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Eckert CG, Barrett SCH. INBREEDING DEPRESSION IN PARTIALLY SELF-FERTILIZING DECODON VERTICILLATUS (LYTHRACEAE): POPULATION-GENETIC AND EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSES. Evolution 2017; 48:952-964. [PMID: 28564454 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1994.tb05285.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/1993] [Accepted: 11/29/1993] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Inbreeding depression is a major selective force favoring outcrossing in flowering plants. Some self-fertilization, however, should weaken the harmful effects of inbreeding by exposing genetic load to selection. This study examines the maintenance of inbreeding depression in partially self-fertilizing populations of the long-lived, herbaceous wetland plant, Decodon verticillatus (L.) Ell. (Lythraceae). Estimates from ten populations indicate that 30% of offspring are produced through self-fertilization. Population-genetic estimates of inbreeding depression (δ = 1 - relative mean fitness of selfed progeny) based on changes in the inbreeding coefficient for the same ten populations were uniformly high, ranging from 0.49 to 1.79 and averaging 1.11 ± 0.29 SE. Although confidence intervals of individual population estimates were large, estimates were significantly greater than 0 in six populations and greater than 0.5 in four. Inbreeding depression was also estimated by comparing growth, survival, and flowering of experimentally selfed and outcrossed offspring from two of these populations in a 1-yr glasshouse experiment involving three density regimes; after which offspring were transplanted into garden arrays and two field sites and monitored for two consecutive growing seasons. Overall δ^ for survival averaged 0.27 ± 0.01 in the glasshouse, 0.33 ± 0.04 in the garden, and 0.46 ± 0.04 in the field. The glasshouse experiment also revealed strong inbreeding depression for growth variables, especially above-soil dry weight (δ^ = 0.42 ± 0.03). The fitness consequences of inbreeding depression for these growth variables approximately doubles if survival to maturity is determined by severe truncation selection. Despite substantial selfing, inbreeding depression appears to be a major selective force favoring the maintenance of outcrossing in D. verticillatus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Spencer C H Barrett
- Department of Botany, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3B2, Canada
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2
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Van Treuren R, Bulsma R, Ouborg NJ, Van Delden W. THE EFFECTS OF POPULATION SIZE AND PLANT DENSITY ON OUTCROSSING RATES IN LOCALLY ENDANGERED SALVIA PRATENSIS. Evolution 2017; 47:1094-1104. [PMID: 28564294 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1993.tb02138.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/1992] [Accepted: 11/07/1992] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Multilocus outcrossing rates were estimated in natural and experimental populations of Salvia pratensis, an entomophilous, gynodioecious, protandrous perennial. Male steriles were used to check the estimation procedure of outcrossing rates in hermaphrodites. Estimates of outcrossing rates in hermaphroditic plants ranged from 38.2% to 81.8% in natural populations and from 71.5% to 95.5% in experimental populations. No correlations were found between outcrossing rates and population size. However, outcrossing in hermaphrodites was promoted by high plant densities and low frequencies of male steriles. It is argued that effective management to preserve genetic variation in populations of S. pratensis should provide for the maintenance of high plant densities.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Van Treuren
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, Kerklaan 30, 9751 NN HAREN, The Netherlands
| | - R Bulsma
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, Kerklaan 30, 9751 NN HAREN, The Netherlands
| | - N J Ouborg
- Department of Plant Population Biology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, P.O. Box 40, 6666 ZG Heteren, The Netherlands
| | - W Van Delden
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, Kerklaan 30, 9751 NN HAREN, The Netherlands
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3
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Holtsford TP, Ellstrand NC. INBREEDING EFFECTS IN CLARKIA TEMBLORIENSIS (ONAGRACEAE) POPULATIONS WITH DIFFERENT NATURAL OUTCROSSING RATES. Evolution 2017; 44:2031-2046. [PMID: 28564438 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1990.tb04309.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/1989] [Accepted: 02/22/1990] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Inbreeding depression is commonly observed in natural populations. The deleterious effects of forced inbreeding are often thought to be less pronounced in populations with self-pollinating mating systems than in primarily outcrossing populations. We tested this hypothesis by comparing the performance of plants produced by artificial self- and cross-pollination from three populations whose outcrossing rate estimates were 0.03, 0.26, and 0.58. Outcrossing rates and inbreeding coefficients were estimated using isozyme polymorphisms as genetic markers. Analysis of F statistics suggests that biparental inbreeding as well as self-fertilization contribute to the level of homozygosity in the seed crop. Biparental inbreeding will reduce the heterozygosity of progeny produced by outcrossing, relative to random outcrossing expectations, and hence will reduce the effects of outcrossing versus self-fertilization. Heterotic selection may increase the average heterozygosity during the life history. Selfed and outcrossed seeds from all three populations were equally likely to germinate and survive to reproduce. However, inbreeding depression was observed in fecundity traits of plants surviving to reproduction in all three populations. Even in the population whose natural self-fertilization rate was 97%, plants grown from seed produced by self-pollination produced fewer fruits and less total seed weight than plants grown from outcrossed seed. There was no detectable inbreeding depression in estimated lifetime fitness. Inbreeding effects for all reproductive yield characters were most severe in the accession from the most outcrossing population and least severe in the accession from the most self-fertilizing population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy P Holtsford
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Norman C Ellstrand
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
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4
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Sun M, Ganders FR. MIXED MATING SYSTEMS IN HAWAIIAN BIDENS (ASTERACEAE). Evolution 2017; 42:516-527. [PMID: 28563999 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1988.tb04157.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/1987] [Accepted: 09/17/1987] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Floral features related to the breeding system were studied for 11 species of Hawaiian Bidens. Protandry and male sterility promote outcrossing, while self-compatibility and geitonogamy contribute to inbreeding. The combination of these floral mechanisms results in a mixed mating system in all species studied. Outcrossing rates of 15 populations of these species ranged from 0.43 to 0.88, averaging 0.65. Apparent selling rates of females ranged from 0 to 0.25 in seven gynodioecious populations surveyed, suggesting that there is variation in the level of biparental inbreeding among populations. The presence of females increased the level of outcrossing by an average of 9% in gynodioecious populations. This study indicates that the efficiency of gynodioecy as an outcrossing mechanism largely depends on the current outcrossing rate of hermaphrodites, the frequency of females, and the extent of genetic substructuring in populations. On average, autogamy contributed 4%, geitonogamy contributed 24%, and consanguineous mating contributed 15% to the realized selfing rate (43%) in the hermaphrodites of these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sun
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2B1, Canada
| | - F R Ganders
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2B1, Canada
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Dole J, Ritland K. INBREEDING DEPRESSION IN TWOMIMULUSTAXA MEASURED BY MULTIGENERATIONAL CHANGES IN THE INBREEDING COEFFICIENT. Evolution 2017; 47:361-373. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1993.tb02099.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/1991] [Accepted: 06/30/1992] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jefferey Dole
- Department of Botany; University of California; Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - Kermit Ritland
- Department of Botany; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario M5S 3B2 CANADA
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6
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The population biology of mitigation: impacts of habitat creation on an endangered plant species. CONSERV GENET 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-014-0569-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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7
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Runquist RB, Stanton ML. Asymmetric and frequency-dependent pollinator-mediated interactions may influence competitive displacement in two vernal pool plants. Ecol Lett 2012; 16:183-90. [PMID: 23134452 DOI: 10.1111/ele.12026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Revised: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A plant species immigrating into a community may experience a rarity disadvantage due to competition for the services of pollinators. These negative reproductive interactions have the potential to lead to competitive displacement or exclusion of a species from a site. In this study, we used one- and two-species arrays of potted plants to test for density and frequency dependence in pollinator-mediated and above-ground intraspecific and interspecific competition between two species of Limnanthes that have overlapping ranges, but rarely occur in close sympatry. There were asymmetric competitive effects; the species responded differently to their frequency within 16-plant replacement series arrays. Limnanthes douglasii rosea experienced stronger reductions in lifetime and per-flower fertility, likely due to pollinator-mediated competition with Limnanthes alba. This effect may be linked to asymmetrical competition through heterospecific pollen transfer. This study demonstrates that pollinator-mediated competition may discourage establishment of L. d. rosea in sites already occupied by its congener.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Briscoe Runquist
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, 250 Biological Sciences Center, 1445 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
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Dufay M, Billard E. How much better are females? The occurrence of female advantage, its proximal causes and its variation within and among gynodioecious species. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2012; 109:505-19. [PMID: 21459860 PMCID: PMC3278283 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcr062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gynodioecy is a reproductive system of interest for evolutionary biologists, as it poses the question of how females can be maintained while competing with hermaphrodites that possess both male and female functions. One necessary condition for the maintenance of this polymorphism is the occurrence of a female advantage, i.e. a better seed production or quality by females compared with hermaphrodites. Theoretically, its magnitude can be low when sterility mutations are cytoplasmic, while a 2-fold advantage is needed in the case of nuclear sterility. Such a difference is often thought to be due to reduced inbreeding depression in obligatory outcrossed females. Finally, variation in sex ratio and female advantage occur among populations of some gynodioecious species, though the prevalence of such variation is unknown. SCOPE By reviewing and analysing the data published on 48 gynodioecious species, we examined three important issues about female advantage. (1) Are reduced selfing and inbreeding depression likely to be the major cause of female advantage? (2) What is the magnitude of female advantage and does it fit theoretical predictions? (3) Does the occurrence or the magnitude of female advantage vary among populations within species and why? CONCLUSIONS It was found that a female advantage occurred in 40 species, with a magnitude comprised between 1 and 2 in the majority of cases. In many species, reduced selfing may not be a necessary cause of this advantage. Finally, female advantage varied among populations in some species, but both positive and negative correlations were found with female frequency. The role of reduced selfing in females for the evolution of gynodioecy, as well as the various processes that affect sex ratios and female advantage in populations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Dufay
- Laboratoire GEPV FRE-CNRS 3268, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille - Lille 1, Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France.
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Sloop CM, Pickens C, Gordon SP. Conservation genetics of Butte County meadowfoam (Limnanthes floccosa ssp. californica Arroyo), an endangered vernal pool endemic. CONSERV GENET 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-010-0142-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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10
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EHLERS BODILK, PEDERSEN HENRIKAE. Genetic variation in three species of Epipactis (Orchidaceae): geographic scale and evolutionary inferences. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2000.tb01214.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Del Castillo RF, Trujillo S. Effect of inbreeding depression on outcrossing rates among populations of a tropical pine. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2007; 177:517-524. [PMID: 17995918 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02260.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Inbreeding depression is common among plants and may distort mating system estimates. Mating system studies traditionally ignore this effect, nonetheless an assessment of inbreeding depression that may have occurred before progeny evaluation could be necessary. In the neotropical Pinus chiapensis inbreeding depression was evaluated using regression analysis relating progeny F-values with seed germinability, the mating system was analysed in three populations with contrasting size, using isozymes, obtained a corrected outcrossing rate. Selfing decreased seed viability by 19%, relative to an outcrossed plant. Multilocus outcrossing rates, t(m), varied widely among populations. In the two smallest populations t(m) congruent with 1. Therefore, inbreeding depression did not affect the estimates, but overestimated t(m) by 10% in the third population, which has a true mixed mating system (selfing was the major source of inbreeding), and an unusually low t(m) for pines (t(m) = 0.54, uncorrected, t(m) = 0.49, corrected). Inbreeding depression may be an uneven source of bias for outcrossing estimates even at the infraspecific level. Accuracy [corrected] but not precision [corrected] may be gained by including inbreeding depression in outcrossing estimates. Therefore, caution should be taken when comparing t(m) among species or even populations within the same species.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Del Castillo
- CIIDIR-Oaxaca, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Hornos 1003, Xoxocotlan, Oaxaca 71230, México
| | - S Trujillo
- CIIDIR-Oaxaca, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Hornos 1003, Xoxocotlan, Oaxaca 71230, México
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Takebayashi N, Wolf DE, Delph LF. Effect of variation in herkogamy on outcrossing within a population of Gilia achilleifolia. Heredity (Edinb) 2006; 96:159-65. [PMID: 16369577 DOI: 10.1038/sj.hdy.6800780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The diverse features of floral morphology are often thought to be well-designed mechanisms to manipulate plant mating systems. We evaluated the effectiveness of one such mechanism, anther-stigma separation (herkogamy), in controlling variation in the level of outcrossing among plants in a population of Gilia achilleifolia. Variation in outcrossing rates within populations has the potential to influence the coevolution between inbreeding depression and mating system. Using four polymorphic allozymes, we compared the outcrossing-rate estimates of two groups of individuals under natural conditions: one group with low herkogamy and another with high herkogamy. The high herkogamy group had a higher outcrossing rate (0.572) than the low herkogamy group (0.335). This suggests that the within-population variation in outcrossing rate could potentially cause the previously observed association between herkogamy and inbreeding depression (Takebayashi and Delph, 2000). A previous study of floral traits among G. achilleifolia populations failed to detect a relationship between herkogamy and outcrossing rate, demonstrating that the functionality of traits may be obscured in among-population studies as a consequence of uncontrolled environmental variation. Additionally, the effect of herkogamy on outcrossing rate in delayed selfers such as G. achilleifolia may be particularly prominent when pollinator availability is low. Our population-level estimate of outcrossing rate (0.444) was somewhat lower than an estimate from the same population, 15 years prior to our study (0.75), suggesting that pollinator availability may fluctuate among years. Both within-year and among-year variation in the outcrossing rate may have a strong influence on mating-system evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Takebayashi
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405-3700, USA
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Kishore VK, Velasco P, Shintani DK, Rowe J, Rosato C, Adair N, Slabaugh MB, Knapp SJ. Conserved simple sequence repeats for the Limnanthaceae (Brassicales). TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2004; 108:450-457. [PMID: 14647896 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-003-1447-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2002] [Accepted: 08/20/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The Limnanthaceae (Order Brassicales) is a family of 18 taxa of Limnanthes (meadowfoam) native to California, Oregon, and British Columbia. Cultivated meadowfoam ( L. alba Benth.), a recently domesticated plant, has been the focus of research and development as an industrial oilseed for three decades. The goal of the present research was to develop several hundred simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers for genetic mapping, molecular breeding, and genomics research in wild and cultivated meadowfoam taxa. We developed 389 SSR markers for cultivated meadowfoam by isolating and sequencing 1,596 clones from L. alba genomic DNA libraries enriched for AG(n) or AC(n) repeats, identifying one or more unique SSRs in 696 clone sequences, and designing and testing primers for 624 unique SSRs. The SSR markers were screened for cross- taxa utility and polymorphisms among ten of 17 taxa in the Limnanthaceae; 373 of these markers were polymorphic and 106 amplified loci from every taxon. Cross-taxa amplification percentages ranged from 37.3% in L. douglasii ssp. rosea (145/389) to 85.6% in L. montana (333/389). The SSR markers amplified 4,160 unique bands from 14 genotypes sampled from ten taxa (10.7 unique bands per SSR marker), of which 972 were genotype-specific. Mean and maximum haplotype heterozygosities were 0.71 and 0.90, respectively, among six L. alba genotypes and 0.63 and 0.93, respectively, among 14 genotypes (ten taxa). The SSR markers supply a critical mass of high-throughput DNA markers for biological and agricultural research across the Limnanthaceae and open the way to the development of a genetic linkage map for meadowfoam ( x = 5).
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Affiliation(s)
- V K Kishore
- Department of Crop and Soil Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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15
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MILLIGAN BG, LEEBENS-MACK J, STRAND AE. Conservation genetics: beyond the maintenance of marker diversity. Mol Ecol 1994. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.1994.tb00082.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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16
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Morgante M, Vendramin GG, Rossi P, Olivieri AM. Selection against inbreds in early life-cycle phases in Pinus leucodermis Ant. Heredity (Edinb) 1993. [DOI: 10.1038/hdy.1993.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Holtsford TP, Ellstrand NC. Variation in outcrossing rate and population genetic structure of Clarkia tembloriensis (Onagraceae). TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 1989; 78:480-488. [PMID: 24225674 DOI: 10.1007/bf00290831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/1989] [Accepted: 04/12/1989] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Outcrossing rate estimates for eight accessions of Clarkia tembloriensis indicate that this annual plant species has a wide interpopulational range of outcrossing rate ([Formula: see text]). Populations' t estimates were significantly correlated with observed heterozygosity and mean number of alleles per locus. Estimated fixation indices, [Formula: see text], for most populations were very close to their expected values, Feq, for a given [Formula: see text] Nei's gene diversity statistics showed that the group of outcrossing populations have more total genetic variation and less differentiation among populations than does the group of selfing populations. These results indicate that the breeding system of C. tembloriensis has had a strong influence on the amount and distribution of genetic variation within and among its populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- T P Holtsford
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, 92521-0124, Riverside, CA, USA
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O'Malley DM, Buckley DP, Prance GT, Bawa KS. Genetics of Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa Humb. & Bonpl.: Lecythidaceae) : 2. Mating system. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 1988; 76:929-932. [PMID: 24232406 DOI: 10.1007/bf00273683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/1987] [Accepted: 07/15/1987] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Here we report the results of a mating system analysis of an Amazonian population of Bertholletia excelsa, a tropical rain forest canopy tree species. Using progeny data from 29 seed parents, two highly polymorphic isozymes were analyzed to derive single locus and multilocus estimates of outcrossing, based on a mixed mating model. The two single locus estimates were very similar, and both were somewhat smaller than the multilocus estimate, indicating the possibility that the populations are genetically structured. The multilocus outcrossing estimate (tm=0.85±0.03) reveals that outcrossing is prevalent, but that a significantly low level of inbreeding may be occurring. The high outcrossing rate indicates that even though dispersion of individuals is very low within populations of this tropical rain forest tree, pollen dispersal mechanisms appear to be adequate to enable crosses with a relatively large number of potential mates.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M O'Malley
- Department of Forestry, University of New Hampshire, 03824, Durham, NH, USA
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19
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Karron JD. A comparison of levels of genetic polymorphism and self-compatibility in geographically restricted and widespread plant congeners. Evol Ecol 1987. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02067268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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