1
|
Lopes JC, Veiga VP, Seminiuk B, Santos LOF, Luiz AMC, Fernandes CA, Kinasz CT, Pellizari VH, Duarte RTD. Freezing and thawing in Antarctica: characterization of antifreeze protein (AFP) producing microorganisms isolated from King George Island, Antarctica. Braz J Microbiol 2024; 55:1451-1463. [PMID: 38656427 PMCID: PMC11153389 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-024-01345-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Antarctic temperature variations and long periods of freezing shaped the evolution of microorganisms with unique survival mechanisms. These resilient organisms exhibit several adaptations for life in extreme cold. In such ecosystems, microorganisms endure the absence of liquid water and exhibit resistance to freezing by producing water-binding molecules such as antifreeze proteins (AFP). AFPs modify the ice structure, lower the freezing point, and inhibit recrystallization. The objective of this study was to select and identify microorganisms isolated from different Antarctic ecosystems based on their resistance to temperatures below 0 °C. Furthermore, the study sought to characterize these microorganisms regarding their potential antifreeze adaptive mechanisms. Samples of soil, moss, permafrost, and marine sediment were collected on King George Island, located in the South Shetland archipelago, Antarctica. Bacteria and yeasts were isolated and subjected to freezing-resistance and ice recrystallization inhibition (IR) tests. A total of 215 microorganisms were isolated, out of which 118 were molecularly identified through molecular analysis using the 16S rRNA and ITS regions. Furthermore, our study identified 24 freezing-resistant isolates, including two yeasts and 22 bacteria. A total of 131 protein extracts were subjected to the IR test, revealing 14 isolates positive for AFP production. Finally, four isolates showed both freeze-resistance and IR activity (Arthrobacter sp. BGS04, Pseudomonas sp. BGS05, Cryobacterium sp. P64, and Acinetobacter sp. M1_25C). This study emphasizes the diversity of Antarctic microorganisms with the ability to tolerate freezing conditions. These microorganisms warrant further investigation to conduct a comprehensive analysis of their antifreeze capabilities, with the goal of exploring their potential for future biotechnological applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J C Lopes
- Laboratory of Molecular Ecology and Extremophiles, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus Reitor João David Ferreira Lima, s/n Trindade, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology and Biosciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - V P Veiga
- Laboratory of Molecular Ecology and Extremophiles, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus Reitor João David Ferreira Lima, s/n Trindade, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - B Seminiuk
- Laboratory of Molecular Ecology and Extremophiles, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus Reitor João David Ferreira Lima, s/n Trindade, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - L O F Santos
- Laboratory of Molecular Ecology and Extremophiles, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus Reitor João David Ferreira Lima, s/n Trindade, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - A M C Luiz
- Laboratory of Molecular Ecology and Extremophiles, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus Reitor João David Ferreira Lima, s/n Trindade, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology and Biosciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - C A Fernandes
- Laboratory of Molecular Ecology and Extremophiles, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus Reitor João David Ferreira Lima, s/n Trindade, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - C T Kinasz
- Laboratory of Molecular Ecology and Extremophiles, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus Reitor João David Ferreira Lima, s/n Trindade, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology and Biosciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - V H Pellizari
- Oceanographic Institute, Department of Biological Oceanography, University of São Paulo, 05508-120, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - R T D Duarte
- Laboratory of Molecular Ecology and Extremophiles, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus Reitor João David Ferreira Lima, s/n Trindade, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology and Biosciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jedal JYB, Malmendal A, Ramløv H. Metabolites, ions, and the mechanisms behind seasonal cold hardening of Pyrochroa coccinea (Pyrochroidae) larvae. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 153:104610. [PMID: 38145824 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2023.104610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
The larvae of the black headed cardinal beetle Pyrochroa coccinea, overwinters under the bark of dead logs in northern European dioecious forests, and are thus exposed to temperatures below the melting point of their bodily fluids. Here we explore the mechanisms behind their seasonal cold hardening by characterising field samples collected monthly throughout the year. Both the lower lethal temperature and supercooling point dropped as much as 10℃ in the second half of November, reaching values around -15℃ by the beginning of December. This change was accompanied by a 320 mosmol/kg increase in hemolymph osmolality, which is a doubling compared to the summer levels. We used NMR metabolomics to identify and measure the absolute concentrations of the responsible cryoprotective C-H containing metabolites in the hemolymph. The largest increase was found to be in either glucose or trehalose, with an average total increase of 120 mM. Proline, alanine, and choline concentrations were found to increase by around 10 mM each. Contrarily, phosphocholine and phosphoethanolamine were halved, resulting in a total decrease of around 50 mM. These measurements were complemented with ion exchange chromatography measurements. This allowed us to account for all the osmotic pressure in the summer hemolymph, and the measured concentration changes explained as much as 40 % of the observed osmolality increase upon cold hardening. Preliminary results indicate that the remainder may be explained by non-colligative protein contributions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Y B Jedal
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark.
| | - Anders Malmendal
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark.
| | - Hans Ramløv
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Effect of pH on the activity of ice-binding protein from Marinomonas primoryensis. Extremophiles 2020; 25:1-13. [PMID: 33090301 DOI: 10.1007/s00792-020-01206-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The ability of an ice-binding protein (IBP) from Marinomonas primoryensis (MpIBP) to influence ice crystal growth and structure in nonphysiological pH environments was investigated in this work. The ability for MpIBP to retain ice interactivity under stressed environmental conditions was determined via (1) a modified splat assay to determine ice recrystallization inhibition (IRI) of polycrystalline ice and (2) nanoliter osmometry to evaluate the ability of MpIBP to dynamically shape the morphology of a single ice crystal. Circular dichroism (CD) was used to relate the IRI and DIS activity of MpIBP to secondary structure. The results illustrate that MpIBP secondary structure was stable between pH 6 and pH 10. It was found that MpIBP did not interact with ice at pH ≤ 4 or pH ≥ 13. At 6 ≤ pH ≥ 12 MpIBP exhibited a reduction in grain size of ice crystals as compared to control solutions and demonstrated dynamic ice shaping at 6 ≤ pH ≥ 10. The results substantiate that MpIBP retains some secondary structure and function in non-neutral pH environments; thereby, enabling its potential utility in nonphysiological materials science and engineering applications.
Collapse
|
4
|
Naing AH, Kim CK. A brief review of applications of antifreeze proteins in cryopreservation and metabolic genetic engineering. 3 Biotech 2019; 9:329. [PMID: 31448185 PMCID: PMC6691018 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-019-1861-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) confer the ability to survive at subzero temperatures and are found in many different organisms, including fish, plants, and insects. They prevent the formation of ice crystals by non-colligative adsorption to the ice surface and are essential for the survival of organisms in cold environments. These proteins are also widely used for cryopreservation, food technology, and metabolic genetic engineering over a range of sources and recipient cell types. This review summarizes successful applications of AFPs in the cryopreservation of animals, insects, and plants, and discusses challenges encountered in cryopreservation. Applications in metabolic genetic engineering are also described, specifically with the overexpression of AFP genes derived from different organisms to provide freeze protection to sensitive crops seasonally exposed to subzero temperatures. This review will provide information about potential applications of AFPs in the cryopreservation of animals and plants as well as in plant metabolic genetic engineering in hopes of furthering the development of cold-tolerant organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aung Htay Naing
- Department of Horticultural Science, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566 Korea
| | - Chang Kil Kim
- Department of Horticultural Science, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566 Korea
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Peramo A. Molecular dynamics studies show solvation structure of type III antifreeze protein is disrupted at low pH. Comput Biol Chem 2018; 73:13-24. [PMID: 29413812 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Antifreeze proteins are a class of biological molecules of interest in many research and industrial applications due to their highly specialized function, but there is little information of their stability and properties under varied pH derived from computational studies. To gain novel insights in this area, we conducted molecular dynamics (MD) simulations with the antifreeze protein 1KDF at varied temperatures and pH. Water solvation and H-bond formation around specific residues - ASN14, THR18 and GLN44 - involved in its antifreeze activity were extensively studied. We found that at pH1 there was a disruption in water solvation around the basal and the ice binding surfaces of the molecule. This was induced by a small change in the secondary structure propensities of some titrable residues, particularly GLU35. This change explains the experimentally observed reduction in antifreeze activity previously reported for this protein at pH1. We also found that THR18 showed extremely low H-bond formation, and that the three antifreeze residues all had very low average H-bond lifetimes. Our results confirm long-standing assumptions that these small, compact molecules can maintain their antifreeze activity in a wide range of pH, while demonstrating the mechanism that may reduce antifreeze activity at low pH. This aspect is useful when considering industrial and commercial use of antifreeze proteins subject to extreme pH environments, in particular in food industrial applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Peramo
- Escuela de Física y Matematicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Escuela Politécnica Superior del Chimborazo, Riobamba, Ecuador.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Vu HM, Duman JG. Upper lethal temperatures in three cold-tolerant insects are higher in winter than in summer. J Exp Biol 2017; 220:2726-2732. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.161331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Upper lethal temperatures (ULTs) of cold-adapted insect species in winter have not been previously examined. We anticipated that as the lower lethal temperatures (LLTs) decreased (by 20–30°C) with the onset of winter, the ULTs would also decrease accordingly. Consequently, given the recent increases in winter freeze–thaw cycles and warmer winters due to climate change, it became of interest to determine whether ambient temperatures during thaws were approaching ULTs during the cold seasons. However, beetle Dendroides canadensis (Coleoptera: Pyrochroidae) larvae had higher 24 and 48 h ULT50 (the temperature at which 50% mortality occurred) in winter than in summer. The 24 and 48 h ULT50 for D. canadensis in winter were 40.9 and 38.7°C, respectively. For D. canadensis in summer, the 24 and 48 h ULT50 were 36.7 and 36.4°C. During the transition periods of spring and autumn, the 24 h ULT50 was 37.3 and 38.5°C, respectively. While D. canadensis in winter had a 24 h LT50 range between LLT and ULT of 64°C, the summer range was only 41°C. Additionally, larvae of the beetle Cucujus clavipes clavipes (Coleoptera: Cucujidae) and the cranefly Tipula trivittata (Diptera: Tipulidae) also had higher ULTs in winter than in summer. This unexpected phenomenon of increased temperature survivorship at both lower and higher temperatures in the winter compared with that in the summer has not been previously documented. With the decreased high temperature tolerance as the season progresses from winter to summer, it was observed that environmental temperatures are closest to upper lethal temperatures in spring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henry M. Vu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - John G. Duman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kong CHZ, Leung IKH, Sarojini V. Synthetic insect antifreeze peptides modify ice crystal growth habit. CrystEngComm 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ce00232g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic antifreeze peptides based on the hyperactive antifreeze protein modify the shape of ice crystals and show enhanced antifreeze activity with the addition of a small molecule.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles H. Z. Kong
- School of Chemical Sciences
- The University of Auckland
- Auckland
- New Zealand
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hawes TC. A root bond between ice and antifreeze protein. Cryobiology 2016; 73:147-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
9
|
Leiter A, Rau S, Winger S, Muhle-Goll C, Luy B, Gaukel V. Influence of heating temperature, pressure and pH on recrystallization inhibition activity of antifreeze protein type III. J FOOD ENG 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2016.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
10
|
Ding X, Zhang H, Chen H, Wang L, Qian H, Qi X. Extraction, purification and identification of antifreeze proteins from cold acclimated malting barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Food Chem 2014; 175:74-81. [PMID: 25577053 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Antifreeze proteins from cold-acclimated malting barley were extracted by infiltration-centrifugation. The infiltration time was optimised, and its extraction effect was evaluated. The effect of cold acclimation on the accumulation of barley antifreeze proteins (BaAFPs) was assessed by comparing the thermal hysteresis activities (THA) of proteins extracted from both cold acclimated and non-cold acclimated barley grain. Ultra-filtration, ammonium precipitation and column chromatography were used successively to purify the BaAFPs, and MALDI-TOF-MS/MS was used for protein identification. The results showed that infiltration-centrifugation was more targeted than the traditional method, and 10h was the optimal infiltration time. THA was observed only after cold acclimation implied that AFPs only began to accumulate after cold acclimation. After purification, BaAFP-I was obtained at an electrophoresis level and its THA was 1.04°C (18.0 mg ml(-1)). The mass fingerprinting and sequencing results indicated the homology of the BaAFP-I to alpha-amylase inhibitor BDAI-1 (Hordeum vulgare).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangli Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology & School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Hui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology & School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, PR China.
| | - Haiying Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Food Manufacturing Equipment & Technology & School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology & School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Haifeng Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology & School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Xiguang Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology & School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Molecular cloning, expression and characterisation of Afp4, an antifreeze protein from Glaciozyma antarctica. Polar Biol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-014-1539-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
12
|
Hashim NHF, Bharudin I, Nguong DLS, Higa S, Bakar FDA, Nathan S, Rabu A, Kawahara H, Illias RM, Najimudin N, Mahadi NM, Murad AMA. Characterization of Afp1, an antifreeze protein from the psychrophilic yeast Glaciozyma antarctica PI12. Extremophiles 2012; 17:63-73. [PMID: 23132550 DOI: 10.1007/s00792-012-0494-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The psychrophilic yeast Glaciozyma antarctica demonstrated high antifreeze activity in its culture filtrate. The culture filtrate exhibited both thermal hysteresis (TH) and ice recrystallization inhibition (RI) properties. The TH of 0.1 °C was comparable to that previously reported for bacteria and fungi. A genome sequence survey of the G. antarctica genome identified a novel antifreeze protein gene. The cDNA encoded a 177 amino acid protein with 30 % similarity to a fungal antifreeze protein from Typhula ishikariensis. The expression levels of AFP1 were quantified via real time-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), and the highest expression levels were detected within 6 h of growth at -12 °C. The cDNA of the antifreeze protein was cloned into an Escherichia coli expression system. Expression of recombinant Afp1 in E. coli resulted in the formation of inclusion bodies that were subsequently denatured by treatment with urea and allowed to refold in vitro. Activity assays of the recombinant Afp1 confirmed the antifreeze protein properties with a high TH value of 0.08 °C.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noor Haza Fazlin Hashim
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hawes TC, Marshall CJ, Wharton DA. Antifreeze proteins in the Antarctic springtail, Gressittacantha terranova. J Comp Physiol B 2011; 181:713-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00360-011-0564-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2010] [Revised: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
14
|
Amornwittawat N, Wang S, Duman JG, Wen X. Polycarboxylates enhance beetle antifreeze protein activity. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2008; 1784:1942-8. [PMID: 18620083 PMCID: PMC2632549 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2008.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2008] [Revised: 05/28/2008] [Accepted: 06/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) lower the noncolligative freezing point of water in the presence of ice below the ice melting point. The temperature difference between the melting point and the noncolligative freezing point is termed thermal hysteresis (TH). The magnitude of the TH depends on the specific activity and the concentration of AFP, and the concentration of enhancers in the solution. Known enhancers are certain low molecular mass molecules and proteins. Here, we investigated a series of polycarboxylates that enhance the TH activity of an AFP from the beetle Dendroides canadensis (DAFP) using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Triethylenetetramine-N,N,N',N'',N''',N'''-hexaacetate, the most efficient enhancer identified in this work, can increase the TH of DAFP by nearly 1.5 fold over than that of the published best enhancer, citrate. The Zn(2+) coordinated carboxylate results in loss of the enhancement ability of the carboxylate on antifreeze activity. There is not an additional increase in TH when a weaker enhancer is added to a stronger enhancer solution. These observations suggest that the more carboxylate groups per enhancer molecule the better the efficiency of the enhancer and that the freedom of motion of these molecules is necessary for them to serve as enhancers for AFP. The hydroxyl groups in the enhancer molecules can also positively affect their TH enhancement efficiency, though not as strongly as carboxylate groups. Mechanisms are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natapol Amornwittawat
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA
| | - Sen Wang
- Molecular Imaging Program, 318 Campus Drive, Clark E 150, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - John G. Duman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Xin Wen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kristiansen E, Zachariassen KE. The mechanism by which fish antifreeze proteins cause thermal hysteresis. Cryobiology 2005; 51:262-80. [PMID: 16140290 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2005.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2004] [Revised: 08/19/2004] [Accepted: 07/18/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Antifreeze proteins are characterised by their ability to prevent ice from growing upon cooling below the bulk melting point. This displacement of the freezing temperature of ice is limited and at a sufficiently low temperature a rapid ice growth takes place. The separation of the melting and freezing temperature is usually referred to as thermal hysteresis, and the temperature of ice growth is referred to as the hysteresis freezing point. The hysteresis is supposed to be the result of an adsorption of antifreeze proteins to the crystal surface. This causes the ice to grow as convex surface regions between adjacent adsorbed antifreeze proteins, thus lowering the temperature at which the crystal can visibly expand. The model requires that the antifreeze proteins are irreversibly adsorbed onto the ice surface within the hysteresis gap. This presupposition is apparently in conflict with several characteristic features of the phenomenon; the absence of superheating of ice in the presence of antifreeze proteins, the dependence of the hysteresis activity on the concentration of antifreeze proteins and the different capacities of different types of antifreeze proteins to cause thermal hysteresis at equimolar concentrations. In addition, there are structural obstacles that apparently would preclude irreversible adsorption of the antifreeze proteins to the ice surface; the bond strength necessary for irreversible adsorption and the absence of a clearly defined surface to which the antifreeze proteins may adsorb. This article deals with these apparent conflicts between the prevailing theory and the empirical observations. We first review the mechanism of thermal hysteresis with some modifications: we explain the hysteresis as a result of vapour pressure equilibrium between the ice surface and the ambient fluid fraction within the hysteresis gap due to a pressure build-up within the convex growth zones, and the ice growth as the result of an ice surface nucleation event at the hysteresis freezing point. We then go on to summarise the empirical data to show that the dependence of the hysteresis on the concentration of antifreeze proteins arises from an equilibrium exchange of antifreeze proteins between ice and solution at the melting point. This reversible association between antifreeze proteins and the ice is followed by an irreversible adsorption of the antifreeze proteins onto a newly formed crystal plane when the temperature is lowered below the melting point. The formation of the crystal plane is due to a solidification of the interfacial region, and the necessary bond strength is provided by the protein "freezing" to the surface. In essence: the antifreeze proteins are "melted off" the ice at the bulk melting point and "freeze" to the ice as the temperature is reduced to subfreezing temperatures. We explain the different hysteresis activities caused by different types of antifreeze proteins at equimolar concentrations as a consequence of their solubility features during the phase of reversible association between the proteins and the ice, i.e., at the melting point; a low water solubility results in a large fraction of the proteins being associated with the ice at the melting point. This leads to a greater density of irreversibly adsorbed antifreeze proteins at the ice surface when the temperature drops, and thus to a greater hysteresis activity. Reference is also made to observations on insect antifreeze proteins to emphasise the general validity of this approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erlend Kristiansen
- Department of Biology, Realfagsbygget, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kristiansen E, Ramløv H, Hagen L, Pedersen SA, Andersen RA, Zachariassen KE. Isolation and characterization of hemolymph antifreeze proteins from larvae of the longhorn beetle Rhagium inquisitor (L.). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2005; 142:90-7. [PMID: 15993638 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2005.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2005] [Revised: 06/02/2005] [Accepted: 06/04/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We describe a simple and effective procedure to isolate antifreeze proteins (AFPs) from the hemolymph of larvae of the longhorn beetle Rhagium inquisitor, and present some characteristics of their structures. Several AFPs were isolated from the hemolymph of this species by heat and acid extraction followed by cation exchange. The hemolymph contains at least six AFPs ranging in size from 12.5 to 12.8 kDa. Of these, three were separated to purity by the ion exchange step, as indicated by mass spectrometry. The remaining three forms were further separated by size exclusion chromatography, but could not be isolated to purity. All AFPs in the hemolymph of this species appears to have isoelectric points above 8.00. The dominant form, RiAFP(H4), was purified by the ion exchange step. Its amino acid composition reveals a lower level of cysteine and a higher level of threonine, arginine, alanine and glycine than seen in other insect AFPs. Its trypsin fingerprint does not match that of any known protein. It interacts with ice both in the anionic and cationic state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Kristiansen
- Department of Biology, Realfagsbygget, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Muryoi N, Sato M, Kaneko S, Kawahara H, Obata H, Yaish MWF, Griffith M, Glick BR. Cloning and expression of afpA, a gene encoding an antifreeze protein from the arctic plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium Pseudomonas putida GR12-2. J Bacteriol 2004; 186:5661-71. [PMID: 15317770 PMCID: PMC516810 DOI: 10.1128/jb.186.17.5661-5671.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2004] [Accepted: 05/23/2004] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The Arctic plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium Pseudomonas putida GR12-2 secretes an antifreeze protein (AFP) that promotes survival at subzero temperatures. The AFP is unusual in that it also exhibits a low level of ice nucleation activity. A DNA fragment with an open reading frame encoding 473 amino acids was cloned by PCR and inverse PCR using primers designed from partial amino acid sequences of the isolated AFP. The predicted gene product, AfpA, had a molecular mass of 47.3 kDa, a pI of 3.51, and no previously known function. Although AfpA is a secreted protein, it lacked an N-terminal signal peptide and was shown by sequence analysis to have two possible secretion systems: a hemolysin-like, calcium-binding secretion domain and a type V autotransporter domain found in gram-negative bacteria. Expression of afpA in Escherichia coli yielded an intracellular 72-kDa protein modified with both sugars and lipids that exhibited lower levels of antifreeze and ice nucleation activities than the native protein. The 164-kDa AFP previously purified from P. putida GR12-2 was a lipoglycoprotein, and the carbohydrate was required for ice nucleation activity. Therefore, the recombinant protein may not have been properly posttranslationally modified. The AfpA sequence was most similar to cell wall-associated proteins and less similar to ice nucleation proteins (INPs). Hydropathy plots revealed that the amino acid sequence of AfpA was more hydrophobic than those of the INPs in the domain that forms the ice template, thus suggesting that AFPs and INPs interact differently with ice. To our knowledge, this is the first gene encoding a protein with both antifreeze and ice nucleation activities to be isolated and characterized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Muryoi
- Department of Biotechnology, Kansai University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zachariassen KE, DeVries AL, Hunt B, Kristiansen E. Effect of ice fraction and dilution factor on the antifreeze activity in the hemolymph of the cerambycid beetle Rhagium inquisitor. Cryobiology 2002; 44:132-41. [PMID: 12151268 DOI: 10.1016/s0011-2240(02)00014-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The freezing-melting hysteresis in a given volume of hemolymph from the cerambycid beetle Rhagium inquisitor was linearly and negatively related to the logarithm of the mass fraction of ice in the sample. When the ice fraction dropped by a factor of 10, the hysteresis activity increased by about 2 degrees C. When the hemolymph was diluted, the hysteresis activity was linearly and negatively related to the logarithm of the dilution factor. Dilution of the hemolymph by a factor of 2 led to a 1 degree C reduction in hysteresis activity. In the diluted samples, the ice growth took place along the a-axes, implying that the antifreeze peptides of insects block ice growth along the c-axis, in addition to the a-axis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karl Erik Zachariassen
- Laboratory of Ecophysiology and Toxicology, Department of Zoology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491, Trondheim Norway.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
Plants and ectothermic animals use a variety of substances and mechanisms to survive exposure to subfreezing temperatures. Proteinaceous ice nucleators trigger freezing at high subzero temperatures, either to provide cold protection from released heat of fusion or to establish a protective extracellular freezing in freeze-tolerant species. Freeze-avoiding species increase their supercooling potential by removing ice nucleators and accumulating polyols. Terrestrial invertebrates and polar marine fish stabilize their supercooled state by means of noncolligatively acting antifreeze proteins. Some organisms also depress their body fluid melting point to ambient temperature by evaporation and/or solute accumulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K E Zachariassen
- Laboratory of Ecophysiology and Toxicology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Andorfer CA, Duman JG. Isolation and characterization of cDNA clones encoding antifreeze proteins of the pyrochroid beetle Dendroides canadensis. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2000; 46:365-372. [PMID: 12770241 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1910(99)00189-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Temporal differences in the expression of Dendroides canadensis antifreeze protein (DAFP) are indicated from seasonal comparison of dafp-1 transcript level, thermal hysteresis activity and temperature changes. DAFP-1 transcript abundance correlates with the thermal hysteresis activity level in late fall/early winter and appears to follow overall seasonal temperature changes with peak transcript levels occurring in December. A cDNA library created from December larvae yielded clones encoding a set of novel putative DAFPs. Some of the cDNA clones isolated display significant divergence at the primary amino acid level, yet, maintain conservation of key residues that are presumably important for structure and function of antifreeze proteins in this cold-hardy organism. Seasonal analysis of two dafps (dafp-1 and dafp-7) revealed differences on the transcriptional level, suggesting that DAFPs may serve somewhat different functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C A. Andorfer
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Box 369, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Sun X, Griffith M, Pasternak JJ, Glick BR. Low temperature growth, freezing survival, and production of antifreeze protein by the plant growth promoting rhizobacterium Pseudomonas putida GR12-2. Can J Microbiol 1995; 41:776-84. [PMID: 7585354 DOI: 10.1139/m95-107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The plant growth promoting rhizobacterium Pseudomonas putida GR12-2 was originally isolated from the rhizosphere of plants growing in the Canadian High Arctic. Here we report that this bacterium was able to grow and promote root elongation of both spring and winter canola at 5 degrees C, a temperature at which only a relatively small number of bacteria are able to proliferate and function. In addition, the bacterium survived exposure to freezing temperatures, i.e., -20 and -50 degrees C. In an effort to determine the mechanistic basis for this behaviour, it was discovered that following growth at 5 degrees C, P. putida GR12-2 synthesized and secreted to the growth medium a protein with antifreeze activity. Analysis of the spent growth medium, following concentration by ultrafiltration, by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed the presence of one major protein with a molecular mass of approximately 32-34 kDa and a number of minor proteins. However, at this point it is not known which of these proteins contains the antifreeze activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X Sun
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Tursman D, Duman JG. Cryoprotective effects of thermal hysteresis protein on survivorship of frozen gut cells from the freeze-tolerant centipedeLithobius forficatus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.1402720402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
23
|
Duman JG. Purification and characterization of a thermal hysteresis protein from a plant, the bittersweet nightshade Solanum dulcamara. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1994; 1206:129-35. [PMID: 8186242 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(94)90081-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Thermal hysteresis proteins (THPs), which depress the freezing point of water below the melting point (producing a characteristic thermal hysteresis), are well known for their antifreeze activity in both fish and terrestrial arthropods, but have only recently been identified in plants. This study describes the purification of a THP from winter-collected bittersweet nightshade, Solanum dulcamara, using ion exchange and preparative 'free flow' isoelectric focusing. The THP has a molecular mass of 67 kDa (considerably larger than those of animal THPs), and an unusually high glycine component (23.7 mol%). Treatments of the THP with periodate or borate caused inactivation, suggesting the presence of carbohydrate. More specific treatments directed at galactose (beta-galactosidase or Abrus precatorius lectin) also resulted in inactivation, indicating that galactose is present. A thermal hysteresis activity versus THP concentration curve showed that the specific activity of the S. dulcamara THP is lower than that of any known animal THP. The functional significance of this low activity is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J G Duman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, IN 46556
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Tursman D, Duman JG, Knight CA. Freeze tolerance adaptations in the centipede,Lithobius forficatus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.1402680503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
25
|
Activation of antifreeze proteins from larvae of the beetle Dendroides canadensis. J Comp Physiol B 1991. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00262309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|