- Spinal Circuits and Plasticity Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States of America
| | - Isabelle Hua
- Spinal Circuits and Plasticity Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States of America
| | - Ariel J Levine
- Spinal Circuits and Plasticity Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States of America.
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Schwaner MJ, Hsieh ST, Braasch I, Bradley S, Campos CB, Collins CE, Donatelli CM, Fish FE, Fitch OE, Flammang BE, Jackson BE, Jusufi A, Mekdara PJ, Patel A, Swalla BJ, Vickaryous M, McGowan CP. Future Tail Tales: A Forward-Looking, Integrative Perspective on Tail Research. Integr Comp Biol 2021; 61:521-537. [PMID: 33999184 PMCID: PMC8680820 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icab082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Synopsis Tails are a defining characteristic of chordates and show enormous diversity in function and shape. Although chordate tails share a common evolutionary and genetic-developmental origin, tails are extremely versatile in morphology and function. For example, tails can be short or long, thin or thick, and feathered or spiked, and they can be used for propulsion, communication, or balancing, and they mediate in predator-prey outcomes. Depending on the species of animal the tail is attached to, it can have extraordinarily multi-functional purposes. Despite its morphological diversity and broad functional roles, tails have not received similar scientific attention as, for example, the paired appendages such as legs or fins. This forward-looking review article is a first step toward interdisciplinary scientific synthesis in tail research. We discuss the importance of tail research in relation to five topics: (1) evolution and development, (2) regeneration, (3) functional morphology, (4) sensorimotor control, and (5) computational and physical models. Within each of these areas, we highlight areas of research and combinations of long-standing and new experimental approaches to move the field of tail research forward. To best advance a holistic understanding of tail evolution and function, it is imperative to embrace an interdisciplinary approach, re-integrating traditionally siloed fields around discussions on tail-related research.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Schwaner
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - S T Hsieh
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - I Braasch
- Department of Integrative Biology and Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior (EEB), Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - S Bradley
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Guelph, Guelph N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - C B Campos
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sacramento State University, Sacramento, CA 95819, USA
| | - C E Collins
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sacramento State University, Sacramento, CA 95819, USA
| | - C M Donatelli
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - F E Fish
- Department of Biology, West Chester University, West Chester, PA 19383, USA
| | - O E Fitch
- Department of Integrative Biology and Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior (EEB), Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - B E Flammang
- Department of Biological Sciences, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - B E Jackson
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Longwood University, Farmville, VA 23909, USA
| | - A Jusufi
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - P J Mekdara
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - A Patel
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7701, South Africa
| | - B J Swalla
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - M Vickaryous
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Guelph, Guelph N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - C P McGowan
- Department of Integrative Anatomical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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Henrich MC, Frahm KS, Andersen OK. Tempo-spatial integration of nociceptive stimuli assessed via the nociceptive withdrawal reflex in healthy humans. J Neurophysiol 2021; 126:373-382. [PMID: 34191609 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00155.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatial information of nociceptive stimuli applied in the skin of healthy humans is integrated in the spinal cord to determine the appropriate withdrawal reflex response. Double-simultaneous stimulus applied in different skin sites are integrated, eliciting a larger reflex response. The temporal characteristics of the stimuli also modulate the reflex, e.g., by temporal summation. The primary aim of this study was to investigate how the combined tempo-spatial aspects of two stimuli are integrated in the nociceptive system. This was investigated by delivering single- and double-simultaneous stimulation and sequential stimulation with different interstimulus intervals (ISIs ranging 30-500 ms) to the sole of the foot of 15 healthy subjects. The primary outcome measure was the size of the nociceptive withdrawal reflex (NWR) recorded from the tibialis anterior (TA) and biceps femoris (BF) muscles. Pain intensity was measured using a numerical rating scale (NRS) scale. Results showed spatial summation in both TA and BF when delivering simultaneous stimulation. Simultaneous stimulation provoked larger reflexes than sequential stimulation in TA, but not in BF. Larger ISIs elicited significantly larger reflexes in TA, whereas the opposite pattern occurred in BF. This differential modulation between proximal and distal muscles suggests the presence of spinal circuits eliciting a functional reflex response based on the specific tempo-spatial characteristics of a noxious stimulus. No modulation was observed in pain intensity ratings across ISIs. Absence of modulation in the pain intensity ratings argues for an integrative mechanism located within the spinal cord governed by a need for efficient withdrawal from a potentially harmful stimulus.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Tempo-spatial integration of electrical noxious stimuli was studied using the nociceptive withdrawal reflex and a perceived intensity. Tibialis anterior and biceps femoris muscles were differentially modulated by the temporal characteristics of the stimuli and stimulated sites. These findings suggest that spinal neurons are playing an important role in the tempo-spatial integration of nociceptive information, leading to a reflex response that is distributed across multiple spinal cord segments and governed by an efficient defensive withdrawal strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Carlos Henrich
- Integrative Neuroscience, Center for Neuroplasticity and Pain (CNAP), Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Ken Steffen Frahm
- Integrative Neuroscience, Center for Neuroplasticity and Pain (CNAP), Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Ole Kæseler Andersen
- Integrative Neuroscience, Center for Neuroplasticity and Pain (CNAP), Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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Sathyamurthy A, Barik A, Dobrott CI, Matson KJE, Stoica S, Pursley R, Chesler AT, Levine AJ. Cerebellospinal Neurons Regulate Motor Performance and Motor Learning. Cell Rep 2021; 31:107595. [PMID: 32402292 PMCID: PMC7263484 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
To understand the neural basis of behavior, it is important to reveal how movements are planned, executed, and refined by networks of neurons distributed throughout the nervous system. Here, we report the neuroanatomical organization and behavioral roles of cerebellospinal (CeS) neurons. Using intersectional genetic techniques, we find that CeS neurons constitute a small minority of excitatory neurons in the fastigial and interpositus deep cerebellar nuclei, target pre-motor circuits in the ventral spinal cord and the brain, and control distinct aspects of movement. CeS neurons that project to the ipsilateral cervical cord are required for skilled forelimb performance, while CeS neurons that project to the contralateral cervical cord are involved in skilled locomotor learning. Together, this work establishes CeS neurons as a critical component of the neural circuitry for skilled movements and provides insights into the organizational logic of motor networks. Sathyamurthy et al. define the organization, function, and targets of cerebellospinal neurons, revealing a direct link between the deep cerebellar nuclei and motor execution circuits in the spinal cord and demonstrating a role for these neurons in motor control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupama Sathyamurthy
- Spinal Circuits and Plasticity Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Arnab Barik
- Sensory Cells and Circuits Section, National Center for Complimentary and Integrative Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Courtney I Dobrott
- Spinal Circuits and Plasticity Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kaya J E Matson
- Spinal Circuits and Plasticity Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Stefan Stoica
- Spinal Circuits and Plasticity Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Randall Pursley
- Signal Processing and Instrumentation Section, Center for Information Technology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Alexander T Chesler
- Sensory Cells and Circuits Section, National Center for Complimentary and Integrative Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ariel J Levine
- Spinal Circuits and Plasticity Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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10
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Terayama R, Uchibe K. Reorganization of synaptic inputs to spinal dorsal horn neurons in neuropathic pain. Int J Neurosci 2021; 132:1210-1216. [PMID: 33428497 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2021.1873980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injuries produce a variety of negative structural and functional changes in the central terminal sites of damaged axons, as well as the injured primary afferents. Such changes have been shown to be involved in the development of neuropathic pain, which includes abnormal pain sensations such as allodynia and hyperalgesia. Since the spinal dorsal horn is the first central site where signals from peripheral sensory nerves are transmitted and shows a variety of changes after peripheral nerve injury or chronic inflammation of peripheral tissues, it is one of the most important sites contributing to the mechanisms underlying the development of neuropathic pain. The functional disruption of inhibitory interneurons and glial activation in the spinal dorsal horn after peripheral nerve injury cause reorganization of neuronal circuits and changes in the excitability of second-order neurons. These events are involved in the development or maintenance of neuropathic pain. Here, we describe the interactions of primary afferents, interneurons, and glial cells that may cause reorganization of synaptic inputs to spinal dorsal horn neurons after peripheral nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuji Terayama
- Department of Maxillofacial Anatomy and Neuroscience, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kenta Uchibe
- Department of Maxillofacial Anatomy and Neuroscience, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
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11
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Gatto G, Bourane S, Ren X, Di Costanzo S, Fenton PK, Halder P, Seal RP, Goulding MD. A Functional Topographic Map for Spinal Sensorimotor Reflexes. Neuron 2021; 109:91-104.e5. [PMID: 33181065 PMCID: PMC7790959 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous somatosensory modalities play pivotal roles in generating a wide range of sensorimotor behaviors, including protective and corrective reflexes that dynamically adapt ongoing movement and posture. How interneurons (INs) in the dorsal horn encode these modalities and transform them into stimulus-appropriate motor behaviors is not known. Here, we use an intersectional genetic approach to functionally assess the contribution that eight classes of dorsal excitatory INs make to sensorimotor reflex responses. We demonstrate that the dorsal horn is organized into spatially restricted excitatory modules composed of molecularly heterogeneous cell types. Laminae I/II INs drive chemical itch-induced scratching, laminae II/III INs generate paw withdrawal movements, and laminae III/IV INs modulate dynamic corrective reflexes. These data reveal a key principle in spinal somatosensory processing, namely, sensorimotor reflexes are driven by the differential spatial recruitment of excitatory neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graziana Gatto
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Steeve Bourane
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Université de la Réunion, DéTROI, UMR 1188 INSERM, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion 97490, France
| | - Xiangyu Ren
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Biology Graduate Program, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Stefania Di Costanzo
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Biology Graduate Program, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Peter K Fenton
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Priyabrata Halder
- Departments of Neurobiology and Otolaryngology, Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, and Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Rebecca P Seal
- Departments of Neurobiology and Otolaryngology, Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, and Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Martyn D Goulding
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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12
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Lannon EW, Jure FA, Andersen OK, Rhudy JL. Does Threat Enlarge Nociceptive Reflex Receptive Fields? THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2020; 22:487-497. [PMID: 33166655 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2020.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Threat-induced pain modulation can increase survival by amplifying physiological and behavioral reactions toward danger. Threat can also modulate spinal nociception, suggesting engagement of endogenous top-down circuitry. A unique method to assess spinal nociception is via reflex receptive fields (RRF) associated with the nociceptive withdrawal reflex (NWR, a protective spinally-mediated reflex). The size of nociceptive RRFs can be modulated by top-down circuitry with the enlargement of RRFs related to increased spinal nociception. Threat has been previously shown to enhance pain and spinal nociception, but the relationship between threat and RRFs has not been investigated. The present study investigated this issue in 25 healthy individuals. RRFs were determined from NWRs measured by electromyography of the tibialis anterior following electrocutaneous stimulations. RRFs and pain were assessed during periods in which participants were under threat of unpredictable painful abdominal stimulations and when they were not under threat. Results indicated that threat periods led to significantly higher pain, larger nociceptive RRFs and NWR magnitudes. These findings imply that threat produces changes in protective reflexes related to spinal nociceptive sensitivity and increased pain perception. This is likely mediated by top-down circuitry that enhances dorsal horn nociceptive neurons by enlarging RRFs and amplifying ascending pain signals. PERSPECTIVE: This article presents the enlargement of RRF during periods of threat. The results from this study may help clarify the mechanism underlining emotional modulation of spinal nociception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward W Lannon
- Department of Psychology, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK; Center for Neuroplasticity and Pain (CNAP), Aalborg University, Aalborg Ø, Denmark.
| | - Fabricio A Jure
- Center for Neuroplasticity and Pain (CNAP), Aalborg University, Aalborg Ø, Denmark
| | - Ole Kæseler Andersen
- Center for Neuroplasticity and Pain (CNAP), Aalborg University, Aalborg Ø, Denmark
| | - Jamie L Rhudy
- Department of Psychology, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK
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13
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Alt LK, Wach K, Liebler EJ, Straube A, Ruscheweyh R. A Randomized Sham-Controlled Cross-Over Study on the Short-Term Effect of Non-Invasive Cervical Vagus Nerve Stimulation on Spinal and Supraspinal Nociception in Healthy Subjects. Headache 2020; 60:1616-1631. [PMID: 32592516 DOI: 10.1111/head.13891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to test the effects of vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) on the descending pain inhibition, quantified by the nociceptive flexor (RIII) reflex and the conditioned pain modulation (CPM) paradigm, and on supraspinal nociceptive responses, assessed by pain intensity and unpleasantness ratings and late somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs), in healthy subjects. BACKGROUND Non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation (nVNS) showed promising effects on headache and pain treatment. Underlying mechanisms are only incompletely understood but may include the activation of the descending pain inhibitory system and/or the modification of emotional responses to pain. METHODS Twenty-seven adult, healthy, and pain-free subjects participated in this double-blind cross-over study conducted at a university research center. They received 4 minutes of cervical nVNS or sham stimulation in randomized order. RIII reflexes, pain ratings, and SEPs were assessed before, during, and 5, 15, 30, and 60 minutes after nVNS/sham stimulation, followed by CPM testing. The primary outcome was the nVNS effect on the RIII reflex size. Three subjects were excluded after the preparatory session (before randomization), 1 subject was excluded after outlier analysis, leaving 23 for analysis. RESULTS RIII reflex areas were 917.1 ± 563.8 µV × ms (mean ± SD) before, 952.4 ± 467.4 µV × ms during and 929.2 ± 484.0 µV × ms immediately after nVNS and 858.4 ± 489.2 µV × ms before, 913.9 ± 539.7 µV × ms during and 862.4 ± 476.0 µV × ms after sham stimulation, revealing no differences between the immediate effects of nVNS and sham stimulation (F [3,66] = 0.67, P = .574). There also were no effects of nVNS over sham on RIII reflex areas up to 60 minutes after nVNS (F [1.7,37.4] = 1.29, P = .283). Similarly, there was no statistically significant effect of nVNS on pain intensity ratings and thresholds, RIII reflex thresholds, late SEP amplitudes, and the CPM effect, compared to sham. Pain unpleasantness ratings statistically significantly decreased from 4.4 ± 2.4 (NRS 0-10) to 4.1 ± 2.5 during nVNS compared to sham stimulation (F [1,22] = 8.74, P = .007), but there were no longer lasting effects (5-60 minutes after stimulation). CONCLUSIONS The present study does not support an acute effect of nVNS on descending pain inhibition, pain intensity perception or supraspinal nociception in healthy adults. However, there was a small effect on pain unpleasantness during nVNS, suggesting that nVNS may preferentially act on affective, not somatosensory pain components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura K Alt
- Department of Neurology, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Katharina Wach
- Department of Neurology, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Straube
- Department of Neurology, University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.,Research Training Group 2175, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Ruth Ruscheweyh
- Department of Neurology, University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.,Research Training Group 2175, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
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14
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Identification of Spinal Neurons Contributing to the Dorsal Column Projection Mediating Fine Touch and Corrective Motor Movements. Neuron 2019; 104:749-764.e6. [PMID: 31586516 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Tactile stimuli are integrated and processed by neuronal circuits in the deep dorsal horn of the spinal cord. Several spinal interneuron populations have been implicated in tactile information processing. However, dorsal horn projection neurons that contribute to the postsynaptic dorsal column (PSDC) pathway transmitting tactile information to the brain are poorly characterized. Here, we show that spinal neurons marked by the expression of Zic2creER mediate light touch sensitivity and textural discrimination. A subset of Zic2creER neurons are PSDC neurons that project to brainstem dorsal column nuclei, and chemogenetic activation of Zic2 PSDC neurons increases sensitivity to light touch stimuli. Zic2 neurons receive direct input from the cortex and brainstem motor nuclei and are required for corrective motor movements. These results suggest that Zic2 neurons integrate sensory input from cutaneous afferents with descending signals from the brain to promote corrective movements and transmit processed touch information back to the brain. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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15
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Mondello SE, Sunshine MD, Fischedick AE, Dreyer SJ, Horwitz GD, Anikeeva P, Horner PJ, Moritz CT. Optogenetic surface stimulation of the rat cervical spinal cord. J Neurophysiol 2018; 120:795-811. [DOI: 10.1152/jn.00461.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrical intraspinal microstimulation (ISMS) at various sites along the cervical spinal cord permits forelimb muscle activation, elicits complex limb movements and may enhance functional recovery after spinal cord injury. Here, we explore optogenetic spinal stimulation (OSS) as a less invasive and cell type-specific alternative to ISMS. To map forelimb muscle activation by OSS in rats, adeno-associated viruses (AAV) carrying the blue-light sensitive ion channels channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) and Chronos were injected into the cervical spinal cord at different depths and volumes. Following an AAV incubation period of several weeks, OSS-induced forelimb muscle activation and movements were assessed at 16 sites along the dorsal surface of the cervical spinal cord. Three distinct movement types were observed. We find that AAV injection volume and depth can be titrated to achieve OSS-based activation of several movements. Optical stimulation of the spinal cord is thus a promising method for dissecting the function of spinal circuitry and targeting therapies following injury. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Optogenetics in the spinal cord can be used both for therapeutic treatments and to uncover basic mechanisms of spinal cord physiology. For the first time, we describe the methodology and outcomes of optogenetic surface stimulation of the rat spinal cord. Specifically, we describe the evoked responses of forelimbs and address the effects of different adeno-associated virus injection paradigms. Additionally, we are the first to report on the limitations of light penetration through the rat spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. E. Mondello
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Center for Sensorimotor Neural Engineering, Seattle, Washington
| | - M. D. Sunshine
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Center for Sensorimotor Neural Engineering, Seattle, Washington
| | - A. E. Fischedick
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - S. J. Dreyer
- Center for Sensorimotor Neural Engineering, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois
| | - G. D. Horwitz
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - P. Anikeeva
- Center for Sensorimotor Neural Engineering, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - P. J. Horner
- Center for Neuroregeneration, Department of Neurological Surgery, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas
| | - C. T. Moritz
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- University of Washington Institute for Neuroengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Center for Sensorimotor Neural Engineering, Seattle, Washington
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16
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Hantman AW, Kaltschmidt JA. Satb2 Stations Neurons along Reflex Arcs. Neuron 2017; 91:711-713. [PMID: 27537478 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The nociceptive flexor withdrawal reflex has an august place in the history of neuroscience. In this issue of Neuron, Hilde et al. (2016) advance our understanding of this reflex by characterizing the molecular identity and circuit connectivity of component interneurons. They assess how a DNA-binding factor Satb2 controls cell position, molecular identity, pre-and postsynaptic targeting, and function of a population of inhibitory sensory relay interneurons that serve to integrate both proprioceptive and nociceptive afferent information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam W Hantman
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Julia A Kaltschmidt
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA; Neuroscience Program and Cell and Developmental Biology Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Science, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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17
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Panneton WM, Pan B, Gan Q. Somatotopy in the Medullary Dorsal Horn As a Basis for Orofacial Reflex Behavior. Front Neurol 2017; 8:522. [PMID: 29066998 PMCID: PMC5641296 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The somatotopy of the trigeminocervical complex of the rat was defined as a basis for describing circuitry for reflex behaviors directed through the facial motor nucleus. Thus, transganglionic transport of horseradish peroxidase conjugates applied to individual nerves/peripheral receptive fields showed that nerves innervating oropharyngeal structures projected most rostrally, followed by nerves innervating snout, periocular, and then periauricular receptive fields most caudally. Nerves innervating mucosae or glabrous receptive fields terminated densely in laminae I, II, and V of the trigeminocervical complex, while those innervating hairy skin terminated in laminae I-V. Projections to lamina II exhibited the most focused somatotopy when individual cases were compared. Retrograde transport of FluoroGold (FG) deposited into the facial motor nucleus resulted in labeled neurons almost solely in lamina V of the trigeminocervical complex. The distribution of these labeled neurons paralleled the somatotopy of primary afferent fibers, e.g., those labeled after FG injections into a functional group of motoneurons innervating lip musculature were found most rostrally while those labeled after injections into motoneurons innervating snout, periocular and preauricular muscles, respectively, were found at progressively more caudal levels. Anterograde transport of injections of biotinylated dextran amine into lamina V at different rostrocaudal levels of the trigeminocervical complex confirmed the notion that the somatotopy of orofacial sensory fields parallels the musculotopy of facial motor neurons. These data suggest that neurons in lamina V are important interneurons in a simple orofacial reflex circuit consisting of a sensory neuron, interneuron and motor neuron. Moreover, the somatotopy of primary afferent fibers from the head and neck confirms the "onion skin hypothesis" and suggests rostral cervical dermatomes blend seamlessly with "cranial dermatomes." The transition area between subnucleus interpolaris and subnucleus caudalis is addressed while the paratrigeminal nucleus is discussed as an interface between the somatic and visceral nervous systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. Michael Panneton
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, School of Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - BingBing Pan
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Qi Gan
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, School of Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, United States
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18
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Bäumler M, Feller M, Krafft S, Schiffer M, Sommer J, Straube A, Weinges F, Ruscheweyh R. Learned control over spinal nociception: Transfer and stability of training success in a long-term study. Clin Neurophysiol 2017; 128:2462-2469. [PMID: 29096221 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2017.09.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Healthy subjects can learn to use cognitive-emotional strategies to suppress their spinal nociception, quantified by the nociceptive flexor reflex (RIII reflex), when given visual RIII feedback. This likely reflects learned activation of descending pain inhibition. Here, we investigated if training success persists 4 and 8 months after the end of RIII feedback training, and if transfer (RIII suppression without feedback) is possible. METHODS 18 and 8 subjects who had successfully completed feedback training were investigated 4 and 8 months later. RESULTS At 4 months, RIII suppression during feedback and transfer was similar to that achieved at the final RIII feedback training session (to 50 ± 22%, 53 ± 21% and 52 ± 21% of baseline, all differences n.s.). At 8 months, RIII suppression was somewhat (not significantly) smaller in the feedback run (to 64 ± 17%) compared to the final training session (56 ± 19%). Feedback and transfer runs were similar (to 64 ± 17% vs. 68 ± 24%, n.s.). Concomitant reductions in pain intensity ratings were stable at 4 and 8 months. CONCLUSIONS RIII feedback training success was completely maintained after 4 months, and somewhat attenuated 8 months after training. Transfer was successful. SIGNIFICANCE These results are an important pre-requisite for application of RIII feedback training in the context of clinical pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Bäumler
- Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany; Department of Anesthesiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany
| | - Moritz Feller
- Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany
| | - Stefanie Krafft
- Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany; Research Training Group 2175, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany
| | | | - Jens Sommer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Marburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Straube
- Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany; Research Training Group 2175, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany
| | | | - Ruth Ruscheweyh
- Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Germany; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany; Research Training Group 2175, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany.
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López Ruiz JR, Castillo Hernández L, De la Torre Valdovinos B, Franco Rodríguez NE, Dueñas Jiménez JM, Dueñas Jiménez A, Rivas-Carrillo JD, Dueñas Jiménez SH. Locomotion in intact and in brain cortex-ablated cats. Neuroscience 2017; 358:37-48. [PMID: 28663091 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The current decerebration procedures discard the role of the thalamus in the motor control and decortication only rules out the brain cortex part, leaving a gap between the brain cortex and the subthalamic motor regions. In here we define a new preparation denominated Brain Cortex-Ablated Cat (BCAC), in which the frontal and parietal brain cortices as well as the central white matter beneath them were removed, this decerebration process may be considered as suprathalamic, since the thalamus remained intact. To characterize this preparation cat hindlimb electromyograms (EMG), kinematics and cutaneous reflexes (CR) produced by electrical stimulation of sural (SU) or saphenous (SAPH) nerves were analyzed during locomotion in intact and in BCAC. In cortex-ablated cats compared to intact cats, the hindlimb EMG amplitude was increased in the flexors, whereas in most extensors the amplitude was decreased. Bifunctional muscle EMGs presented complex and speed-dependent amplitude changes. In intact cats CR produced an inhibition of extensors, as well as excitation and inhibition of flexors, and a complex pattern of withdrawal responses in bifunctional muscles. The same stimuli applied to BCAC produced no detectable responses, but in some cats cutaneous reflexes produced by electrical stimulation of saphenous nerve reappeared when the locomotion speed increased. In BCAC, EMG and kinematic changes, as well as the absence of CR, imply that for this cat preparation there is a partial compensation due to the subcortical locomotor apparatus generating close to normal locomotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Roberto López Ruiz
- Departmento de Neurociencias, Universidad de Guadalajara, CUCS, Sierra Mojada #950, Edificio P, Tercer Piso, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico.
| | - Luis Castillo Hernández
- Departmento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Centro Básico, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Avenida Universidad 940, Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes 20131, Mexico.
| | - Braniff De la Torre Valdovinos
- Departmento de Ciencias Computacionales, CUCEI, Universidad de Guadalajara, Blvd. Marcelino García Barragán #1421, Edificio M-212, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44430, Mexico.
| | - Nancy Elizabeth Franco Rodríguez
- Departmento de Ciencias Computacionales, CUCEI, Universidad de Guadalajara, Blvd. Marcelino García Barragán #1421, Edificio M-212, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44430, Mexico.
| | - Judith Marcela Dueñas Jiménez
- Departmento de Fisiología, Universidad de Guadalajara, CUCS, Sierra Mojada #950 Edificio P, Tercer Piso, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico.
| | - Alejandro Dueñas Jiménez
- Departmento de Electrónica, CUCEI, Universidad de Guadalajara, Blvd. Marcelino García Barragán #1421, Edificio M-212, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44430, Mexico.
| | - Jorge David Rivas-Carrillo
- Departmento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Centro Básico, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Avenida Universidad 940, Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes 20131, Mexico; Departmento de Fisiología, Universidad de Guadalajara, CUCS, Sierra Mojada #950 Edificio P, Tercer Piso, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico.
| | - Sergio Horacio Dueñas Jiménez
- Departmento de Neurociencias, Universidad de Guadalajara, CUCS, Sierra Mojada #950, Edificio P, Tercer Piso, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico.
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20
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Blivis D, Haspel G, Mannes PZ, O'Donovan MJ, Iadarola MJ. Identification of a novel spinal nociceptive-motor gate control for Aδ pain stimuli in rats. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28537555 PMCID: PMC5470870 DOI: 10.7554/elife.23584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Physiological responses to nociceptive stimuli are initiated within tens of milliseconds, but the corresponding sub-second behavioral responses have not been adequately explored in awake, unrestrained animals. A detailed understanding of these responses is crucial for progress in pain neurobiology. Here, high-speed videography during nociceptive Aδ fiber stimulation demonstrated engagement of a multi-segmental motor program coincident with, or even preceding, withdrawal of the stimulated paw. The motor program included early head orientation and adjustments of the torso and un-stimulated paws. Moreover, we observed a remarkably potent gating mechanism when the animal was standing on its hindlimbs and which was partially dependent on the endogenous opioid system. These data reveal a profound, immediate and precise integration of nociceptive inputs with ongoing motor activities leading to the initiation of complex, yet behaviorally appropriate, response patterns and the mobilization of a new type of analgesic mechanism within this early temporal nociceptive window. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.23584.001 A bee sting or a pinprick are examples of painful experiences that trigger an immediate response in humans and other animals. Scientists have begun mapping how different parts of the nervous system control how the body reacts to pain. But there are still many questions about what happens in the very first moments after pain. For example, does the response depend on what the body is doing when the painful event occurs? Examining how animals move in response to pain may help answer these questions and possibly point to new strategies for treating pain. Now, Blivis et al. show that the nervous system orchestrates a sequence of movements in the whole body in the first 500 milliseconds after a painful event. In the experiments, a high-speed video camera recorded what happened when rats experience a pinprick or brief burst from a hot laser on one paw. When a rat is on all four paws, it first moves it head and then picks up its foot after one of these painful experiences. In fact, the position of the rat’s entire body moves to enable the head to turn towards the source of the pain. This may help the rat assess the threat and decide what to do about it. When a rat is standing on two hind legs, however, the animal’s pain reaction is delayed until the animal attains a more stable footing. The rat puts its front paws down, before moving its foot from the source of the pain. Future studies are needed to identify which parts of the brain and spinal cord are active during these early, rapid movements and if something similar happens in humans. If a similar process occurs in humans, scientists might be able to develop new pain medications that take advantage of the system that temporarily suppresses the body’s immediate reaction to pain. These medications could, in future, be used to treat the heightened sensitivity to pain that can occur after an injury, or the intense “breakthrough” pain experienced by cancer patients that cannot be controlled by their usual pain medication. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.23584.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Dvir Blivis
- Developmental Neurobiology Section, Laboratory of Neural Control, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Gal Haspel
- Developmental Neurobiology Section, Laboratory of Neural Control, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States.,Federated Department of Biological Sciences, New Jersey Institute of Technology, and Rutgers, Newark, United States
| | - Philip Z Mannes
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Michael J O'Donovan
- Developmental Neurobiology Section, Laboratory of Neural Control, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Michael J Iadarola
- Department of Perioperative Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
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Krafft S, Göhmann HD, Sommer J, Straube A, Ruscheweyh R. Learned control over spinal nociception in patients with chronic back pain. Eur J Pain 2017; 21:1538-1549. [DOI: 10.1002/ejp.1055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Krafft
- Department of Neurology; University Hospital Großhadern; Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich; Munich Germany
- Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences; Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich; Planegg-Martinsried Germany
- Research Training Group 2175; Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich; Planegg-Martinsried Germany
| | - H.-D. Göhmann
- Department of Anesthesiology; Intensive Care and Pain Therapy; Klinikum Traunstein; Traunstein Germany
| | - J. Sommer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; Philipps-University Marburg; Marburg Germany
| | - A. Straube
- Department of Neurology; University Hospital Großhadern; Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich; Munich Germany
- Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences; Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich; Planegg-Martinsried Germany
- Research Training Group 2175; Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich; Planegg-Martinsried Germany
| | - R. Ruscheweyh
- Department of Neurology; University Hospital Großhadern; Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich; Munich Germany
- Research Training Group 2175; Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich; Planegg-Martinsried Germany
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22
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Discriminative ability of reflex receptive fields to distinguish patients with acute and chronic low back pain. Pain 2016; 157:2664-2671. [PMID: 27479866 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Low back pain has a life time prevalence of 70% to 85%. Approximately 10% to 20% of all patients experience recurrent episodes or develop chronic low back pain. Sociodemographic, clinical, and psychological characteristics explain the transition from acute to chronic low back pain only to a limited extent. Altered central pain processing may be a contributing mechanism. The measurement of reflex receptive fields (RRF) is a novel method to assess altered central pain processing. The RRF area denotes the area of the foot sole from which spinal nociceptive reflexes can be elicited. It was shown to be enlarged in patients with acute and chronic low back pain compared with pain-free individuals. The aim of the study was to explore the discriminative ability of the RRF to distinguish patients with acute and chronic low back pain with the hypothesis that enlarged RRF are associated with chronic low back pain. We included 214 patients with either acute or chronic low back pain and compared RRF between groups in both univariable and multivariable analyses adjusted for different sociodemographic and clinical characteristics possibly associated with the transition to chronic pain. We found a mean difference between patients with acute and chronic low back pain of -0.01 (95% confidence interval [CI], -0.06 to 0.04) in the crude, -0.02 (95% CI, -0.08 to 0.04) in the age and sex adjusted, and -0.02 (95% CI, -0.09 to 0.05) in the fully adjusted model. Our results suggest that the enlargement of RRF area may not be associated with the transition from acute to chronic low back pain.
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Hilde KL, Levine AJ, Hinckley CA, Hayashi M, Montgomery JM, Gullo M, Driscoll SP, Grosschedl R, Kohwi Y, Kohwi-Shigematsu T, Pfaff SL. Satb2 Is Required for the Development of a Spinal Exteroceptive Microcircuit that Modulates Limb Position. Neuron 2016; 91:763-776. [PMID: 27478017 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Motor behaviors such as walking or withdrawing the limb from a painful stimulus rely upon integrative multimodal sensory circuitry to generate appropriate muscle activation patterns. Both the cellular components and the molecular mechanisms that instruct the assembly of the spinal sensorimotor system are poorly understood. Here we characterize the connectivity pattern of a sub-population of lamina V inhibitory sensory relay neurons marked during development by the nuclear matrix and DNA binding factor Satb2 (ISR(Satb2)). ISR(Satb2) neurons receive inputs from multiple streams of sensory information and relay their outputs to motor command layers of the spinal cord. Deletion of the Satb2 transcription factor from ISR(Satb2) neurons perturbs their cellular position, molecular profile, and pre- and post-synaptic connectivity. These alterations are accompanied by abnormal limb hyperflexion responses to mechanical and thermal stimuli and during walking. Thus, Satb2 is a genetic determinant that mediates proper circuit development in a core sensory-to-motor spinal network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn L Hilde
- Gene Expression Laboratory and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Ariel J Levine
- Gene Expression Laboratory and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Christopher A Hinckley
- Gene Expression Laboratory and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Marito Hayashi
- Gene Expression Laboratory and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Jessica M Montgomery
- Gene Expression Laboratory and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Miriam Gullo
- Gene Expression Laboratory and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Shawn P Driscoll
- Gene Expression Laboratory and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Rudolf Grosschedl
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Yoshinori Kohwi
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | | | - Samuel L Pfaff
- Gene Expression Laboratory and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
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Ganzer PD, Meyers EC, Sloan AM, Maliakkal R, Ruiz A, Kilgard MP, Robert LR. Awake behaving electrophysiological correlates of forelimb hyperreflexia, weakness and disrupted muscular synchronization following cervical spinal cord injury in the rat. Behav Brain Res 2016; 307:100-11. [PMID: 27033345 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury usually occurs at the level of the cervical spine and results in profound impairment of forelimb function. In this study, we recorded awake behaving intramuscular electromyography (EMG) from the biceps and triceps muscles of the impaired forelimb during volitional and reflexive forelimb movements before and after unilateral cervical spinal cord injury (cSCI) in rats. C5/C6 hemicontusion reduced volitional forelimb strength by more than 50% despite weekly rehabilitation for one month post-injury. Triceps EMG during volitional strength assessment was reduced by more than 60% following injury, indicating reduced descending drive. Biceps EMG during reflexive withdrawal from a thermal stimulus was increased by 500% following injury, indicating flexor withdrawal hyperreflexia. The reduction in volitional forelimb strength was significantly correlated with volitional and reflexive biceps EMG activity. Our results support the hypothesis that biceps hyperreflexia and descending volitional drive both significantly contribute to forelimb strength deficits after cSCI and provide new insight into dynamic muscular dysfunction after cSCI. The use of multiple automated quantitative measures of forelimb dysfunction in the rodent cSCI model will likely aid the search for effective regenerative, pharmacological, and neuroprosthetic treatments for spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Daniel Ganzer
- The University of Texas at Dallas, Texas Biomedical Device Center, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080, United States; The University of Texas at Dallas, Erik Jonsson School of Engineering and Computer Science, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080, United States.
| | - Eric Christopher Meyers
- The University of Texas at Dallas, Texas Biomedical Device Center, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080, United States; The University of Texas at Dallas, Erik Jonsson School of Engineering and Computer Science, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080, United States.
| | - Andrew Michael Sloan
- The University of Texas at Dallas, Texas Biomedical Device Center, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080, United States; The University of Texas at Dallas, Erik Jonsson School of Engineering and Computer Science, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080, United States.
| | - Reshma Maliakkal
- The University of Texas at Dallas, School of Behavioral Brain Sciences, 800 West Campbell Road, GR41, Richardson, TX 75080, United States.
| | - Andrea Ruiz
- The University of Texas at Dallas, Texas Biomedical Device Center, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080, United States; The University of Texas at Dallas, School of Behavioral Brain Sciences, 800 West Campbell Road, GR41, Richardson, TX 75080, United States.
| | - Michael Paul Kilgard
- The University of Texas at Dallas, Texas Biomedical Device Center, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080, United States; The University of Texas at Dallas, School of Behavioral Brain Sciences, 800 West Campbell Road, GR41, Richardson, TX 75080, United States.
| | - LeMoine Rennaker Robert
- The University of Texas at Dallas, Texas Biomedical Device Center, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080, United States; The University of Texas at Dallas, School of Behavioral Brain Sciences, 800 West Campbell Road, GR41, Richardson, TX 75080, United States; The University of Texas at Dallas, Erik Jonsson School of Engineering and Computer Science, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080, United States.
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25
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Learned control over spinal nociception reduces supraspinal nociception as quantified by late somatosensory evoked potentials. Pain 2015; 156:2505-2513. [DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Abstract
It is evident that chronic pain can modify the excitability of central nervous system which imposes a specific challenge for the management and for the development of new analgesics. The central manifestations can be difficult to quantify using standard clinical examination procedures, but quantitative sensory testing (QST) may help to quantify the degree and extend of the central reorganization and effect of pharmacological interventions. Furthermore, QST may help in optimizing the development programs for new drugs.Specific translational mechanistic QST tools have been developed to quantify different aspects of central sensitization in pain patients such as threshold ratios, provoked hyperalgesia/allodynia, temporal summation (wind-up like pain), after sensation, spatial summation, reflex receptive fields, descending pain modulation, offset analgesia, and referred pain areas. As most of the drug development programs in the area of pain management have not been very successful, the pharmaceutical industry has started to utilize the complementary knowledge obtained from QST profiling. Linking patients QST profile with drug efficacy profile may provide the fundamentals for developing individualized, targeted pain management programs in the future. Linking QST-assessed pain mechanisms with treatment outcome provides new valuable information in drug development and for optimizing the management regimes for chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Arendt-Nielsen
- Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction (SMI), Department of Health Science and Technology, School of Medicine, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7-D3, 9220, Aalborg, Denmark,
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28
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Ruscheweyh R, Weinges F, Schiffer M, Bäumler M, Feller M, Krafft S, Straube A, Sommer J, Marziniak M. Control over spinal nociception as quantified by the nociceptive flexor reflex (RIII reflex) can be achieved under feedback of the RIII reflex. Eur J Pain 2014; 19:480-9. [DOI: 10.1002/ejp.570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Ruscheweyh
- Department of Neurology; University of Munich; Germany
- Department of Neurology; University of Münster; Germany
| | - F. Weinges
- Department of Neurology; University of Münster; Germany
| | - M. Schiffer
- Department of Neurology; University of Münster; Germany
| | - M. Bäumler
- Department of Neurology; University of Munich; Germany
| | - M. Feller
- Department of Neurology; University of Munich; Germany
| | - S. Krafft
- Department of Neurology; University of Munich; Germany
| | - A. Straube
- Department of Neurology; University of Munich; Germany
| | - J. Sommer
- Department of Psychiatry; University of Marburg; Germany
| | - M. Marziniak
- Department of Neurology; University of Münster; Germany
- Department of Neurology; Isar-Amper-Klinikum München-Ost; Munich Germany
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29
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Levine AJ, Hinckley CA, Hilde KL, Driscoll SP, Poon TH, Montgomery JM, Pfaff SL. Identification of a cellular node for motor control pathways. Nat Neurosci 2014; 17:586-93. [PMID: 24609464 PMCID: PMC4569558 DOI: 10.1038/nn.3675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The rich behavioral repertoire of animals is encoded in the CNS as a set of motorneuron activation patterns, also called 'motor synergies'. However, the neurons that orchestrate these motor programs as well as their cellular properties and connectivity are poorly understood. Here we identify a population of molecularly defined motor synergy encoder (MSE) neurons in the mouse spinal cord that may represent a central node in neural pathways for voluntary and reflexive movement. This population receives direct inputs from the motor cortex and sensory pathways and, in turn, has monosynaptic outputs to spinal motorneurons. Optical stimulation of MSE neurons drove reliable patterns of activity in multiple motor groups, and we found that the evoked motor patterns varied on the basis of the rostrocaudal location of the stimulated MSE. We speculate that these neurons comprise a cellular network for encoding coordinated motor output programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel J Levine
- 1] Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA. [2] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA. [3]
| | - Christopher A Hinckley
- 1] Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA. [2] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA. [3]
| | - Kathryn L Hilde
- 1] Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA. [2] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Shawn P Driscoll
- 1] Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA. [2] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Tiffany H Poon
- 1] Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA. [2] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jessica M Montgomery
- 1] Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA. [2] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Samuel L Pfaff
- 1] Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA. [2] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
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Peterson CL, Riley ZA, Krepkovich ET, Murray WM, Perreault EJ. Withdrawal reflexes in the upper limb adapt to arm posture and stimulus location. Muscle Nerve 2014; 49:716-23. [PMID: 23929755 DOI: 10.1002/mus.23987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Withdrawal reflexes in the leg adapt in a context-appropriate manner to remove the limb from noxious stimuli, but the extent to which withdrawal reflexes adapt in the arm remains unknown. METHODS We examined the adaptability of withdrawal reflexes in response to nociceptive stimuli applied in different arm postures and to different digits. Reflexes were elicited at rest, and kinetic and electromyographic responses were recorded under isometric conditions, thereby allowing motorneuron pool excitability to be controlled. RESULTS Endpoint force changed from a posterior-lateral direction in a flexed posture to predominantly a posterior direction in a more extended posture [change in force angle (mean ± standard deviation) 35.6 ± 5.0°], and the force direction changed similarly with digit I stimulation compared with digit V (change = 22.9 ± 2.9°). CONCLUSIONS The withdrawal reflex in the human upper limb adapts in a functionally relevant manner when elicited at rest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie L Peterson
- Sensory Motor Performance Program, Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, 345 East Superior Street, Chicago, Illinois, 60611, USA; Edward Hines, Jr., VA Hospital, Hines, IL, USA
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Eckert N, Riley ZA. The nociceptive withdrawal reflex does not adapt to joint position change and short-term motor practice. F1000Res 2014; 2:158. [PMID: 24555075 PMCID: PMC3886789 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.2-158.v2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The nociceptive withdrawal reflex is a protective mechanism to mediate interactions within a potentially dangerous environment. The reflex is formed by action-based sensory encoding during the early post-natal developmental period, and it is unknown if the protective motor function of the nociceptive withdrawal reflex in the human upper-limb is adaptable based on the configuration of the arm or if it can be modified by short-term practice of a similar or opposing motor action. In the present study, nociceptive withdrawal reflexes were evoked by a brief train of electrical stimuli applied to digit II, 1) in five different static arm positions and, 2) before and after motor practice that was opposite (EXT) or similar (FLEX) to the stereotyped withdrawal response, in 10 individuals. Withdrawal responses were quantified by the electromyography (EMG) reflex response in several upper limb muscles, and by the forces and moments recorded at the wrist. EMG onset latencies and response amplitudes were not significantly different across the arm positions or between the EXT and FLEX practice conditions, and the general direction of the withdrawal response was similar across arm positions. In addition, the force vectors were not different after practice in either the practice condition or between EXT and FLEX conditions. We conclude the withdrawal response is insensitive to changes in elbow or shoulder joint angles as well as remaining resistant to short-term adaptations from the practice of motor actions, resulting in a generalized limb withdrawal in each case. It is further hypothesized that the multisensory feedback is weighted differently in each arm position, but integrated to achieve a similar withdrawal response to safeguard against erroneous motor responses that could cause further harm. The results remain consistent with the concept that nociceptive withdrawal reflexes are shaped through long-term and not short-term action based sensory encoding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Eckert
- Department of Kinesiology & Program in Neural Science, Indiana University, Bloomington IN, 47405, USA
| | - Zachary A Riley
- Department of Kinesiology & Program in Neural Science, Indiana University, Bloomington IN, 47405, USA ; Department of Kinesiology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis IN, 46202, USA
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Bengtsson F, Jörntell H. Specific relationship between excitatory inputs and climbing fiber receptive fields in deep cerebellar nuclear neurons. PLoS One 2014; 9:e84616. [PMID: 24416251 PMCID: PMC3885585 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Many mossy fiber pathways to the neurons of the deep cerebellar nucleus (DCN) originate from the spinal motor circuitry. For cutaneously activated spinal neurons, the receptive field is a tag indicating the specific motor function the spinal neuron has. Similarly, the climbing fiber receptive field of the DCN neuron reflects the specific motor output function of the DCN neuron. To explore the relationship between the motor information the DCN neuron receives and the output it issues, we made patch clamp recordings of DCN cell responses to tactile skin stimulation in the forelimb region of the anterior interposed nucleus in vivo. The excitatory responses were organized according to a general principle, in which the DCN cell responses became stronger the closer the skin site was located to its climbing fiber receptive field. The findings represent a novel functional principle of cerebellar connectivity, with crucial importance for our understanding of the function of the cerebellum in movement coordination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Bengtsson
- Neural Basis for Sensorimotor Control, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Henrik Jörntell
- Neural Basis for Sensorimotor Control, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Activation of peripheral nerve fibers by electrical stimulation in the sole of the foot. BMC Neurosci 2013; 14:116. [PMID: 24103294 PMCID: PMC3851563 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-14-116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human nociceptive withdrawal reflexes (NWR) can be evoked by electrical stimulation applied to the sole of the foot. However, elicitation of NWRs is highly site dependent, and NWRs are especially difficult to elicit at the heel. The aim of the present study was to investigate potential peripheral mechanisms for any site dependent differences in reflex thresholds. Results The first part of the study investigated the neural innervation in different sites of the sole of the foot using two different staining techniques. 1) Staining for the Nav1.7 antigen (small nociceptive fibers) and 2) the Sihler whole nerve technique (myelinated part of the nerve). No differences in innervation densities were found across the sole of the foot using the two staining techniques: Nav1.7 immunochemistry (small nociceptive fibers (1-way ANOVA, NS)) and the Sihler’s method (myelinated nerve fibers (1-way ANOVA, NS)). However, the results indicate that there are no nociceptive intraepidermal nerve fibers (IENFs) innervating the heel. Secondly, mathematical modeling was used to investigate to what degree differences in skin thicknesses affect the activation thresholds of Aδ and Aβ fibers in the sole of the foot. The modeling comprised finite element analysis of the volume conduction combined with a passive model of the activation of branching cutaneous nerve fibers. The model included three different sites in the sole of the foot (forefoot, arch and heel) and three different electrode sizes (diameters: 9.1, 12.9, and 18.3 mm). For each of the 9 combinations of site and electrode size, a total of 3000 Aβ fibers and 300 Aδ fibers was modeled. The computer simulation of the effects of skin thicknesses and innervation densities on thresholds of modeled Aδ and Aβ fibers did not reveal differences in pain and perception thresholds across the foot sole as have been observed experimentally. Instead a lack of IENFs at the heel decreased the electrical activation thresholds compared to models including IENFs. Conclusions The nerve staining and modeling results do not explain differences in NWR thresholds across the sole of the foot which may suggest that central mechanisms contribute to variation in NWR excitability across the sole of the foot.
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Dean P, Anderson S, Porrill J, Jörntell H. An adaptive filter model of cerebellar zone C3 as a basis for safe limb control? J Physiol 2013; 591:5459-74. [PMID: 23836690 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2013.261545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The review asks how the adaptive filter model of the cerebellum might be relevant to experimental work on zone C3, one of the most extensively studied regions of cerebellar cortex. As far as features of the cerebellar microcircuit are concerned, the model appears to fit very well with electrophysiological discoveries concerning the importance of molecular layer interneurons and their plasticity, the significance of long-term potentiation and the striking number of silent parallel fibre synapses. Regarding external connectivity and functionality, a key feature of the adaptive filter model is its use of the decorrelation algorithm, which renders it uniquely suited to problems of sensory noise cancellation. However, this capacity can be extended to the avoidance of sensory interference, by appropriate movements of, for example, the eyes in the vestibulo-ocular reflex. Avoidance becomes particularly important when painful signals are involved, and as the climbing fibre input to zone C3 is extremely responsive to nociceptive stimuli, it is proposed that one function of this zone is the avoidance of pain by, for example, adjusting movements of the body to avoid self-harm. This hypothesis appears consistent with evidence from humans and animals concerning the role of the intermediate cerebellum in classically conditioned withdrawal reflexes, but further experiments focusing on conditioned avoidance are required to test the hypothesis more stringently. The proposed architecture may also be useful for automatic self-adjusting damage avoidance in robots, an important consideration for next generation 'soft' robots designed to interact with people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Dean
- P. Dean: Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TP, UK.
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Experimental and model-based analysis of differences in perception of cutaneous electrical stimulation across the sole of the foot. Med Biol Eng Comput 2013; 51:999-1009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11517-013-1079-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Duysens J, De Groote F, Jonkers I. The flexion synergy, mother of all synergies and father of new models of gait. Front Comput Neurosci 2013; 7:14. [PMID: 23494365 PMCID: PMC3595503 DOI: 10.3389/fncom.2013.00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently there has been a growing interest in the modular organization of leg movements, in particular those related to locomotion. One of the basic modules involves the flexion of the leg during swing and it was shown that this module is already present in neonates (Dominici et al., 2011). In this paper, we question how these finding build upon the original work by Sherrington, who proposed that the flexor reflex is the basic building block of flexion during swing phase. Similarly, the relation between the flexor reflex and the withdrawal reflex modules of Schouenborg and Weng (1994) will be discussed. It will be argued that there is large overlap between these notions on modules and the older concepts of reflexes. In addition, it will be shown that there is a great flexibility in the expression of some of these modules during gait, thereby allowing for a phase-dependent modulation of the appropriate responses. In particular, the end of the stance phase is a period when the flexor synergy is facilitated. It is proposed that this is linked to the activation of circuitry that is responsible for the generation of locomotor patterns (CPG, “central pattern generator”). More specifically, it is suggested that the responses in that period relate to the activation of a flexor burst generator. The latter structure forms the core of a new asymmetric model of the CPG. This activation is controlled by afferent input (facilitation by a broad range of afferents, suppression by load afferent input). Meanwhile, many of these physiologic features have found their way in the control of very flexible walking bipedal robots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Duysens
- Department of Kinesiology, KU Leuven Heverlee, Belgium ; Department of Research, Sint Maartenskliniek Nijmegen, Netherlands
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Ultra-low dose naloxone restores the antinocicepitve effect of morphine in PTX-treated rats: Association of IL-10 upregulation in the spinal cord. Life Sci 2012; 91:213-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2012.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Revised: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Spatial organization of cortical and spinal neurons controlling motor behavior. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2012; 22:812-21. [PMID: 22841417 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2012.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Revised: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A major task of the central nervous system (CNS) is to control behavioral actions, which necessitates a precise regulation of muscle activity. The final components of the circuitry controlling muscles are the motorneurons, which settle into pools in the ventral horn of the spinal cord in positions that mirror the musculature organization within the body. This 'musculotopic' motor-map then becomes the internal CNS reference for the neuronal circuits that control motor commands. This review describes recent progress in defining the neuroanatomical organization of the higher-order motor circuits in the cortex and spinal cord, and our current understanding of the integrative features that contribute to complex motor behaviors. We highlight emerging evidence that cortical and spinal motor command centers are loosely organized with respect to the musculotopic spatial-map, but these centers also incorporate organizational features that associate with the function of different muscle groups during commonly enacted behaviors.
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Manresa JAB, Mørch CD, Andersen OK. Long-term facilitation of nociceptive withdrawal reflexes following low-frequency conditioning electrical stimulation: A new model for central sensitization in humans. Eur J Pain 2012; 14:822-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpain.2009.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2009] [Revised: 11/24/2009] [Accepted: 12/21/2009] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Neziri AY, Andersen OK, Petersen-Felix S, Radanov B, Dickenson AH, Scaramozzino P, Arendt-Nielsen L, Curatolo M. The nociceptive withdrawal reflex: Normative values of thresholds and reflex receptive fields. Eur J Pain 2012; 14:134-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpain.2009.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2009] [Revised: 04/08/2009] [Accepted: 04/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Bjerre L, Andersen A, Hagelskjær M, Ge N, Mørch C, Andersenl O. Dynamic tuning of human withdrawal reflex receptive fields during cognitive attention and distraction tasks. Eur J Pain 2012; 15:816-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpain.2011.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2010] [Revised: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 01/31/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Bjerre
- Center for Sensory‐Motor Interaction, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Denmark
| | - A.T. Andersen
- Center for Sensory‐Motor Interaction, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Denmark
| | - M.T. Hagelskjær
- Center for Sensory‐Motor Interaction, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Denmark
| | - N. Ge
- Center for Sensory‐Motor Interaction, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Denmark
| | - C.D. Mørch
- Center for Sensory‐Motor Interaction, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Denmark
| | - O.K. Andersenl
- Center for Sensory‐Motor Interaction, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Denmark
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Ruscheweyh R, Kreusch A, Albers C, Sommer J, Marziniak M. The effect of distraction strategies on pain perception and the nociceptive flexor reflex (RIII reflex). Pain 2011; 152:2662-2671. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2011.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2011] [Revised: 07/21/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Neziri AY, Haesler S, Petersen-Felix S, Müller M, Arendt-Nielsen L, Manresa JB, Andersen OK, Curatolo M. Generalized expansion of nociceptive reflex receptive fields in chronic pain patients. Pain 2011; 151:798-805. [PMID: 20926191 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2010.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2010] [Revised: 08/09/2010] [Accepted: 09/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Widespread central hypersensitivity is present in chronic pain and contributes to pain and disability. According to animal studies, expansion of receptive fields of spinal cord neurons is involved in central hypersensitivity. We recently developed a method to quantify nociceptive receptive fields in humans using spinal withdrawal reflexes. Here we hypothesized that patients with chronic pelvic pain display enlarged reflex receptive fields. Secondary endpoints were subjective pain thresholds and nociceptive withdrawal reflex thresholds after single and repeated (temporal summation) electrical stimulation. 20 patients and 25 pain-free subjects were tested. Electrical stimuli were applied to 10 sites on the foot sole for evoking reflexes in the tibialis anterior muscle. The reflex receptive field was defined as the area of the foot (fraction of the foot sole) from which a muscle contraction was evoked. For the secondary endpoints, the stimuli were applied to the cutaneous innervation area of the sural nerve. Medians (25-75 percentiles) of fraction of the foot sole in patients and controls were 0.48 (0.38-0.54) and 0.33 (0.27-0.39), respectively (P=0.008). Pain and reflex thresholds after sural nerve stimulation were significantly lower in patients than in controls (P<0.001 for all measurements). This study provides for the first time evidence for widespread expansion of reflex receptive fields in chronic pain patients. It thereby identifies a mechanism involved in central hypersensitivity in human chronic pain. Reverting the expansion of nociceptive receptive fields and exploring the prognostic meaning of this phenomenon may become future targets of clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alban Y Neziri
- University Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Therapy, University Hospital of Bern, Inselspital, 3010 Bern, Switzerland University Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital of Bern, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Denmark
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Bee LA, Bannister K, Rahman W, Dickenson AH. Mu-opioid and noradrenergic α2-adrenoceptor contributions to the effects of tapentadol on spinal electrophysiological measures of nociception in nerve-injured rats. Pain 2011; 152:131-139. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2010.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2010] [Revised: 09/23/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Mørch CD, Andersen OK, Quevedo AS, Arendt-Nielsen L, Coghill RC. Exteroceptive aspects of nociception: insights from graphesthesia and two-point discrimination. Pain 2010; 151:45-52. [PMID: 20541867 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2010.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2009] [Revised: 04/05/2010] [Accepted: 05/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The exteroceptive capabilities of the nociceptive system have long been thought to be considerably more limited than those of the tactile system. However, most investigations of spatio-temporal aspects of the nociceptive system have largely focused on intensity coding as consequence of spatial or temporal summation. Graphesthesia, the identification of numbers "written" on the skin, and assessment of the two-point discrimination thresholds were used to compare the exteroceptive capabilities of the tactile and nociceptive systems. Numbers were "written" on the forearm and the abdomen by tactile stimulation and by painful non-contact infrared laser heat stimulation. Subjects performed both graphesthesia tasks better than chance. The tactile graphesthesia tasks were performed with 89% (82-97%) correct responses on the forearm and 86% (79-94%) correct responses on the abdomen. Tactile graphesthesia tasks were significantly better than painful heat graphesthesia tasks that were performed with 31% (23-40%) and 44% (37-51%) correct responses on the forearm and abdomen, respectively. These findings demonstrate that the central nervous system is capable of assembling complex spatio-temporal patterns of nociceptive information from the body surface into unified mental objects with sufficient accuracy to enable behavioral discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Dahl Mørch
- Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction, Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajersvej 7, D3, DK-9220 Aalborg, Denmark Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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Garcia-Campmany L, Stam FJ, Goulding M. From circuits to behaviour: motor networks in vertebrates. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2010; 20:116-25. [PMID: 20138753 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2010.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2009] [Revised: 12/22/2009] [Accepted: 01/06/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Neural networks in the hindbrain and spinal cord generate the simple patterns of motor activity that are necessary for breathing and locomotion. These networks function autonomously, producing simple yet flexible rhythmic motor behaviours that are highly responsive to sensory inputs and central control. This review outlines recent advances in our understanding of the genetic programmes controlling the assembly and functioning of circuits in the hindbrain and spinal cord that are responsible for respiration and locomotion. In addition, we highlight the influence that target-derived retrograde signaling and experience-dependent mechanisms have on establishing connectivity, particularly with respect to sensory afferent innervation of the spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Garcia-Campmany
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Neziri AY, Curatolo M, Bergadano A, Petersen-Felix S, Dickenson A, Arendt-Nielsen L, Andersen OK. New method for quantification and statistical analysis of nociceptive reflex receptive fields in humans. J Neurosci Methods 2009; 178:24-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2008.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2008] [Revised: 10/30/2008] [Accepted: 11/10/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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48
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Action-based body maps in the spinal cord emerge from a transitory floating organization. J Neurosci 2008; 28:5494-503. [PMID: 18495883 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0651-08.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
During development primary afferents grow into and establish neuronal connections in the spinal cord, thereby forming the basis for how we perceive sensory information and control our movements. In the somatosensory system, myriads of primary afferents, conveying information from different body locations and sensory modalities, get organized in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord so that spinal multisensory circuits receive topographically ordered information. How this intricate pathfinding is brought about during development is, however, largely unknown. Here we show that a body representation closely related to motor patterns emerges from a transitory floating and plastic organization through profound activity-dependent rewiring, involving both sprouting and elimination of afferent connections, and provide evidence for cross-modality interactions in the alignment of the multisensory input. Thus, far from being inborn and stereotypic, the dorsal horn of the spinal cord now appears to be a highly adaptive brain-body interface.
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Craig A(B. Retrograde analyses of spinothalamic projections in the macaque monkey: Input to the ventral lateral nucleus. J Comp Neurol 2008; 508:315-28. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.21672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Assembly of Motor Circuits in the Spinal Cord: Driven to Function by Genetic and Experience-Dependent Mechanisms. Neuron 2007; 56:270-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2007.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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