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Kalantari H, Madani T, Zari Moradi S, Mansouri Z, Almadani N, Gourabi H, Mohseni Meybodi A. Cytogenetic analysis of 179 Iranian women with premature ovarian failure. Gynecol Endocrinol 2013; 29:588-91. [PMID: 23656387 DOI: 10.3109/09513590.2013.788625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of chromosomal abnormalities in etiology of premature ovarian failure (POF) is well known but in many cases, POF still remains idiopathic. We investigated the frequency and type of chromosomal aberrations in Iranian women diagnosed with idiopathic POF. Standard cytogenetic analysis was carried out in a total of 179 patients. Karyotype analysis of these patients revealed that 161 (89.95%) patients had normal female karyotype and 18 (10.05%) patients had abnormal karyotypes. The abnormal karyotypes included sex reverse sex determining region Y (SRY) negative (five Cases), X chromosome mosaicism (five cases), abnormal X chromosomes (three cases), abnormal autosomes (three cases) and X-autosome translocation (two cases). The overall prevalence of chromosomal abnormalities was 10.05% in this first large-scale report of chromosomal aberrations in Iranian women with POF. The results confirm previous observations and emphasis on the critical role of X chromosome abnormalities as one of the possible etiologies for POF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Kalantari
- Department of Genetics at Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
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Zinn AR, Roeltgen D, Stefanatos G, Ramos P, Elder FF, Kushner H, Kowal K, Ross JL. A Turner syndrome neurocognitive phenotype maps to Xp22.3. BEHAVIORAL AND BRAIN FUNCTIONS : BBF 2007; 3:24. [PMID: 17517138 PMCID: PMC1891305 DOI: 10.1186/1744-9081-3-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2007] [Accepted: 05/21/2007] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Turner syndrome (TS) is associated with a neurocognitive phenotype that includes selective nonverbal deficits, e.g., impaired visual-spatial abilities. We previously reported evidence that this phenotype results from haploinsufficiency of one or more genes on distal Xp. This inference was based on genotype/phenotype comparisons of individual girls and women with partial Xp deletions, with the neurocognitive phenotype considered a dichotomous trait. We sought to confirm our findings in a large cohort (n = 47) of adult women with partial deletions of Xp or Xq, enriched for subjects with distal Xp deletions. METHODS Subjects were recruited from North American genetics and endocrinology clinics. Phenotype assessment included measures of stature, ovarian function, and detailed neurocognitive testing. The neurocognitive phenotype was measured as a quantitative trait, the Turner Syndrome Cognitive Summary (TSCS) score, derived from discriminant function analysis. Genetic analysis included karyotyping, X inactivation studies, fluorescent in situ hybridization, microsatellite marker genotyping, and array comparative genomic hybridization. RESULTS We report statistical evidence that deletion of Xp22.3, an interval containing 31 annotated genes, is sufficient to cause the neurocognitive phenotype described by the TSCS score. Two other cardinal TS features, ovarian failure and short stature, as well as X chromosome inactivation pattern and subject's age, were unrelated to the TSCS score. CONCLUSION Detailed mapping suggests that haploinsufficiency of one or more genes in Xp22.3, the distal 8.3 megabases (Mb) of the X chromosome, is responsible for a TS neurocognitive phenotype. This interval includes the 2.6 Mb Xp-Yp pseudoautosomal region (PAR1). Haploinsufficiency of the short stature gene SHOX in PAR1 probably does not cause this TS neurocognitive phenotype. Two genes proximal to PAR1 within the 8.3 Mb critical region, STS and NLGN4X, are attractive candidates for this neurocognitive phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Zinn
- Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development and Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas TX, USA
| | - David Roeltgen
- Cooper University Hospital, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Gerry Stefanatos
- MossRehab Research Institute, Albert Einstein Medical Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Purita Ramos
- Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development and Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas TX, USA
| | - Frederick F Elder
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas TX 75390, USA
| | - Harvey Kushner
- Biomedical Computer Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Karen Kowal
- Department of Pediatrics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Judith L Ross
- Department of Pediatrics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Eggermann T, Meschede D, Schüler H, Palm S, Gläser D, Horsthemke B, Eggermann K, Haverkamp F, Zerres K. Premature ovarian failure associated with a small terminal Xq deletion: narrowing the POF1 region down to Xq27.2/Xq27.3-qter. Clin Genet 2005; 67:434-7. [PMID: 15811012 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2005.00427.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Bussani C, Papi L, Sestini R, Baldinotti F, Bucciantini S, Bruni V, Scarselli G. Premature ovarian failure and fragile X premutation: a study on 45 women. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2004; 112:189-91. [PMID: 14746957 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2003.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to test for the presence of the fragile X (FRAXA) premutation a group of women with early menopause. STUDY DESIGN 45 women with idiopathic premature ovarian failure (POF), five with a familial and 40 with a sporadic form, were screened for the presence of FRAXA premutation. A control group of 28 women >45 years, with one or more children and no signs of POF, was also studied. RESULTS We found three cases of fragile X premutations in women all belonging to the group with sporadic POF. CONCLUSION Our results seems to confirm previous observations on the non random association between POF and FRAXA premutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Bussani
- Department of Gynecology, Perinatology and Human Reproduction, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Machado-Ferreira MDC, Costa-Lima MA, Boy RT, Esteves GS, Pimentel MMG. Premature ovarian failure and FRAXA premutation: Positive correlation in a Brazilian survey. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 126A:237-40. [PMID: 15054835 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.20585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FRAXA) is the most common form of inherited mental retardation (MR). The mutational mechanism leading to the disease involves an expansion of a trinucleotide repeat located at the 5' UTR region of the gene FMR-1. Four types of alleles can be identified in the population, based on the number of repeats: normal (6-40), gray-zone (41-60), premutated (61-200), and fully mutated (>200). Despite only full mutations being associated with the development of the disorder, some authors propose a correlation between FRAXA premutation and the occurrence of premature ovarian failure (POF). We have undertaken a study in 58 women from 24 fragile X syndrome families ascertained for FRAXA testing. Using Southern blotting for direct DNA analysis we have identified 19 normal, 33 premutation carriers, and 6 fully mutated individuals (including 4 somatic mosaics showing premutated and fully mutated alleles). Among the premutated women, 11 experienced menopause before the age of 40 (POF), including one somatic mosaic, which was different from the ones with normal pattern who did not experience POF. Our data corroborate the notion that females carrying alleles in the premutation range are at high risk of experiencing POF.
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Brown LY, Alonso ML, Yu J, Warburton D, Brown S. Prenatal diagnosis of a familial Xq deletion in a female fetus: a case report. Prenat Diagn 2001; 21:27-30. [PMID: 11180236 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0223(200101)21:1<27::aid-pd971>3.0.co;2-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
X chromosome deletion is an infrequent finding in prenatal diagnosis and presents a difficult counseling challenge when it occurs. We present a case of a familial X chromosome long arm deletion discovered in a routine amniocentesis and subsequently in the mother. The pregnancy resulted in the birth of a normal girl, and X chromosome inactivation skewing was demonstrated in both mother and daughter. Xq deletion phenotypes and counseling issues are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Y Brown
- Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, 630 W 9168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Vegetti W, Marozzi A, Manfredini E, Testa G, Alagna F, Nicolosi A, Caliari I, Taborelli M, Tibiletti MG, Dalprà L, Crosignani PG. Premature ovarian failure. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2000; 161:53-7. [PMID: 10773392 DOI: 10.1016/s0303-7207(99)00224-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Secondary amenorrhoea with elevated gonadotrophins occurring under the age of 40 (premature ovarian failure (POF)), and at the age between 41 and 44 years (early menopause (EM)), respectively, affects 1-2% and 5% of women in the general population. Objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of familial cases of POF and EM and to assess the clinical and genetic characteristics of these patients. One hundred and sixty women with idiopathic secondary amenorrhoea before the age of 45 and serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels greater than or equal to 40 IU/l were included in the study. Tests performed on patients included complete medical history, pedigree's analysis, clinical pelvic examination, gonadotrophins and thyroid assessment, chromosomal analysis. The 160 patients included in the study showed idiopathic POF (n=130) or EM (n=30). Following pedigree assessment, we were able to identify an incidence of familial cases of 28.5% in the POF group (n=37) and of 50% in the EM group (n=15). POF and EM condition were often present in the same family. There were no differences between POF and EM patients and between familial and sporadic cases regarding age at menarche, personal history, gynaecological history, weight, height and diet habits. There was a statistically significant difference between sporadic and familial cases in age at POF onset: 32.0+/-7.3 years (12-40) compared to 35. 0+/-5.8 (18-40), respectively (P<0.05). The POF and EM families identified showed two or more affected females and transmission through either maternal or paternal relatives; in four families both maternal and paternal transmission was observed. This study suggests that idiopathic POF and EM conditions, differing only in age of menopause onset, may represent a variable expression of the same genetic disease. The different age of menopause onset in these patients may be explained by genetic heterogeneity and/or by different environmental factors. Our results indicate a high rate of familial transmission of the condition. Pedigree's analysis suggests an autosomal or an X-linked dominant sex-limited pattern of inheritance for POF and EM.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Vegetti
- First Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Milan, Via della Commenda 12, 20122, Milan, Italy
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Schmidt M. Comparison of female and male interstitial deletions in the distal Xq. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1996; 64:166-8. [PMID: 8826468 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19960712)64:1<166::aid-ajmg28>3.0.co;2-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Maraschio P, Tupler R, Barbierato L, Dainotti E, Larizza D, Bernardi F, Hoeller H, Garau A, Tiepolo L. An analysis of Xq deletions. Hum Genet 1996; 97:375-81. [PMID: 8786087 DOI: 10.1007/bf02185777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We characterized by fluorescence in situ hybridization and Southern blotting 14 partial Xq monosomies, 11 due to terminal deletions and 3 secondary to X/autosome translocations. Three cases were mosaics with a XO cell line. In view of the possible role played by telomeres in chromosome segregation, we hypothesize a relationship between the loss of telomeric sequences in terminal deletions and the presence of 45,X cells. A correlation between phenotype and extent of deletion reveal that there is no correspondence between the size of the deletion and impairment of gonadal function. Turner stigmata are absent in patients without an XO cell line, when the breakpoint is distal to Xq24. A low birthweight is present whenever the breakpoint is at q22 or more proximal.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Maraschio
- Biologia Generale e Genetica Medica, Università di Pavia, Italy
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Powell CM, Taggart RT, Drumheller TC, Wangsa D, Qian C, Nelson LM, White BJ. Molecular and cytogenetic studies of an X;autosome translocation in a patient with premature ovarian failure and review of the literature. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1994; 52:19-26. [PMID: 7977456 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320520105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We have identified a patient with premature ovarian failure (POF) and a balanced X;autosome translocation: 46,X,t(X;6)(q13.3 or q21;p12) using high-resolution cytogenetic analysis and FISH. BrdU analysis showed that her normal X was late-replicating and translocated X earlier-replicating which is typical of balanced X;autosome rearrangements. Molecular studies were done to characterize the breakpoint on Xq and to determine the parental origin. PCR probes of tetranucleotide and dinucleotide repeat polymorphisms, and genomic probes were used to study DNA from the patient, her chromosomally normal parents and brother, and somatic cell hybrids containing each translocation chromosome. The translocation is paternally derived and is localized to Xq13.3-proximal Xq21.1, between PGK1 and DXS447 loci, a distance of 0.1 centimorgans. A "critical region" for normal ovarian function has been proposed for Xq13-q26 [Sarto et al., Am J Hum Genet 25:262-270, 1973; Phelan et al., Am J Obstet Gynecol 129:607-613, 1977; Summitt et al., BD:OAS XIV(6C):219-247, 1978] based on cytogenetic and clinical studies of patients with X;autosome translocations. Few cases have had molecular characterization of the breakpoints to further define the region. While translocations in the region may lead to ovarian dysfunction by disrupting normal meiosis or by a position effect, two recent reports of patients with premature ovarian failure and Xq deletions suggest that there is a gene (POF1) localized to Xq21.3-q27 [Krauss et al., N Engl J Med 317:125-131, 1987; Davies et al., Cytogenet Cell Genet 58:853-966, 1991] or within Xq26.1-q27 [Tharapel et al., Am J Hum Genet 52:463-471, 1993] responsible for POF.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Powell
- Interinstitute Medical Genetics Program, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Geerkens C, Just W, Vogel W. Deletions of Xq and growth deficit: a review. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1994; 50:105-13. [PMID: 8010343 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320500202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A critical review of the literature disclosed 44 cases with a 46,X,Xq- karyotype without apparent mosaicism. Of these, 17 were of normal height (compared to the respective population), 11 had a height of over 1 SD below the mean, and 16 had a height of over 2 SD below the mean with breakpoints between Xq13 and Xq25. Since patients of normal height occurred with breakpoints as proximal as Xq13 we conclude that there is no major "growth gene" on Xq distal to q13. The most likely explanation for the variable phenotypic effect of Xq- is to assume that growth gene(s) in Xp or proximal Xq are inactivated on such a chromosome with some variability similar to the variable spreading of X inactivation seen in some X-autosome translocations.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Geerkens
- Abteilung Klinische Genetik, Universität Ulm, Germany
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Glass IA, Nicholson LV, Watkiss E, Johnson MA, Roberts RG, Abbs S, Brittain-Jones S, Boddie HG. Investigation of a female manifesting Becker muscular dystrophy. J Med Genet 1992; 29:578-82. [PMID: 1518025 PMCID: PMC1016067 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.29.8.578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Females manifesting Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD) are even more rarely observed than for the allelic condition Duchenne muscular dystrophy. The male proband has typical BMD with greatly raised CK activity and a myopathic muscle biopsy. His mother experienced walking difficulties from 35 years of age and has a myopathy with marked calf hypertrophy, a raised CK, and a myopathic muscle biopsy. Dystrophin analysis was undertaken on both the proband and his mother. Immunoblotting showed a protein of normal size but of reduced abundance in both. Immunocytochemical analysis in the proband indicated that the majority of the fibres showed weak dystrophin labelling and in his mother both dystrophin positive and dystrophin negative fibres were present. Non-random X inactivation at locus DXS255, was observed in DNA isolated from peripheral lymphocytes of the mother. Neither extended multiplex PCR performed on DNA from the proband nor analysis of lymphocyte derived mRNA showed a structural alteration in the dystrophin gene suggesting that an unusual mutation was responsible for BMD in this family.
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Affiliation(s)
- I A Glass
- West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Maternity Hospital
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Siu VM, Gonder JR, Jung JH, Sergovich FR, Flintoff WF. Choroideremia associated with an X-autosomal translocation. Hum Genet 1990; 84:459-64. [PMID: 2323779 PMCID: PMC7087745 DOI: 10.1007/bf00195820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A patient with mild choroideremia has been shown to carry a balanced translocation between chromosome X and 13-46,X,t(X;13)(q21.2;p12). Loci (DXY21, DX232, DX233) shown to map to this region on the X chromosome and in some cases to be deleted in other patients with choroideremia are intact in the DNA from this patient. To our knowledge this is the first report of a translocation associated with choroideremia. One of the translocation chromosomes, derivative 13, free of the derivative X and normal X, has been isolated in a somatic cell hybrid. Because of the clinical association of the eye findings with chromosome interchange, we suggest that the breakpoint on the X is at or near the choroideremia locus. Further analysis of this translocation may be useful in cloning the choroideremia gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Siu
- Department of Paediatrics, Children's Hospital of Western Ontario, London, Canada
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Midro AT, Kulikowski M, Sawicka A, Panasiuk B, Korsak E. Familial occurrence of isodicentric X chromosomes with different breakpoints. Clin Genet 1988; 34:153-60. [PMID: 3180502 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.1988.tb02855.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We report two cases of an idic (X) chromosome found in relatives with Turner's syndrome. A 21-year-old female revealed a non-mosaic form of X isochromosome of the long arms with two C-band regions, i.e. dic(X)(qter----cen----p11::p11----cen----qter). Her 46-year-old aunt with Turner's syndrome had an X chromosome with long arm breakpoints at site q21 and chromosomal mosaicism, i.e. 45,X/46,X, dic(X)(pter----q21::q21----pter)(78/22). The relative rarity of reports about familial Turner's syndrome with structural abnormality may suggest a coincidence. However, it is difficult to exclude familial predisposition to X isochromosome formation in this family.
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Affiliation(s)
- A T Midro
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Medical Academy, Bialystok, Poland
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Münke M, Emanuel BS, Zackai EH. Holoprosencephaly: association with interstitial deletion of 2p and review of the cytogenetic literature. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1988; 30:929-38. [PMID: 3055987 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320300409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Chromosome analysis with high-resolution banding showed a small de novo interstitial deletion of chromosome 2(p21----p22.2) in an infant with holoprosencephaly. This is the first such observation. There is a well-known association with abnormalities of chromosome 13 (most commonly trisomy 13, but also dup(13q) and del(13q) and chromosome 18 (most often del(18p), but also trisomy 18). Review of the literature also showed duplications of 3p and deletions of 7q to be causes of the holoprosencephaly defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Münke
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Krauss CM, Turksoy RN, Atkins L, McLaughlin C, Brown LG, Page DC. Familial premature ovarian failure due to an interstitial deletion of the long arm of the X chromosome. N Engl J Med 1987; 317:125-31. [PMID: 3600701 DOI: 10.1056/nejm198707163170301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We describe a family in which four women had menstrual irregularities and a partial deletion of the long arm of the X chromosome (Xq). Three of the four women had premature ovarian failure (at the ages of 24 to 37 years). Chromosome-banding studies initially suggested that a terminal portion of Xq was deleted. However, DNA-hybridization studies showed that an interstitial portion of Xq was deleted and that the affected women had a 46,XX,del(X)(pter-q21.3::q27-qter) karyotype. These findings help clarify the role of Xq in ovarian function and indicate that the accurate description of such abnormalities requires a combination of cytogenetic and DNA-hybridization analysis.
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Hodgson SV, Barber JC, Dowie A, Dubowitz V. A de novo X;13 translocation with abnormal phenotype. J Med Genet 1986; 23:477-8. [PMID: 3783628 PMCID: PMC1049790 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.23.5.477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We describe a female infant who presented with hypotonia and developmental delay. Her karyotype showed a de novo balanced translocation between the X chromosome and chromosome 13, with breakpoints at Xq13 and 13p11. The normal X was late replicating in all cells examined. The cause of this patient's abnormal phenotype is discussed.
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