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Snow F, O'Connell C, Yang P, Kita M, Pirogova E, Williams RJ, Kapsa RMI, Quigley A. Engineering interfacial tissues: The myotendinous junction. APL Bioeng 2024; 8:021505. [PMID: 38841690 PMCID: PMC11151436 DOI: 10.1063/5.0189221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The myotendinous junction (MTJ) is the interface connecting skeletal muscle and tendon tissues. This specialized region represents the bridge that facilitates the transmission of contractile forces from muscle to tendon, and ultimately the skeletal system for the creation of movement. MTJs are, therefore, subject to high stress concentrations, rendering them susceptible to severe, life-altering injuries. Despite the scarcity of knowledge obtained from MTJ formation during embryogenesis, several attempts have been made to engineer this complex interfacial tissue. These attempts, however, fail to achieve the level of maturity and mechanical complexity required for in vivo transplantation. This review summarizes the strategies taken to engineer the MTJ, with an emphasis on how transitioning from static to mechanically inducive dynamic cultures may assist in achieving myotendinous maturity.
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Kwan KYC, Ng KWK, Rao Y, Zhu C, Qi S, Tuan RS, Ker DFE, Wang DM. Effect of Aging on Tendon Biology, Biomechanics and Implications for Treatment Approaches. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15183. [PMID: 37894875 PMCID: PMC10607611 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Tendon aging is associated with an increasing prevalence of tendon injuries and/or chronic tendon diseases, such as tendinopathy, which affects approximately 25% of the adult population. Aged tendons are often characterized by a reduction in the number and functionality of tendon stem/progenitor cells (TSPCs), fragmented or disorganized collagen bundles, and an increased deposition of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), leading to pain, inflammation, and impaired mobility. Although the exact pathology is unknown, overuse and microtrauma from aging are thought to be major causative factors. Due to the hypovascular and hypocellular nature of the tendon microenvironment, healing of aged tendons and related injuries is difficult using current pain/inflammation and surgical management techniques. Therefore, there is a need for novel therapies, specifically cellular therapy such as cell rejuvenation, due to the decreased regenerative capacity during aging. To augment the therapeutic strategies for treating tendon-aging-associated diseases and injuries, a comprehensive understanding of tendon aging pathology is needed. This review summarizes age-related tendon changes, including cell behaviors, extracellular matrix (ECM) composition, biomechanical properties and healing capacity. Additionally, the impact of conventional treatments (diet, exercise, and surgery) is discussed, and recent advanced strategies (cell rejuvenation) are highlighted to address aged tendon healing. This review underscores the molecular and cellular linkages between aged tendon biomechanical properties and the healing response, and provides an overview of current and novel strategies for treating aged tendons. Understanding the underlying rationale for future basic and translational studies of tendon aging is crucial to the development of advanced therapeutics for tendon regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka Yu Carissa Kwan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; (K.Y.C.K.); (K.W.K.N.); (Y.R.); (C.Z.); (R.S.T.); (D.F.E.K.)
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ka Wai Kerry Ng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; (K.Y.C.K.); (K.W.K.N.); (Y.R.); (C.Z.); (R.S.T.); (D.F.E.K.)
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ying Rao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; (K.Y.C.K.); (K.W.K.N.); (Y.R.); (C.Z.); (R.S.T.); (D.F.E.K.)
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chenxian Zhu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; (K.Y.C.K.); (K.W.K.N.); (Y.R.); (C.Z.); (R.S.T.); (D.F.E.K.)
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Shengcai Qi
- Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China;
| | - Rocky S. Tuan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; (K.Y.C.K.); (K.W.K.N.); (Y.R.); (C.Z.); (R.S.T.); (D.F.E.K.)
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Center for Neuromusculoskeletal Restorative Medicine, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Dai Fei Elmer Ker
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; (K.Y.C.K.); (K.W.K.N.); (Y.R.); (C.Z.); (R.S.T.); (D.F.E.K.)
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Center for Neuromusculoskeletal Restorative Medicine, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Dan Michelle Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; (K.Y.C.K.); (K.W.K.N.); (Y.R.); (C.Z.); (R.S.T.); (D.F.E.K.)
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Center for Neuromusculoskeletal Restorative Medicine, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Mizuno Y, Nakase J, Yoshioka K, Sengoku T, Yoshimizu R, Kanayama T, Yanatori Y, Tsuchiya H. Differences in collagen types in the semitendinosus, quadriceps, and patellar tendons: A report using samples from an 11-year-old patient. Knee 2023; 43:241-242. [PMID: 37321946 DOI: 10.1016/j.knee.2023.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yushin Mizuno
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan; Section of Rehabilitation, Kanazawa University Hospital, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Junsuke Nakase
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan.
| | - Kazuaki Yoshioka
- Department of Physiology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Takuya Sengoku
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan; Section of Rehabilitation, Kanazawa University Hospital, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Rikuto Yoshimizu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Kanayama
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Yusuke Yanatori
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tsuchiya
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
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Mayfield DL, Cronin NJ, Lichtwark GA. Understanding altered contractile properties in advanced age: insights from a systematic muscle modelling approach. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2023; 22:309-337. [PMID: 36335506 PMCID: PMC9958200 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-022-01651-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Age-related alterations of skeletal muscle are numerous and present inconsistently, and the effect of their interaction on contractile performance can be nonintuitive. Hill-type muscle models predict muscle force according to well-characterised contractile phenomena. Coupled with simple, yet reasonably realistic activation dynamics, such models consist of parameters that are meaningfully linked to fundamental aspects of muscle excitation and contraction. We aimed to illustrate the utility of a muscle model for elucidating relevant mechanisms and predicting changes in output by simulating the individual and combined effects on isometric force of several known ageing-related adaptations. Simulating literature-informed reductions in free Ca2+ concentration and Ca2+ sensitivity generated predictions at odds qualitatively with the characteristic slowing of contraction speed. Conversely, incorporating slower Ca2+ removal or a fractional increase in type I fibre area emulated expected changes; the former was required to simulate slowing of the twitch measured experimentally. Slower Ca2+ removal more than compensated for force loss arising from a large reduction in Ca2+ sensitivity or moderate reduction in Ca2+ release, producing realistic age-related shifts in the force-frequency relationship. Consistent with empirical data, reductions in free Ca2+ concentration and Ca2+ sensitivity reduced maximum tetanic force only slightly, even when acting in concert, suggesting a modest contribution to lower specific force. Lower tendon stiffness and slower intrinsic shortening speed slowed and prolonged force development in a compliance-dependent manner without affecting force decay. This work demonstrates the advantages of muscle modelling for exploring sources of variation and identifying mechanisms underpinning the altered contractile properties of aged muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean L Mayfield
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, USA.
| | - Neil J Cronin
- Neuromuscular Research Centre, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
- School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Cheltenham, UK
| | - Glen A Lichtwark
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Korcari A, Przybelski SJ, Gingery A, Loiselle AE. Impact of aging on tendon homeostasis, tendinopathy development, and impaired healing. Connect Tissue Res 2023; 64:1-13. [PMID: 35903886 PMCID: PMC9851966 DOI: 10.1080/03008207.2022.2102004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Aging is a complex and progressive process where the tissues of the body demonstrate a decreased ability to maintain homeostasis. During aging, there are substantial cellular and molecular changes, with a subsequent increase in susceptibility to pathological degeneration of normal tissue function. In tendon, aging results in well characterized alterations in extracellular matrix (ECM) structure and composition. In addition, the cellular environment of aged tendons is altered, including a marked decrease in cell density and metabolic activity, as well as an increase in cellular senescence. Collectively, these degenerative changes make aging a key risk factor for the development of tendinopathies and can increase the frequency of tendon injuries. However, inconsistencies in the extent of age-related degenerative impairments in tendons have been reported, likely due to differences in how "old" and "young" age-groups have been defined, differences between anatomically distinct tendons, and differences between animal models that have been utilized to study the impact of aging on tendon homeostasis. In this review, we address these issues by summarizing data by well-defined age categories (young adults, middle-aged, and aged) and from anatomically distinct tendon types. We then summarize in detail how aging affects tendon mechanics, structure, composition, and the cellular environment based on current data and underscore what is currently not known. Finally, we discuss gaps in the current understanding of tendon aging and propose key avenues for future research that can shed light on the specific mechanisms of tendon pathogenesis due to aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonion Korcari
- Department of Orthopaedics & Rehabilitation, Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | | | - Anne Gingery
- Division of Orthopedic Surgery Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Alayna E Loiselle
- Department of Orthopaedics & Rehabilitation, Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
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Graça AL, Gomez-Florit M, Gomes ME, Docheva D. Tendon Aging. Subcell Biochem 2023; 103:121-147. [PMID: 37120467 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-26576-1_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Tendons are mechanosensitive connective tissues responsible for the connection between muscles and bones by transmitting forces that allow the movement of the body, yet, with advancing age, tendons become more prone to degeneration followed by injuries. Tendon diseases are one of the main causes of incapacity worldwide, leading to changes in tendon composition, structure, and biomechanical properties, as well as a decline in regenerative potential. There is still a great lack of knowledge regarding tendon cellular and molecular biology, interplay between biochemistry and biomechanics, and the complex pathomechanisms involved in tendon diseases. Consequently, this reflects a huge need for basic and clinical research to better elucidate the nature of healthy tendon tissue and also tendon aging process and associated diseases. This chapter concisely describes the effects that the aging process has on tendons at the tissue, cellular, and molecular levels and briefly reviews potential biological predictors of tendon aging. Recent research findings that are herein reviewed and discussed might contribute to the development of precision tendon therapies targeting the elderly population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Luísa Graça
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs-Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Manuel Gomez-Florit
- Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Manuela Estima Gomes
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs-Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Denitsa Docheva
- Department of Musculoskeletal Tissue Regeneration, Orthopaedic Hospital König-Ludwig-Haus, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
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Asai K, Nakase J, Ishikawa T, Yoshimizu R, Kimura M, Ozaki N, Tsuchiya H. Differences in cellular and microstructural properties of the semitendinosus muscle tendon between young and adult patients. J Orthop Sci 2022; 27:478-485. [PMID: 33714680 DOI: 10.1016/j.jos.2021.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poor outcomes associated with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in paediatric patients are a major concern. The tendon structure and its cellular characteristics are key factors that affect the mechanical properties of tendons. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of growth on the cellular and microstructural properties of the tendon of the semitendinosus muscle in humans. METHODS Semitendinosus muscle tendon samples from 76 patients who underwent ligament reconstruction were examined and divided into three groups: immature (10.8 ± 2.7 years old), young (16.5 ± 1.8 years old), and adult (35.2 ± 8.6 years old), based on age and the state of the epiphyseal plate in the distal femur. The number of tendon cells per unit area was assessed, and the major-to-minor-length ratio of the tendon cell nuclei was calculated to evaluate the shape of the nuclei using haematoxylin and eosin staining. The collagen fibril diameter and distribution were determined using electron microscopy. RESULTS The major-to-minor-length ratio of the tendon cell nuclei significantly increased with age (p-value; immature vs. young: 0.018, young vs adult: 0.001, immature vs adult: 0.001). The shape of the tendon cell nuclei was rounder in the immature group and more elongated in the adult group. A significant decrease in the number of tendon cells was observed with age (immature: 565 ± 134/mm2, young: 356 ± 105/mm2, adult: 272 ± 81/mm2; p-value: immature vs young: 0.001, young vs adult: 0.012, immature vs adult: 0.001). The mean fibril diameter in the immature group was significantly smaller (p-value: immature vs young: 0.018, young vs adult: 0.001, immature vs adult: 0.001). The distribution of the collagen fibrils changed from right skewed in the immature group to flat in the adult group. CONCLUSIONS The characteristics of the tendon cells and the microstructure of collagen in muscle tendons significantly changed with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Asai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, 920-8641, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Junsuke Nakase
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, 920-8641, Kanazawa, Japan.
| | - Tatsuya Ishikawa
- Department of Functional Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical Science Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, 920-8640, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Rikuto Yoshimizu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, 920-8641, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Kimura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, 920-8641, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Ozaki
- Department of Functional Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical Science Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, 920-8640, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tsuchiya
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, 920-8641, Kanazawa, Japan
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Hashim MH, Teo SH, Al-Fayyadh MZM, Mappiare S, Ng WM, Ali MRM. Biomechanical comparison of new Achilles tendon rupture repair technique the "Giftbox" versus the Krackow technique in New Zealand white rabbits: An experimental animal study. Injury 2022; 53:393-398. [PMID: 34740441 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2021.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To compare the strength between the Achilles tendons repaired with the "Giftbox" and the Krackow techniques in New Zealand white rabbits post six weeks of tendon healing. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eight rabbits were randomized into Giftbox and Krackow groups. Tenotomy was performed on the Achilles tendon of one side of the lower limb and repaired with the respective techniques. The contralateral limb served as control. Subjects were euthanized six weeks post-operative, and both repaired and control Achilles tendons were harvested for biomechanical tensile test. RESULTS The means of maximum load to rupture and tenacity in the Giftbox group (156.89 ± 38.49 N and 159.98 ± 39.25 gf/tex) were significantly different than Krackow's (103.55 ± 27.48 N and 104.91 ± 26.96 gf/tex, both p = 0.043). CONCLUSION The tendons repaired with Giftbox technique were biomechanically stronger than those repaired with Krackow technique after six weeks of tendon healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Hafiz Hashim
- National Orthopaedic Centre of Excellence for Research and Learning (NOCERAL), Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Seow Hui Teo
- National Orthopaedic Centre of Excellence for Research and Learning (NOCERAL), Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
| | - Mohamed Zubair Mohamed Al-Fayyadh
- National Orthopaedic Centre of Excellence for Research and Learning (NOCERAL), Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Sahrinanah Mappiare
- National Orthopaedic Centre of Excellence for Research and Learning (NOCERAL), Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Wuey Min Ng
- National Orthopaedic Centre of Excellence for Research and Learning (NOCERAL), Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Mohamed Razif Mohamed Ali
- National Orthopaedic Centre of Excellence for Research and Learning (NOCERAL), Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
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Van Gulick L, Saby C, Jaisson S, Okwieka A, Gillery P, Dervin E, Morjani H, Beljebbar A. An integrated approach to investigate age-related modifications of morphological, mechanical and structural properties of type I collagen. Acta Biomater 2022; 137:64-78. [PMID: 34673231 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The main propose of this study is to characterize the impact of chronological aging on mechanical, structural, biochemical, and morphological properties of type I collagen. We have developed an original approach combining a stress-strain measurement device with a portable Raman spectrometer to enable simultaneous measurement of Raman spectra during stress vs strain responses of young adult, adult and old rat tail tendon fascicles (RTTFs). Our data showed an increase in all mechanical properties such as Young's modulus, yield strength, and ultimate tensile strength with aging. At the molecular level, Raman data revealed that the most relevant frequency shift was observed at 938 cm-1 in Old RTTFs, which is assigned to the C-C. This suggested a long axis deformation of the peptide chains in Old RTTFs during tensile stress. In addition, the intensity of the band at 872 cm-1, corresponding to hydroxyproline decreased for young adult RTTFs and increased for the adult ones, while it remained unchanged for Old RTTFs during tensile stress. The amide III band (1242 and 1265 cm-1) as well as the band ratios I1631/ I1663 and I1645 / I1663 responses to tensile stress were depending on mechanical phases (toe, elastic and plastic). The quantification of advanced glycation end-products by LC-MS/MS and spectrofluorometry showed an increase in their content with aging. This suggested that the accumulation of such products was correlated to the alterations observed in the mechanical and molecular properties of RTTFs. Analysis of the morphological properties of RTTFs by SHG combined with CT-FIRE software revealed an increase in length and straightness of collagen fibers, whereas their width and wavy fraction decreased. Our integrated study model could be useful to provide additional translational information to monitor progression of diseases related to collagen remodeling in musculoskeletal disorders. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Type I collagen is the major component of the extracellular matrix. Its architectural and structural organization plays an important role in the mechanical properties of many tissues at the physiological and pathological levels. The objective of this work is to develop an integrated approach to bring a new insight on the impact of chronological aging on the structural organization and mechanical properties of type I collagen. We combined a portable Raman spectrometer with a mechanical tensile testing device in order to monitor in real time the changes in the Raman fingerprint of type I collagen fibers during the mechanical stress. Raman spectroscopy allowed the identification of the type I collagen bonds that were affected by mechanical stress in a differential manner with aging.
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10
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Mlyniec A, Dabrowska S, Heljak M, Weglarz WP, Wojcik K, Ekiert-Radecka M, Obuchowicz R, Swieszkowski W. The dispersion of viscoelastic properties of fascicle bundles within the tendon results from the presence of interfascicular matrix and flow of body fluids. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 130:112435. [PMID: 34702520 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we investigate differences in the mechanical and structural properties of tendon fascicle bundles dissected from different areas of bovine tendons. The properties of tendon fascicle bundles were investigated by means of uniaxial tests with relaxation periods and hysteresis, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), as well as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Uniaxial tests with relaxation periods revealed greater elastic modulus, hysteresis, as well as stress drop during the relaxation of samples dissected from the posterior side of the tendon. However, the normalized stress relaxation curves did not show a statistically significant difference in the stress drop between specimens cut from different zones or between different strain levels. Using dynamic mechanical analysis, we found that fascicle bundles dissected from the anterior side of the tendon had lower storage and loss moduli, which could result from altered fluid flow within the interfascicular matrix (IFM). The lower water content, diffusivity, and higher fractional anisotropy of the posterior part of the tendon, as observed using MRI, indicates a different structure of the IFM, which controls the flow of fluids within the tendon. Our results show that the viscoelastic response to dynamic loading is correlated with fluid flow within the IFM, which was confirmed during analysis of the MRI results. In contrast to this, the long-term relaxation of tendon fascicle bundles is controlled by viscoplasticity of the IFM and depends on the spatial distribution of the matrix within the tendon. Comparison of results from tensile tests, DMA, and MRI gives new insight into tendon mechanics and the role of the IFM. These findings may be useful in improving the diagnosis of tendon injury and effectiveness of medical treatments for tendinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Mlyniec
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Robotics, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Sylwia Dabrowska
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Robotics, Krakow, Poland
| | - Marcin Heljak
- Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Kaja Wojcik
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Robotics, Krakow, Poland
| | - Martyna Ekiert-Radecka
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Robotics, Krakow, Poland
| | - Rafal Obuchowicz
- Jagiellonian University Collegium Medicum, Department of Radiology, Krakow, Poland
| | - Wojciech Swieszkowski
- Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw, Poland
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11
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Kruse A, Rivares C, Weide G, Tilp M, Jaspers RT. Stimuli for Adaptations in Muscle Length and the Length Range of Active Force Exertion-A Narrative Review. Front Physiol 2021; 12:742034. [PMID: 34690815 PMCID: PMC8531727 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.742034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment strategies and training regimens, which induce longitudinal muscle growth and increase the muscles’ length range of active force exertion, are important to improve muscle function and to reduce muscle strain injuries in clinical populations and in athletes with limited muscle extensibility. Animal studies have shown several specific loading strategies resulting in longitudinal muscle fiber growth by addition of sarcomeres in series. Currently, such strategies are also applied to humans in order to induce similar adaptations. However, there is no clear scientific evidence that specific strategies result in longitudinal growth of human muscles. Therefore, the question remains what triggers longitudinal muscle growth in humans. The aim of this review was to identify strategies that induce longitudinal human muscle growth. For this purpose, literature was reviewed and summarized with regard to the following topics: (1) Key determinants of typical muscle length and the length range of active force exertion; (2) Information on typical muscle growth and the effects of mechanical loading on growth and adaptation of muscle and tendinous tissues in healthy animals and humans; (3) The current knowledge and research gaps on the regulation of longitudinal muscle growth; and (4) Potential strategies to induce longitudinal muscle growth. The following potential strategies and important aspects that may positively affect longitudinal muscle growth were deduced: (1) Muscle length at which the loading is performed seems to be decisive, i.e., greater elongations after active or passive mechanical loading at long muscle length are expected; (2) Concentric, isometric and eccentric exercises may induce longitudinal muscle growth by stimulating different muscular adaptations (i.e., increases in fiber cross-sectional area and/or fiber length). Mechanical loading intensity also plays an important role. All three training strategies may increase tendon stiffness, but whether and how these changes may influence muscle growth remains to be elucidated. (3) The approach to combine stretching with activation seems promising (e.g., static stretching and electrical stimulation, loaded inter-set stretching) and warrants further research. Finally, our work shows the need for detailed investigation of the mechanisms of growth of pennate muscles, as those may longitudinally grow by both trophy and addition of sarcomeres in series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Kruse
- Department of Biomechanics, Training, and Movement Science, Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Cintia Rivares
- Laboratory for Myology, Department of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Guido Weide
- Laboratory for Myology, Department of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, University Hospital Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Markus Tilp
- Department of Biomechanics, Training, and Movement Science, Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Richard T Jaspers
- Laboratory for Myology, Department of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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12
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Ross SA, Wakeling JM. The energy of muscle contraction. IV. Greater mass of larger muscles decreases contraction efficiency. J R Soc Interface 2021; 18:20210484. [PMID: 34583567 PMCID: PMC8479364 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2021.0484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
While skeletal muscle mass has been shown to decrease mass-specific mechanical work per cycle, it is not yet known how muscle mass alters contraction efficiency. In this study, we examined the effect of muscle mass on mass-specific metabolic cost and efficiency during cyclic contractions in simulated muscles of different sizes. We additionally explored how tendon and its stiffness alters the effects of muscle mass on mass-specific work, mass-specific metabolic cost and efficiency across different muscle sizes. To examine contraction efficiency, we estimated the metabolic cost of the cycles using established cost models. We found that for motor contractions in which the muscle was primarily active during shortening, greater muscle mass resulted in lower contraction efficiency, primarily due to lower mass-specific mechanical work per cycle. The addition of a tendon in series with the mass-enhanced muscle model improved the mass-specific work and efficiency per cycle with greater mass for motor contractions, particularly with a shorter excitation duty cycle, despite higher predicted metabolic cost. The results of this study indicate that muscle mass is an important determinant of whole muscle contraction efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A. Ross
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6
| | - James M. Wakeling
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6
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13
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Couppé C, Svensson RB, Skovlund SV, Jensen JK, Eriksen CS, Malmgaard-Clausen NM, Nybing JD, Kjaer M, Magnusson SP. Habitual side-specific loading leads to structural, mechanical and compositional changes in the patellar tendon of young and senior life-long male athletes. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2021; 131:1187-1199. [PMID: 34382838 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00202.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Effects of life-long physical activity on tendon function have been investigated in cross-sectional studies, but these are at risk of "survivorship" bias. Here, we investigate if life-long side-specific loading is associated with greater cross-sectional area (CSA), mechanical properties, cell density (DNA content) and collagen cross-link composition of the male human patellar tendon (PT), in vivo. Nine seniors and six young male life-long elite badminton players and fencers were included. CSA of the PT obtained by 3-tesla MRI, and ultrasonography-based bilateral PT mechanics were assessed. Collagen fibril characteristics, enzymatic cross-links, non-enzymatic glycation (autofluorescence), collagen and DNA content were measured biochemically in PT biopsies. The elite athletes had a ≥15% side-to-side difference in maximal knee extensor strength, reflecting chronic unilateral sport-specific loading patterns. The PT CSA was greater on the lead extremity compared with the non-lead extremity (17 %, p=0.0001). Furthermore, greater tendon stiffness (18 %, p=0.0404) together with lower tendon stress (22 %, p=0.0005) and tendon strain (18 %, p=0.0433) were observed on the lead extremity. No effects were demonstrated from side-to-side for glycation, enzymatic cross-link, collagen, and DNA content (50%, p=0.1160). Moreover, tendon fibril density was 87±28 fibrils/μm2 on the lead extremity and 68±26 fibrils/μm2 on the non-lead extremity (28%, p=0.0544). Tendon fibril diameter was 86±14 nm on the lead extremity and 94±14 nm on the non-lead extremity (-9%, p=0.1076). These novel data suggest that life-long side-specific loading in males yields greater patellar tendon size and stiffness possibly with concomitant greater fibril density but without changes of collagen cross-link composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Couppé
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospitals, Denmark.,Department of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospitals, Denmark
| | - Rene B Svensson
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospitals, Denmark
| | - Sebastian V Skovlund
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospitals, Denmark.,Department of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospitals, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Janus Damm Nybing
- Department of Radiology, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospitals, Denmark
| | - Michael Kjaer
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospitals, Denmark
| | - S Peter Magnusson
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospitals, Denmark.,Department of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospitals, Denmark
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14
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Dutel H, Gröning F, Sharp AC, Watson PJ, Herrel A, Ross CF, Jones MEH, Evans SE, Fagan MJ. Comparative cranial biomechanics in two lizard species: impact of variation in cranial design. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:jeb.234831. [PMID: 33504585 PMCID: PMC7970069 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.234831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cranial morphology in lepidosaurs is highly disparate and characterised by the frequent loss or reduction of bony elements. In varanids and geckos, the loss of the postorbital bar is associated with changes in skull shape, but the mechanical principles underlying this variation remain poorly understood. Here, we sought to determine how the overall cranial architecture and the presence of the postorbital bar relate to the loading and deformation of the cranial bones during biting in lepidosaurs. Using computer-based simulation techniques, we compared cranial biomechanics in the varanid Varanus niloticus and the teiid Salvator merianae, two large, active foragers. The overall strain magnitude and distribution across the cranium were similar in the two species, despite lower strain gradients in V. niloticus. In S. merianae, the postorbital bar is important for resistance of the cranium to feeding loads. The postorbital ligament, which in varanids partially replaces the postorbital bar, does not affect bone strain. Our results suggest that the reduction of the postorbital bar impaired neither biting performance nor the structural resistance of the cranium to feeding loads in V. niloticus. Differences in bone strain between the two species might reflect demands imposed by feeding and non-feeding functions on cranial shape. Beyond variation in cranial bone strain related to species-specific morphological differences, our results reveal that similar mechanical behaviour is shared by lizards with distinct cranial shapes. Contrary to the situation in mammals, the morphology of the circumorbital region, calvaria and palate appears to be important for withstanding high feeding loads in these lizards. Summary:In vivo measurements and computer-based simulations of the cranial mechanics of two large lizards indicate that similar mechanical behaviour is shared by lizards with distinct cranial architecture, and show the importance of the postorbital bar in resisting the feeding loads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Dutel
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK .,Department of Engineering, Medical and Biological Engineering Research Group, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Flora Gröning
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Alana C Sharp
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK.,Centre for Integrative Anatomy, Research Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Anatomy Building, Gower Street, London, WCIE 6BT, UK
| | - Peter J Watson
- Department of Engineering, Medical and Biological Engineering Research Group, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Anthony Herrel
- UMR 7179 MECADEV, MNHN - CNRS, Département Adaptations du Vivant, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Callum F Ross
- Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, 1027 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Marc E H Jones
- Centre for Integrative Anatomy, Research Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Anatomy Building, Gower Street, London, WCIE 6BT, UK
| | - Susan E Evans
- Centre for Integrative Anatomy, Research Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Anatomy Building, Gower Street, London, WCIE 6BT, UK
| | - Michael J Fagan
- Department of Engineering, Medical and Biological Engineering Research Group, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK
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15
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Firminger CR, Edwards WB. A biomechanical study of clamping technique on patellar tendon surface strain and material properties using digital image correlation. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 113:104156. [PMID: 33125955 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.104156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Several clamping techniques exist for ex vivo mechanical testing of tendon. For the patellar tendon, one can choose to clamp directly to the bony attachment sites, the tendon itself, or a combination of the two; however, the influence of these techniques on localized strains and gross material properties is unknown. To this end, uniaxial tensile tests were performed on eleven porcine patellar tendons in three clamping setups while digital image correlation was used to measure axial and transverse strains, Young's modulus, and Poisson's ratio. The setups involved clamping to: 1) the patella and tibia, 2) the patella and the dissected distal tendon, and 3) the dissected proximal and distal tendon. Axial strains in the tendon-tendon clamping setup were 181% higher than patella-tibia clamping (p = 0.002) and 131% higher than patella-tendon clamping (p = 0.006). Transverse strains were not significantly different between clamping conditions (p ≥ 0.118). Young's modulus was 50% (p < 0.001) greater for patella-tibia clamping and 42% (p < 0.001) greater for patella-tendon clamping when compared to tendon-tendon clamping. For all clamping setups, the tendon illustrated auxetic behaviour (i.e., negative Poisson's ratio); however, the Poisson's ratios were 80% smaller in the patella-tibia setup (p = 0.006) and 71% smaller patella-tendon setup (p = 0.007) compared to the tendon-tendon setup. These results illustrate that discretion should be utilized when reporting material properties derived from mechanical tests involving direct clamping to the dissected patellar tendon at both ends, as this clamping technique significantly increases axial strains, reduces Young's modulus, and alters the tendon's natural auxetic behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin R Firminger
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Canada; Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, Canada; McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Canada.
| | - W Brent Edwards
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Canada; Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, Canada; McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Canada
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16
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Marcucci L, Reggiani C. Increase of resting muscle stiffness, a less considered component of age-related skeletal muscle impairment. Eur J Transl Myol 2020. [DOI: 10.4081/ejtm.2020.8982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Elderly people perform more slowly movements of everyday life as rising from a chair, walking, and climbing stairs. This is in the first place due to the loss of muscle contractile force which is even more pronounced than the loss of muscle mass. In addition, a secondary, but not negligible, component is the rigidity or increased stiffness which requires greater effort to produce the same movement and limits the range of motion of the joints. In this short review, we discuss the possible determinants of the limitations of joint mobility in healthy elderly, starting with the age-dependent alterations of the articular structure and focusing on the increased stiffness of the skeletal muscles. Thereafter, the possible mechanisms of the increased stiffness of the muscle-tendon complex are considered, among them changes in the muscle fibers, alterations of the connective components (extracellular matrix or ECM, aponeurosis, fascia and tendon) and remodeling of the neural pattern of muscle activation with increased of antagonist co-activation.
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17
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Marcucci L, Reggiani C. Increase of resting muscle stiffness, a less considered component of age-related skeletal muscle impairment. Eur J Transl Myol 2020; 30:8982. [PMID: 32782762 PMCID: PMC7385684 DOI: 10.4081/ejtm.2019.8982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Elderly people perform more slowly movements of everyday life as rising from a chair, walking, and climbing stairs. This is in the first place due to the loss of muscle contractile force which is even more pronounced than the loss of muscle mass. In addition, a secondary, but not negligible, component is the rigidity or increased stiffness which requires greater effort to produce the same movement and limits the range of motion of the joints. In this short review, we discuss the possible determinants of the limitations of joint mobility in healthy elderly, starting with the age-dependent alterations of the articular structure and focusing on the increased stiffness of the skeletal muscles. Thereafter, the possible mechanisms of the increased stiffness of the muscle-tendon complex are considered, among them changes in the muscle fibers, alterations of the connective tissue components, i.e., extracellular matrix (ECM), aponeurosis, tendon and fascia, and remodeling of the neural pattern of muscle activation that increases antagonist co-activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Marcucci
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Padova University, Padova, Italy.,Center for Mechanics of Biological Materials, Padova University, Padova, Italy.,Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, RIKEN, Suita, Osaka, 565-0874, Japan
| | - Carlo Reggiani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Padova University, Padova, Italy.,Center for Mechanics of Biological Materials, Padova University, Padova, Italy.,Science and Research Centre Koper, Institute for Kinesiology Research, Koper, Slovenia
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18
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Sprague AL, Awokuse D, Pohlig RT, Cortes DH, Silbernagel KG. Relationship between mechanical properties (shear modulus and viscosity), age, and sex in uninjured Achilles tendons. TRANSLATIONAL SPORTS MEDICINE 2020; 3:321-327. [PMID: 33196016 DOI: 10.1002/tsm2.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Tendon mechanical properties have been proposed as a biomarker of tendon health to track response to injury and treatment. Prior to utilizing these properties in an injured population, it is critical to understand how these are influenced by age and sex in an uninjured population. A retrospective analysis was conducted of 118 uninjured Achilles tendons to evaluate the relationship between tendon mechanical properties, age and sex. Mechanical properties (shear modulus and viscosity) were assessed using continuous shear wave elastography. A moderator regression analysis was completed to examine the relationship between tendon mechanical properties, age and sex, after adjusting for body mass index and physical activity level. There was an interaction between age and sex for shear modulus (p=0.049, R2 change=0.034). Females had a negative relationship between age and shear modulus (p=0.030, β=-0.350) but no relationship was observed for males (p=0.78, β=0.031). A positive relationship was found between age and viscosity (p=0.034, β=0.214). Increased viscosity was related to increased age with no difference between sexes. The effect of aging on shear modulus differed between men and women and may help explain sex specific injury risks and their differing response to mechanical load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew L Sprague
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE.,Department of Biomechanics and Movement Science, University of Delaware, Newark, DE
| | - Daniel Awokuse
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE
| | - Ryan T Pohlig
- College of Health Sciences, Biostatistics Core Facility, University of Delaware, Newark, DE
| | - Daniel H Cortes
- Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, Penn State University, State College, PA
| | - Karin Grävare Silbernagel
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE.,Department of Biomechanics and Movement Science, University of Delaware, Newark, DE
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19
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Channon SB, Young IS, Cordner B, Swann N. Ontogenetic scaling of pelvic limb muscles, tendons and locomotor economy in the ostrich ( Struthio camelus). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 222:jeb.182741. [PMID: 31350301 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.182741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
In rapidly growing animals there are numerous selective pressures and developmental constraints underpinning the ontogenetic development of muscle-tendon morphology and mechanical properties. Muscle force generating capacity, tendon stiffness, elastic energy storage capacity and efficiency were calculated from muscle and tendon morphological parameters and in vitro tendon mechanical properties obtained from a growth series of ostrich cadavers. Ontogenetic scaling relationships were established using reduced major axis regression analysis. Ostrich pelvic limb muscle mass and cross-sectional area broadly scaled with positive allometry, indicating maintained or relatively greater capacity for maximum isometric force generation in larger animals. The length of distal limb tendons was found to scale with positive allometry in several tendons associated with antigravity support and elastic energy storage during locomotion. Distal limb tendon stiffness scaled with negative allometry with respect to body mass, with tendons being relatively more compliant in larger birds. Tendon material properties also appeared to be size-dependent, suggesting that the relative increased compliance of tendons in larger ostriches is due in part to compensatory distortions in tendon material properties during maturation and development, not simply from ontogenetic changes in tendon geometry. Our results suggest that the previously reported increase in locomotor economy through ontogeny in the ostrich is due to greater potential for elastic energy storage with increasing body size. In fact, the rate of this increase may be somewhat greater than the conservative predictions of previous studies, thus illustrating the biological importance of elastic tendon structures in adult ostriches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah B Channon
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK
| | - Iain S Young
- Institute of Integrative Biology, Department of Functional and Comparative Genomics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Beckie Cordner
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK
| | - Nicola Swann
- Nicola Swann, Department of Applied and Human Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Computing, Kingston University London, Kingston-on-Thames KT1 2EE, UK
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20
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Li Y, Dai G, Shi L, Lin Y, Chen M, Li G, Rui Y. The Potential Roles of Tendon Stem/Progenitor Cells in Tendon Aging. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 14:34-42. [PMID: 30332976 DOI: 10.2174/1574888x13666181017112233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Aging is a key dangerous factor for the occurrence and severity of tendon injury, but the exact cognition of the relationship is elusive at present. More previous studies suggest age-related changes occur at tendon mechanical properties, structure and composition, but the pathological alternations may be overlooked, which might be a cause for the structure and function variations, and even speed up the progress of age-related disorders. Recently, the presence of tendon stem/progenitor cells (TSPCs) would provide new insights for the pathogenesis of tendon aging. In this review, the tendon mechanical properties, structure and composition are presented in brief, then, the pathological changes of the aging tendon are described firstly, and the latest researches on alterations of TSPCs in the pathogenesis of tendon aging have also been analyzed. At a cellular level, the hypothetical model of altered TSPCs fate for tendon aging is also proposed. Moreover, the regulation of TSPCs as a potential way of the therapies for age-related tendon diseases is discussed. Therefore, reversing the impaired function of TSPCs and promoting the tenogenic differentiation of TSPCs could become hot spots for further study and give the opportunity to establish new treatment strategies for age-related tendon injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjuan Li
- Department of Geriatrics, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, 87 Ding Jia Qiao, Nanjing 210009, China.,School of Medicine, Southeast University, N0.87 Ding Jia Qiao, Nanjing 210009, China.,China Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Group, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, China
| | - Guangchun Dai
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, N0.87 Ding Jia Qiao, Nanjing 210009, China.,Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, NO.87 Ding Jia Qiao, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China.,Orthopaedic Trauma Institute, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China.,Trauma Center, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, No. 87 Ding Jia Qiao, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China
| | - Liu Shi
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, NO.87 Ding Jia Qiao, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China.,Orthopaedic Trauma Institute, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China.,Trauma Center, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, No. 87 Ding Jia Qiao, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China.,Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.,Program of Stem Cell and Regeneration, School of Biomedical Science, and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Yucheng Lin
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, NO.87 Ding Jia Qiao, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China.,Orthopaedic Trauma Institute, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China.,Trauma Center, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, No. 87 Ding Jia Qiao, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China
| | - Minhao Chen
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, N0.87 Ding Jia Qiao, Nanjing 210009, China.,Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, NO.87 Ding Jia Qiao, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China.,Orthopaedic Trauma Institute, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China.,Trauma Center, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, No. 87 Ding Jia Qiao, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.,Program of Stem Cell and Regeneration, School of Biomedical Science, and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Yunfeng Rui
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, N0.87 Ding Jia Qiao, Nanjing 210009, China.,China Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Group, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, China.,Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, NO.87 Ding Jia Qiao, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China.,Orthopaedic Trauma Institute, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China.,Trauma Center, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, No. 87 Ding Jia Qiao, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China
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21
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Sevick JL, Abusara Z, Andrews SH, Xu M, Khurshid S, Chatha J, Hart DA, Shrive NG. Fibril deformation under load of the rabbit Achilles tendon and medial collateral ligament femoral entheses. J Orthop Res 2018; 36:2506-2515. [PMID: 29637610 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Microscopic visualization under load of the region connecting ligaments/tendons to bone, the enthesis, has been performed previously; however, specific investigation of individual fibril deformation may add insight to such studies. Detailed visualization of fibril deformation would inform on the mechanical strategies employed by this tissue in connecting two mechanically disparate materials. Clinically, an improved understanding of enthesis mechanics may help guide future restorative efforts for torn or injured ligaments/tendons, where the enthesis is often a point of weakness. In this study, a custom ligament/tendon enthesis loading device was designed and built, a unique method of sample preparation was devised, and second harmonic and two-photon fluorescence microscopy were used to capture the fibril-level load response of the rabbit Achilles tendon and medial collateral ligament femoral entheses. A focus was given to investigation of the mechanical problem of fibril embedment. Resultant images indicate a rapid (occurring over approximately 60 μm) change in fibril orientation at the interface of ligament/tendon and calcified fibrocartilage early in the loading regime, before becoming relatively constant. Such a change in fibril angle helps confirm the materially graded region demonstrated by others, while, in this case, providing additional insight into fibril bending. We speculate that the scale of the mechanical problem (i.e., fibril diameters being on the order of 250 nm) allows fibrils to bend over the small (relative to the imaging field of view, but large relative to fibril diameter) distances observed; thus, potentially lessening required embedment lengths. Nevertheless, this behavior merits further investigation to be confirmed. © 2018 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:2506-2515, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnathan L Sevick
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ziad Abusara
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Faculty of Kinesiology, Human Performance Laboratory, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Stephen H Andrews
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Minjia Xu
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Saad Khurshid
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Civil Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jansher Chatha
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Civil Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - David A Hart
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nigel G Shrive
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Civil Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Magnusson SP, Kjaer M. The impact of loading, unloading, ageing and injury on the human tendon. J Physiol 2018; 597:1283-1298. [PMID: 29920664 DOI: 10.1113/jp275450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A tendon transfers force from the contracting muscle to the skeletal system to produce movement and is therefore a crucial component of the entire muscle-tendon complex and its function. However, tendon research has for some time focused on mechanical properties without any major appreciation of potential cellular and molecular changes. At the same time, methodological developments have permitted determination of the mechanical properties of human tendons in vivo, which was previously not possible. Here we review the current understanding of how tendons respond to loading, unloading, ageing and injury from cellular, molecular and mechanical points of view. A mechanistic understanding of tendon tissue adaptation will be vital for development of adequate guidelines in physical training and rehabilitation, as well as for optimal injury treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Peter Magnusson
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, NV.,Department of Physical and Occupational Therapy Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, NV.,Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Michael Kjaer
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, NV.,Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
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Hohmann E, Keough N, Glatt V, Tetsworth K, Putz R, Imhoff A. The mechanical properties of fresh versus fresh/frozen and preserved (Thiel and Formalin) long head of biceps tendons: A cadaveric investigation. Ann Anat 2018; 221:186-191. [PMID: 29879483 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Human cadaveric specimens commonly serve as mechanical models and as biological tissue donors in basic biomechanical research. Although these models are used to explain both in vitro and in vivo behavior, the question still remains whether the specimens employed reflect the normal in vivo situation. The mechanical properties of fresh-frozen or preserved cadavers may differ, and whether they can be used to reliably investigate pathology could be debated. The purpose of this study was to therefore examine the mechanical properties of cadaveric long biceps tendons, comparing fresh (n=7) with fresh-frozen (n=8), formalin embalmed (n=15), and Thiel-preserved (n=6) specimens using a Universal Testing Machine. The modulus of elasticity and the ultimate tensile strength to failure was recorded. Tensile failure occurred at an average of 12N/mm2 in the fresh group, increasing to 40.1N/mm2 in the fresh-frozen group, 50.3N/mm2 in the formalin group, and 52N/mm2 in the Thiel group. The modulus of elasticity/stiffness of the tendon increased from fresh (25.6MPa), to fresh-frozen (55.3MPa), to Thiel (82.5MPa), with the stiffest being formalin (510.6MPa). Thiel-preserved and formalin-embalmed long head of biceps tendons and fresh-frozen tendons have a similar load to failure. Either the Thiel or formalin preserved tendon could therefore be considered as alternatives for load to failure studies. However, the Young's modulus of embalmed tendons were significantly stiffer than fresh or fresh frozen specimens, and these methods might be less suitable alternatives when viscoelastic properties are being investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Hohmann
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa; Valiant Clinic, Houston Methodist Group.
| | - Natalie Keough
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Vaida Glatt
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Kevin Tetsworth
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Herston, Australia; Orthopaedic Research Centre of Australia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Reinhard Putz
- Institute of Anatomy, Ludwig-Maximilian-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Imhoff
- Department of Orthopaedic Sports Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Germany
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Svensson RB, Smith ST, Moyer PJ, Magnusson SP. Effects of maturation and advanced glycation on tensile mechanics of collagen fibrils from rat tail and Achilles tendons. Acta Biomater 2018; 70:270-280. [PMID: 29447959 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Connective tissues are ubiquitous throughout the body and consequently affect the function of many organs. In load bearing connective tissues like tendon, the mechanical functionality is provided almost exclusively by collagen fibrils that in turn are stabilized by covalent cross-links. Functionally distinct tendons display different cross-link patterns, which also change with maturation, but these differences have not been studied in detail at the fibril level. In the present study, a custom built nanomechanical test platform was designed and fabricated to measure tensile mechanics of individual fibrils from rat tendons. The influence of animal maturity (4 vs. 16 week old rats) and functionally different tendons (tail vs. Achilles tendons) were examined. Additionally the effect of methylglyoxal (MG) treatment in vitro to form advanced glycation end products (AGEs) was investigated. Age and tissue type had no significant effect on fibril mechanics, but MG treatment increased strength and stiffness without inducing brittleness and gave rise to a distinct three-phase mechanical response corroborating that previously reported in human patellar tendon fibrils. That age and tissue had little mechanical effect, tentatively suggest that variations in enzymatic cross-links may play a minor role after initial tissue formation. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Tendons are connective tissues that connect muscle to bone and carry some of the greatest mechanical loads in the body, which makes them common sites of injury. A tendon is essentially a biological rope formed by thin strands called fibrils made of the protein collagen. Tendon function relies on the strength of these fibrils, which in turn depends on naturally occurring cross-links between collagen molecules, but the mechanical influence of these cross-links have not been measured before. It is believed that beneficial cross-linking occurs with maturation while additional cross-linking with aging may lead to brittleness, but this study provides evidence that maturation has little effect on mechanical function and that age-related cross-linking does not result in brittle collagen fibrils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rene B Svensson
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Stuart T Smith
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Engineering Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Patrick J Moyer
- Department of Physics and Optical Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - S Peter Magnusson
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation Research Unit, Bispebjerg Hospital, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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25
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Barin FR, Durigan JLQ, Oliveira KDS, Migliolo L, Almeida JA, Carvalho M, Petriz B, Selistre-de-Araujo HS, Fontes W, Franco OL, Marqueti RDC. Beneficial effects of resistance training on the protein profile of the calcaneal tendon during aging. Exp Gerontol 2017; 100:54-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2017.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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A cross-sectional study on the mechanical properties of the Achilles tendon with growth. Eur J Appl Physiol 2017; 118:185-194. [PMID: 29177722 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-017-3760-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to elucidate growth pattern of mechanical properties of the Achilles tendon and to examine if imbalance between growth of bone and muscle-tendon unit occurs during adolescence. METHODS Fourteen elementary school boys, 30 junior high school boys, 20 high school boys and 15 male adults participated in this study. Based on estimated age at peak height velocity (PHV), junior high school boys were separated into two groups (before or after PHV). An ultrasonography technique was used to determine the length, cross-sectional area, stiffness and Young's modulus of Achilles tendon. In addition, the maximum strain in "toe region" (strainTP) was determined to describe the balance between growth of bone and muscle-tendon unit. RESULTS No group difference was observed in length, cross-sectional area and strainTP among the groups. However, stiffness and Young's modulus in after PHV groups were significantly higher than those of elementary school boys and before PHV groups (p ≤ 0.05). CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that mechanical properties of Achilles tendon change dramatically at and/or around PHV to increased stiffness. The widely believed assumption that muscle-tendon unit is passively stretched due to rapid bone growth in adolescence is not supported.
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Svensson RB, Heinemeier KM, Couppé C, Kjaer M, Magnusson SP. Effect of aging and exercise on the tendon. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2016; 121:1237-1246. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00328.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we review the literature on how tendons respond and adapt to ageing and exercise. With respect to aging, there are considerable changes early in life, but this seems to be maturation rather than aging per se. In vitro data indicate that aging is associated with a decreased potential for cell proliferation and a reduction in the number of stem/progenitor-like cells. Further, there is persuasive evidence that turnover in the core of the tendon after maturity is very slow or absent. Tendon fibril diameter, collagen content, and whole tendon size appear to be largely unchanged with aging, while glycation-derived cross-links increase substantially. Mechanically, aging appears to be associated with a reduction in modulus and strength. With respect to exercise, tendon cells respond by producing growth factors, and there is some support for a loading-induced increase in tendon collagen synthesis in humans, which likely reflects synthesis at the very periphery of the tendon rather than the core. Average collagen fibril diameter is largely unaffected by exercise, while there can be some hypertrophy of the whole tendon. In addition, it seems that resistance training can yield increased stiffness and modulus of the tendon and may reduce the amount of glycation. Exercise thereby tends to counteract the effects of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rene B. Svensson
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Bispebjerg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Katja Maria Heinemeier
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Bispebjerg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; and
| | - Christian Couppé
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Bispebjerg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
- Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation Research Unit, Bispebjerg Hospital, Denmark
| | - Michael Kjaer
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Bispebjerg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; and
| | - S. Peter Magnusson
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Bispebjerg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; and
- Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation Research Unit, Bispebjerg Hospital, Denmark
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Danos N, Holt NC, Sawicki GS, Azizi E. Modeling age-related changes in muscle-tendon dynamics during cyclical contractions in the rat gastrocnemius. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2016; 121:1004-1012. [PMID: 27493196 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00396.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient muscle-tendon performance during cyclical tasks is dependent on both active and passive mechanical tissue properties. Here we examine whether age-related changes in the properties of muscle-tendon units (MTUs) compromise their ability to do work and utilize elastic energy storage. We empirically quantified passive and active properties of the medial gastrocnemius muscle and material properties of the Achilles tendon in young (∼6 mo) and old (∼32 mo) rats. We then used these properties in computer simulations of a Hill-type muscle model operating in series with a Hookean spring. The modeled MTU was driven through sinusoidal length changes and activated at a phase that optimized muscle-tendon tuning to assess the relative contributions of active and passive elements to the force and work in each cycle. In physiologically realistic simulations where young and old MTUs started at similar passive forces and developed similar active forces, the capacity of old MTUs to store elastic energy and produce positive work was compromised. These results suggest that the observed increase in the metabolic cost of locomotion with aging may be in part due to the recruitment of additional muscles to compensate for the reduced work at the primary MTU. Furthermore, the age-related increases in passive stiffness coupled with a reduced active force capacity in the muscle can lead to shifts in the force-length and force-velocity operating range that may significantly impact mechanical and metabolic performance. Our study emphasizes the importance of the interplay between muscle and tendon mechanical properties in shaping MTU performance during cyclical contractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Danos
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California; and
| | - Natalie C Holt
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California; and
| | - Gregory S Sawicki
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University and University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Emanuel Azizi
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California; and
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Collagen Homeostasis and Metabolism. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 920:11-25. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-33943-6_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Yamamoto Y, Yamaguchi S, Sasho T, Fukawa T, Akatsu Y, Nagashima K, Takahashi K. Quantitative Ultrasound Elastography With an Acoustic Coupler for Achilles Tendon Elasticity: Measurement Repeatability and Normative Values. JOURNAL OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE 2016; 35:159-166. [PMID: 26657752 DOI: 10.7863/ultra.14.11042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purposes of this study were to measure intraobserver and interobserver repeatability of quantitative elastography using an acoustic coupler for the Achilles tendon, to compare elastographic values among different age groups, and to assess the correlation between quantitative and conventional qualitative measurements. METHODS One hundred asymptomatic Achilles tendons of 50 volunteers were examined. For quantitative elastography, the strain value of the tendon was divided by that of the acoustic coupler with a known Young modulus, and the strain ratio was calculated. B-mode image assessment and qualitative elastography were also performed. Intraobserver repeatability and interobserver repeatability of strain ratio measurements were calculated. The strain ratios were compared among age groups by the Kruskal-Wallis test. Additionally, strain ratios for each B-mode grade and qualitative elastographic grade were compared by the Wilcoxon signed rank test. RESULTS Intraobserver repeatability intraclass correlation coefficient (1, 3) values were 0.87 and 0.93, respectively. The correlation coefficient between the observers' measurements was 0.61. The strain ratio for the 30s age group was 0.27, which was significantly lower than the values for the other age groups (P < .001). Although 97 of 100 tendons were normal on B-mode evaluations, 36 of the 97 tendons were degenerated on qualitative elastography and also had higher strain ratio values than normal tendons. CONCLUSIONS Quantitative elastography using an acoustic coupler is a reproducible technique for measuring the elasticity of the Achilles tendon. It may detect early tendon degeneration that is not depicted on B-mode imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Yamamoto
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan (Y.Y., S.Y., T.S., T.F., Y.A., K.T.); and Clinical Research Center, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan (K.N.)
| | - Satoshi Yamaguchi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan (Y.Y., S.Y., T.S., T.F., Y.A., K.T.); and Clinical Research Center, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan (K.N.).
| | - Takahisa Sasho
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan (Y.Y., S.Y., T.S., T.F., Y.A., K.T.); and Clinical Research Center, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan (K.N.)
| | - Taisuke Fukawa
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan (Y.Y., S.Y., T.S., T.F., Y.A., K.T.); and Clinical Research Center, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan (K.N.)
| | - Yorikazu Akatsu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan (Y.Y., S.Y., T.S., T.F., Y.A., K.T.); and Clinical Research Center, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan (K.N.)
| | - Kengo Nagashima
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan (Y.Y., S.Y., T.S., T.F., Y.A., K.T.); and Clinical Research Center, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan (K.N.)
| | - Kazuhisa Takahashi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan (Y.Y., S.Y., T.S., T.F., Y.A., K.T.); and Clinical Research Center, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan (K.N.)
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Hsiao MY, Chen YC, Lin CY, Chen WS, Wang TG. Reduced Patellar Tendon Elasticity with Aging: In Vivo Assessment by Shear Wave Elastography. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2015; 41:2899-2905. [PMID: 26304500 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2015.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
How aging affects the elasticity of tendons has long been debated, partly because of the limited methods for in vivo evaluation, which differ vastly from those for in vitro animal studies. In this study, we tested the reliability of shear wave elastography (SWE) in the evaluation of patellar tendons and their change in elasticity with age. We recruited 62 healthy participants in three age groups: 20-30 years (group 1), 40-50 years (group 2) and 60-70 years (group 3). Shear wave velocity and elastic modulus were measured at the proximal, middle and distal areas of the patellar tendon. Reliability was excellent at the middle area and fair to good at both ends. Compared with the other groups, group 3 had significantly decreased elastic modulus and shear wave velocity values (p ≤ 0.001 vs. group 1 or 2), with significant increased side-to-side differences. SWE may be valuable in detecting aging tendons before visible abnormalities are observed on B-mode ultrasonography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Yen Hsiao
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, National Taiwan University Hospital Bei-Hu Branch and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ching Chen
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Che-Yu Lin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Shian Chen
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Tyng-Guey Wang
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei City, Taiwan.
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Exercise and Regulation of Bone and Collagen Tissue Biology. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2015; 135:259-91. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2015.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Svensson RB, Couppé C, Magnusson SP. Mechanical Properties of the Aging Tendon. ENGINEERING MATERIALS AND PROCESSES 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-03970-1_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Growth Changes in Morphological and Mechanical Properties of Human Patellar Tendon in Vivo. J Appl Biomech 2014; 30:415-22. [DOI: 10.1123/jab.2013-0220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare the morphological and mechanical properties of the human patellar tendon among elementary school children (prepubertal), junior high school students (pubertal), and adults. Twenty-one elementary school children, 18 junior high school students, and 22 adults participated in this study. The maximal strain, stiffness, Young’s modulus, hysteresis, and cross-sectional area of the patellar tendon were measured using ultrasonography. No significant difference was observed in the relative length (to thigh length) or cross-sectional area (to body mass2/3) of the patellar tendon among the three groups. Stiffness and Young’s modulus were significantly lower in elementary school children than in the other groups, while no significant differences were observed between junior high school students and adults. No significant differences were observed in maximal strain or hysteresis among the three groups. These results suggest that the material property (Young’s modulus) of the patellar tendons of elementary school children was lower than that of the other groups, whereas that of junior high school students was already similar to that of adults. In addition, no significant differences were observed in the extensibility (maximal strain) or viscosity (hysteresis) of the patellar tendon among the three groups.
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Kubo K, Teshima T, Ikebukuro T, Hirose N, Tsunoda N. Tendon properties and muscle architecture for knee extensors and plantar flexors in boys and men. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2014; 29:506-11. [PMID: 24768224 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to compare the elastic properties and size of tendinous structures and muscle architecture for knee extensors and plantar flexors in boys and men. METHODS Twenty-two early pubescent boys (9.6-12.7yrs) and 23 young adult men (19.8-26.2yrs) participated in this study. The maximal strain and thickness of tendinous structures for knee extensors and plantar flexors were measured using ultrasonography. In addition, the fascicle lengths of vastus lateralis and medial gastrocnemius muscles were measured. FINDINGS The maximal strain of tendinous structures for plantar flexors was significantly greater in boys than in men, while there was no difference in the maximal strain for knee extensors between the two groups. The relative thickness (to body mass(1/3)) of Achilles tendon was significantly greater in boys than in men, although there was no difference in that of patellar tendon between the two groups. The relative fascicle length (to limb length) of vastus lateralis muscle was significantly lower in boys than in men, although there was no difference in that of medial gastrocnemius muscle between the two groups. INTERPRETATION These results suggest that the amount of changes in the elastic properties and sizes of tendinous structures and in the fascicle lengths from early pubescence to maturity is different for different muscle groups (in particular, the knee extensors and the plantar flexors).
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Affiliation(s)
- Keitaro Kubo
- Department of Life Science, University of Tokyo, Meguro, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Takanori Teshima
- Department of Physical Education, Kokushikan University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Norikazu Hirose
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Naoya Tsunoda
- Department of Physical Education, Kokushikan University, Tokyo, Japan
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Couppé C, Svensson RB, Grosset JF, Kovanen V, Nielsen RH, Olsen MR, Larsen JO, Praet SFE, Skovgaard D, Hansen M, Aagaard P, Kjaer M, Magnusson SP. Life-long endurance running is associated with reduced glycation and mechanical stress in connective tissue. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 36:9665. [PMID: 24997017 PMCID: PMC4150896 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-014-9665-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Life-long regular endurance exercise is known to counteract the deterioration of cardiovascular and metabolic function and overall mortality. Yet it remains unknown if life-long regular endurance exercise can influence the connective tissue accumulation of advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) that is associated with aging and lifestyle-related diseases. We therefore examined two groups of healthy elderly men: 15 master athletes (64 ± 4 years) who had been engaged in life-long endurance running and 12 old untrained (66 ± 4 years) together with two groups of healthy young men; ten young athletes matched for running distance (26 ± 4 years), and 12 young untrained (24 ± 3 years). AGE cross-links (pentosidine) of the patellar tendon were measured biochemically, and in the skin, it was assessed by a fluorometric method. In addition, we determined mechanical properties and microstructure of the patellar tendon. Life-long regular endurance runners (master athletes) had a 21 % lower AGE cross-link density compared to old untrained. Furthermore, both master athletes and young athletes displayed a thicker patellar tendon. These cross-sectional data suggest that life-long regular endurance running can partly counteract the aging process in connective tissue by reducing age-related accumulation of AGEs. This may not only benefit skin and tendon but also other long-lived protein tissues in the body. Furthermore, it appears that endurance running yields tendon tissue hypertrophy that may serve to lower the stress on the tendon and thereby reduce the risk of injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Couppé
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Bldg. 8, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, DK-2400, Copenhagen, NV, Denmark,
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Lambertz D, Pérot C, Canon F, Dantas MLM, Manhães-de-Castro R, Ferraz KM. Influence of muscle activity on musculotendinous stiffness quantification in stunted, prepubertal children. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2013; 23:1052-6. [PMID: 23932796 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2013.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The quick-release technique to estimate musculotendinous (MT) stiffness has been extensively used over the last years, in both animals and humans, to gain insights in the adaptive process of the series elastic component (SEC). Recently, MT stiffness quantification, i.e., SEC behavior, has been revisited for subjects not able to fully activate their muscles (effects of long-term spaceflight or non-mature muscles). Such a phenomenon can also be encountered in stunted children. So, the aim of the present study was to analyze the effect of stunting on MT stiffness taking into account possible defect in muscle activation. For this study, 20 eutrophic children (EU) with an average age of 9years±4months were compared to 11age matched stunted children (S) evaluated by the height-to-age index. The MT stiffness index was obtained with regard to stiffness-torque and stiffness-soleus EMG relationships. The children of the S group presented a significantly lower Maximal Voluntary Contraction (MVC) in plantar flexion in comparison with children of the EU group (-37.8%). The significantly lower MT stiffness index for S children (-42.6%) was evidenced only when quantified with regard to the stiffness-soleus EMG relationship (66.5±42.8 vs. 38.2±19.9 Nmrad(-1)%(-1)). Possible delay in fiber type differentiation or tendinous structure maturation can account for the lower MT stiffness index in S children. In conclusion, stunting during early childhood delays the differentiation and maturation processes of musculotendinous structures as shown by the lower MT stiffness quantified with regards to muscle activity, also altered for stunted prepubertal children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Lambertz
- Departamento de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Brazil; Professor Visitante Estrangeiro (PVE)-CAPES, Brazil.
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Hartmann H, Wirth K, Klusemann M. Analysis of the Load on the Knee Joint and Vertebral Column with Changes in Squatting Depth and Weight Load. Sports Med 2013; 43:993-1008. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-013-0073-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Mogi Y, Torii S, Kawakami Y, Yanai T. Morphological and mechanical properties of the Achilles tendon in adolescent boys. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.7600/jspfsm.62.303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Maffulli N, Del Buono A, Spiezia F, Longo UG, Denaro V. Light microscopic histology of quadriceps tendon ruptures. INTERNATIONAL ORTHOPAEDICS 2012; 36:2367-71. [PMID: 22878910 PMCID: PMC3479299 DOI: 10.1007/s00264-012-1637-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess histological changes and possible differences in the quadriceps of patients undergoing open repair of the tendon after spontaneous rupture, and subjects with no history of tendon pathology. MATERIALS Biopsies were harvested from the quadriceps tendon of 46 patients (34 men, 12 women) who had reported unilateral atraumatic quadriceps tendon rupture and had undergone surgical repair of the tendon. Samples were also harvested from both the tendons in 11 (N = 11 × 2) patients, nine males and two females, dying from cardiovascular disorders. For each tendon, three slides were randomly selected and examined under light microscopy, and assessed using a semiquantitative grading scale (range 0-21) which considers fibre structure, fibre arrangement, rounding of the nuclei, regional variations in cellularity, increased vascularity, decreased collagen stainability, and hyalinisation. RESULTS The pathological sum-score averaged 19.2 ± 3.7 in ruptured tendons and 5.6 ± 2.0 in controls, and all variables considered were significantly different between the two groups, showing an association between tendon abnormalities and rupture (0.05 < P < 0.001). CONCLUSION This study confirms that the presence of histological degenerative changes in torn quadriceps tendons increases the risk of rupture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Maffulli
- Centre for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Mile End Hospital, 275 Bancroft Road, London E1 4DG, England, UK.
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Matson A, Konow N, Miller S, Konow PP, Roberts TJ. Tendon material properties vary and are interdependent among turkey hindlimb muscles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 215:3552-8. [PMID: 22771746 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.072728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The material properties of a tendon affect its ability to store and return elastic energy, resist damage, provide mechanical feedback and amplify or attenuate muscle power. While the structural properties of a tendon are known to respond to a variety of stimuli, the extent to which material properties vary among individual muscles remains unclear. We studied the tendons of six different muscles in the hindlimb of Eastern wild turkeys to determine whether there was variation in elastic modulus, ultimate tensile strength and resilience. A hydraulic testing machine was used to measure tendon force during quasi-static lengthening, and a stress-strain curve was constructed. There was substantial variation in tendon material properties among different muscles. Average elastic modulus differed significantly between some tendons, and values for the six different tendons varied nearly twofold, from 829±140 to 1479±106 MPa. Tendons were stretched to failure, and the stress at failure, or ultimate tensile stress, was taken as a lower-limit estimate of tendon strength. Breaking tests for four of the tendons revealed significant variation in ultimate tensile stress, ranging from 66.83±14.34 to 112.37±9.39 MPa. Resilience, or the fraction of energy returned in cyclic length changes was generally high, and one of the four tendons tested was significantly different in resilience from the other tendons (range: 90.65±0.83 to 94.02±0.71%). An analysis of correlation between material properties revealed a positive relationship between ultimate tensile strength and elastic modulus (r(2)=0.79). Specifically, stiffer tendons were stronger, and we suggest that this correlation results from a constrained value of breaking strain, which did not vary significantly among tendons. This finding suggests an interdependence of material properties that may have a structural basis and may explain some adaptive responses observed in studies of tendon plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Matson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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Paiva MDG, Souza TOL, Canon F, Pérot C, Xavier LCC, Ferraz KM, Osório MM, Manhães-de-Castro R, Lambertz D. Stunting delays maturation of triceps surae mechanical properties and motor performance in prepubertal children. Eur J Appl Physiol 2012; 112:4053-61. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-012-2387-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 03/15/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Buschmann J, Müller A, Feldman K, Tervoort TA, Fessel G, Snedeker JG, Giovanoli P, Calcagni M. Small hook thread (Quill) and soft felt internal splint to increase the primary repair strength of lacerated rabbit Achilles tendons: biomechanical analysis and considerations for hand surgery. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2011; 26:626-31. [PMID: 21376437 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2011.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Revised: 02/02/2011] [Accepted: 02/03/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND For the prevention of re-rupture during early healing phase, the primary repair strength of repaired lacerated tendons in hand surgery should be maximal and the reconstructed diameter minimal. Two new repair methods (small hook thread and internal splint) were assessed for strength and reconstructed diameter characteristics. METHODS Achilles tendons of 43 female New Zealand White rabbits were sectioned 2 cm above the calcaneus. Specimens were divided into 7 groups and repaired as follows: Kirchmayr method 2-strand with 4.0 polypropylene thread; Becker method 4-strand; 6-strand; internal splint; Kirchmayr method small hook 2-strand; Becker method small hook 4-strand, non-modified tendon. Load until failure, load until gap formation, gap length, cross-sectional area and failure stress were determined. FINDINGS The small hook 2-strand suture had 1.3 fold higher loads until failure compared to a conventional 2-strand suture, P<0.05. The internal splint had a similar load until failure (22 N (SD 6)) as the conventional 2-strand suture (23 N (SD 4)); around half the load until failure of the conventional 4-strand suture (38 N (SD 9)). Load until gap formation correlated positively with load until failure (y=0.65+3.6; r(2)=0.72). The running suture increased the cross-sectional area at the repair site by a factor of 1.3. INTERPRETATION Using a small hook thread instead of a 4.0 polypropylene thread significantly increases the primary repair strength with the same number of strands. Internal splints may be an alternative to conventional 2-strand sutures for bridging large gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Buschmann
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Sternwartstrasse 14, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Biomechanical properties of the triceps surae muscle-tendon unit in young and postmenopausal women. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2011; 26:523-8. [PMID: 21277053 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2010.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2010] [Revised: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insufficient and excessive stiffness may increase the risk of soft tissue and bone injuries, respectively, while the resonance frequency seems to be related with energy expenditure and stiffness. With aging and menopause muscle weakness, physical fragility and mobility limitations are also expected. Therefore this study addresses the differences of biomechanical properties of the triceps surae muscle-tendon unit between young and postmenopausal women. METHODS 39 young and 37 postmenopausal women participated. The biomechanical properties of the triceps surae muscle-tendon unit were assessed in vivo using a free oscillation technique involving 30% of the maximal voluntary isometric contraction load. FINDINGS The postmenopausal women in this study show significant higher values in the damped natural frequency of oscillation (young 3.84Hz vs. postmenopausal 4.68Hz, P<0.001), muscle-tendon unit stiffness (young 16,446N/m vs. postmenopausal 23,229N/m, P<0.001), and muscle-tendon unit stiffness normalized by mass (young 286.3N/m vs. postmenopausal 325.1N/m, P<0.05). The postmenopausal study group shows significant lower values in the damping ratio (young 0.190 vs. postmenopausal 0.150, P<0.01) than young women. INTERPRETATION The postmenopausal subjects may not be able to take advantage of resonance as the young subjects, or, the relationship between these frequencies is adjusted according to the musculoskeletal characteristics of each group. The decrease in damping properties and the increase in muscle-tendon unit stiffness suggest that postmenopausal women might be at a greater risk of injury.
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Zhao H, Wu YN, Hwang M, Ren Y, Gao F, Gaebler-Spira D, Zhang LQ. Changes of calf muscle-tendon biomechanical properties induced by passive-stretching and active-movement training in children with cerebral palsy. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2011; 111:435-42. [PMID: 21596920 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01361.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomechanical properties of calf muscles and Achilles tendon may be altered considerably in children with cerebral palsy (CP), contributing to childhood disability. It is unclear how muscle fascicles and tendon respond to rehabilitation and contribute to improvement of ankle-joint properties. Biomechanical properties of the calf muscle fascicles of both gastrocnemius medialis (GM) and soleus (SOL), including the fascicle length and pennation angle in seven children with CP, were evaluated using ultrasonography combined with biomechanical measurements before and after a 6-wk treatment of passive-stretching and active-movement training. The passive force contributions from the GM and SOL muscles were separated using flexed and extended knee positions, and fascicular stiffness was calculated based on the fascicular force-length relation. Biomechanical properties of the Achilles tendon, including resting length, cross-sectional area, and stiffness, were also evaluated. The 6-wk training induced elongation of muscle fascicles (SOL: 8%, P = 0.018; GM: 3%, P = 0.018), reduced pennation angle (SOL: 10%, P = 0.028; GM: 5%, P = 0.028), reduced fascicular stiffness (SOL: 17%, P = 0.128; GM: 21%, P = 0.018), decreased tendon length (6%, P = 0.018), increased Achilles tendon stiffness (32%, P = 0.018), and increased Young's modulus (20%, P = 0.018). In vivo characterizations of calf muscles and Achilles tendon mechanical properties help us better understand treatment-induced changes of calf muscle-tendon and facilitate development of more effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Zhao
- Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Arampatzis A, Peper A, Bierbaum S, Albracht K. Plasticity of human Achilles tendon mechanical and morphological properties in response to cyclic strain. J Biomech 2010; 43:3073-9. [PMID: 20863501 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2010.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2010] [Revised: 07/13/2010] [Accepted: 08/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the current study in combination with our previous published data (Arampatzis et al., 2007) was to examine the effects of a controlled modulation of strain magnitude and strain frequency applied to the Achilles tendon on the plasticity of tendon mechanical and morphological properties. Eleven male adults (23.9 ± 2.2 yr) participated in the study. The participants exercised one leg at low magnitude tendon strain (2.97 ± 0.47%), and the other leg at high tendon strain magnitude (4.72 ± 1.08%) of similar frequency (0.5 Hz, 1s loading, 1s relaxation) and exercise volume (integral of the plantar flexion moment over time) for 14 weeks, 4 days per week, 5 sets per session. The exercise volume was similar to the intervention of our earlier study (0.17 Hz frequency; 3s loading, 3s relaxation) allowing a direct comparison of the results. Before and after the intervention ankle joint moment has been measured by a dynamometer, tendon-aponeurosis elongation by ultrasound and cross-sectional area of the Achilles tendon by magnet resonance images (MRI). We found a decrease in strain at a given tendon force, an increase in tendon-aponeurosis stiffness and tendon elastic modulus of the Achilles tendon only in the leg exercised at high strain magnitude. The cross-sectional area (CSA) of the Achilles tendon did not show any statistically significant (P > 0.05) differences to the pre-exercise values in both legs. The results indicate a superior improvement in tendon properties (stiffness, elastic modulus and CSA) at the low frequency (0.17 Hz) compared to the high strain frequency (0.5 Hz) protocol. These findings provide evidence that the strain magnitude applied to the Achilles tendon should exceed the value, which occurs during habitual activities to trigger adaptational effects and that higher tendon strain duration per contraction leads to superior tendon adaptational responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adamantios Arampatzis
- Humboldt-University Berlin, Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Berlin, Germany.
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Changes in muscle fascicles of tibialis anterior during anisometric contractions are not associated with motor-output variability of the ankle dorsiflexors in young and old adults. Eur J Appl Physiol 2010; 110:1175-86. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-010-1606-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/30/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Follow-up of ankle stiffness and electromechanical delay in immobilized children: Three cases studies. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2010; 20:642-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2010.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2009] [Revised: 01/18/2010] [Accepted: 02/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Legerlotz K, Riley GP, Screen HRC. Specimen dimensions influence the measurement of material properties in tendon fascicles. J Biomech 2010; 43:2274-80. [PMID: 20483410 PMCID: PMC2935962 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2010.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2010] [Revised: 04/29/2010] [Accepted: 04/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Stress, strain and modulus are regularly used to characterize material properties of tissue samples. However, when comparing results from different studies it is evident the reported material properties, particularly failure strains, vary hugely. The aim of our study was to characterize how and why specimen length and cross-sectional area (CSA) appear to influence failure stress, strain and modulus in fascicles from two functionally different tendons. Fascicles were dissected from five rat tails and five bovine foot extensors, their diameters determined by a laser micrometer, and loaded to failure at a range of grip-to-grip lengths. Strain to failure significantly decreased with increasing in specimen length in both rat and bovine fascicles, while modulus increased. Specimen length did not influence failure stress in rat tail fascicles, although in bovine fascicles it was significantly lower in the longer 40 mm specimens compared to 5 and 10 mm specimens. The variations in failure strain and modulus with sample length could be predominantly explained by end-effects. However, it was also evident that strain fields along the sample length were highly variable and notably larger towards the ends of the sample than the mid-section even at distances in excess of 5 mm from the gripping points. Failure strain, stress and modulus correlated significantly with CSA at certain specimen lengths. Our findings have implications for the mechanical testing of tendon tissue: while it is not always possible to control for fascicle length and/or CSA, these parameters have to be taken into account when comparing samples of different dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Legerlotz
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E14NS, UK.
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50
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Maffulli N, Longo UG, Ronga M, Khanna A, Denaro V. Favorable outcome of percutaneous repair of achilles tendon ruptures in the elderly. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2010; 468:1039-46. [PMID: 19543777 PMCID: PMC2835610 DOI: 10.1007/s11999-009-0944-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2008] [Accepted: 06/05/2009] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Percutaneous repair of Achilles tendon (AT) ruptures reportedly reduces the risk of rerupture compared to nonoperative treatment and reduces the risk of wound infection compared to open surgery. We retrospectively reviewed the postoperative Achilles tendon total rupture score (ATRS), and the maximum calf circumference in 35 patients over 65 years of age who sustained an acute tear of the AT and underwent percutaneous repair of the AT. There were 26 men and nine women with a mean age at operation of 73.4 +/- 8.7 years (range, 65-86 years). Of the 35 recruited patients, we report on 27 patients for whom we have a full data set. The minimum followup was 49 months (mean, 88 months; range, 49-110 months). The ATRS had a postoperative average rating of 69.4 +/- 14 (range, 56-93). All patients were able to bear weight fully on the affected limb by the eighth postoperative week. The data suggest that percutaneous repair of the AT is a suitable option for patients older than 65, producing similar outcomes when compared to percutaneous repair in younger patients of previous reports. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level IV, therapeutic study. See Guidelines for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Maffulli
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospital of North Staffordshire, Keele University School of Medicine, Stoke on Trent, UK ,Centre for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Mile End Hospital, 275 Bancroft Road, London, E1 4DG England
| | - Umile Giuseppe Longo
- Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Campus Biomedico University, Rome, Italy
| | - Mario Ronga
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University of Insubria Ospedale di Circolo, Varese, Italy
| | - Anil Khanna
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospital of North Staffordshire, Keele University School of Medicine, Stoke on Trent, UK
| | - Vincenzo Denaro
- Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Campus Biomedico University, Rome, Italy
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