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Freitas EMS, Fagian MM, da Cruz-Höfling MA. Effects of veratrine on skeletal muscle mitochondria: ultrastructural, cytochemical, and morphometrical studies. Microsc Res Tech 2006; 69:108-18. [PMID: 16456834 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.20280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The alkaloid veratrine is a lipid-soluble neurotoxin, which target voltage-gated Na+ channels for their primary action. Recently, we showed that this alkaloid may cause myonecrosis and evidences suggest mitochondria as one of its cell targets. Herein, we investigate the effects caused by variable concentration of veratrine (250 and 550 microg/mL) on mitochondrial oxygen consumption, respiratory chain enzymes activities, and ultrastructure, combining electron microscopy with cytochemical and biochemical approaches. The results showed different sort of ultrastructural changes, both in isolated and intramuscular mitochondria. Veratrine decreased mitochondrial nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase (NADH-d), succinic dehydrogenase (SDH), and cytochrome oxidase (COX) activities, significantly and dose-dependently inhibited the state 3 respiration rate, respiratory control ratio (RCR), and ADP/O on isolated rat skeletal muscle mitochondria, whereas state 4 was unaffected. A tendency of increase in mitochondria diameter was seen with 250 microg/mL veratrine. We conclude that the alkaloid would probably act on mitochondrial membrane phospholipid configuration, which would explain the changes observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Maria Silva Freitas
- Departamento de Histologia e Embriologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP 13083-970, Brazil
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Halbhuber KJ, Hulstaert CE, Feuerstein H, Zimmermann N. Cerium as capturing agent in phosphatase and oxidase histochemistry. Theoretical background and applications. PROGRESS IN HISTOCHEMISTRY AND CYTOCHEMISTRY 1994; 28:1-120. [PMID: 8190897 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6336(11)80041-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K J Halbhuber
- Klinikum der Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Institut für Anatomie II, Germany
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4
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Abstract
H2O2-generating monoamine oxidase can be visualized in the light microscope with tetrazolium, metal salt (ferricyanide) and coupled peroxidatic oxidation methods. Due to methodological draw-backs these procedures do no allow satisfactory results. In search for an alternative method a light microscopic cerium procedure was designed in which the primary reaction product, cerium perhydroxide, serves for the generation of amplified and intensified diaminobenzidine brown. With this cerium-diaminobenzidine-H2O2-Co method monoamine oxidase was visualized more easily and reliably and with higher sensitivity and more precise localization than with the other techniques. At present this method is considered to be the procedure of choice and was used to re-investigate and investigate the distribution of monoamine oxidase in rats, mice, gerbils, guinea-pigs, marmosets, monkeys and man. In these species many cells and tissues showed monoamine oxidase activity where the enzyme has not yet been found before and the structures with already known monoamine oxidase activity showed an improved localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Nakos
- Department of Anatomy, Free University of Berlin, Germany
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5
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Electron-cytochemical study of activity of enzymes of energy metabolism in dark and pale neurons of the rat cerebral cortex. Bull Exp Biol Med 1989. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00842403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Borowsky IW, Collins RC. Histochemical changes in enzymes of energy metabolism in the dentate gyrus accompany deafferentation and synaptic reorganization. Neuroscience 1989; 33:253-62. [PMID: 2560147 DOI: 10.1016/0306-4522(89)90204-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The dentate gyrus of adult rats was examined histochemically for cytochrome oxidase and lactate dehydrogenase activity after unilateral lesions of the entorhinal cortex. In normal animals, synaptic terminal fields of the perforant pathway from the entorhinal cortex show high levels of cytochrome oxidase activity (the other two-thirds dentate molecular layer), whereas terminal zones of the commissural and associational fibers show high levels of lactate dehydrogenase activity (the inner one-third dentate molecular layer). Lesions of the entorhinal cortex result in a significant reduction in staining for cytochrome oxidase in the deafferented outer molecular layer of the dentate gyrus. The changes become prominent at 16-24 h after the lesion and persist until 90 days, the longest post-lesion survival time studied. In the non-deafferented inner zones ipsilateral to the lesion, there is an increase in staining for cytochrome oxidase and lactate dehydrogenase at 24 h post-lesion that disappears by days 2-4. From 8 to 90 days post-lesion, the band of high reactivity for lactate dehydrogenase in the inner molecular layer spreads approximately 40 microns into the overlying deafferented zone. This expansion parallels the expansion of the commissural and associational terminal fields into the adjacent deafferented molecular layer. Thus, lesion-induced synaptogenesis in the dentate gyrus is accompanied by a corresponding change in enzyme activity. The results indicate that the pattern of activity of enzymes involved in energy metabolism in the dentate gyrus depends on the distribution of pathway-specific synaptic input.
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Affiliation(s)
- I W Borowsky
- Department of Neurology, UCLA School of Medicine 90024
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de Lucca O, Hadler WA. The mechanism accounted for the silver staining "fast techniques" development and its histochemical meaning. II. The binding between silver and ferric ion accounted for the silver staining development. Acta Histochem 1988; 84:15-22. [PMID: 2464894 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-1281(88)80004-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Results obtained on filter paper strips models show that some protein and fatty acids become argentophil as an effect of a previously binding ferric ion although, in this instance, the silver staining can only be accomplished by using a silver diamine solution, since a silver nitrate solution is not effective. However, if the filter paper model is previously treated by a "multidentate ligand" before the silver nitrate solution treatment becomes able in doing the silver staining. This result shows that the binding between Fe3+ and Ag+ can be done if a suitable negatively charged "multidentate ligand" has been connected between them. The following "multidentate ligands" were tested: thiocarbohydrazide, carbohydrazide, and hexamethylenetetramine: ammonia was also tested, as an attempt to disclose if it is able to act as a "multidentate ligand". The semicarbazide effect was analysed and compared with the "ligands". It was found, either on filter paper strip models or on histological sections, that every "multidentate ligand", as well as ammonia, are effective in producing silver staining whereas semicarbazide is devoid of effect. The "ligands" effectiveness depends upon the solution pH, in the same manner that is does occur when the silver diamine "fast technique" is used on tissue sections. Histophotometric measures, taken on tissue sections, show that the silver staining afforded by the silver diamine "fast technique" is similar to that displayed by the "multidentate ligand" plus a silver nitrate solution treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- O de Lucca
- Departamento de Histologia e Embriologia do Instituto de Biologia da Universidade Estadual de Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil
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Freitas I, Novarina A. Dark effects of hematoporphyrin derivative on lactate dehydrogenase activity and distribution in HeLa cells: cytochemical evaluation. Photochem Photobiol 1987; 46:699-706. [PMID: 2964658 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1987.tb04835.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Solov'eva ZV. Ultrastructural localization of lactate dehydrogenase activity in human embryo brain cells. NEUROSCIENCE AND BEHAVIORAL PHYSIOLOGY 1986; 16:91-6. [PMID: 3748375 DOI: 10.1007/bf01186504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Elhiti MM, Moore D, Butler R. Cytochemical localisation of NADP-linked glutamate dehydrogenase newly induced in nitrogen-starved mycelia of Coprinus cinereus. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1986. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1986.tb01224.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Jura WG, Brown CG, Brocklesby DW. Metabolic energy pathways in Theileria annulata sporozoites and their significance in sporozoite-bovine lymphocyte interactions in vitro. Vet Parasitol 1985; 17:193-204. [PMID: 2986342 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4017(85)90031-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The existence of metabolic energy pathways has been studied in extracellular T. annulata sporozoites using chemicals known to inhibit specific energy-generating pathways, and their role during invasion of bovine peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) by the sporozoites determined in an in vitro system. An inverse relationship was depicted between the dose of various chemicals and the number of T. annulata sporozoites invading PBL: as the concentrations of the inhibitor drugs increased, the number of T. annulata sporozoites within the lymphocytes decreased. An ultracytochemical study demonstrated the presence of the respective pathway marker enzymes, i.e., lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) in the cytosol and within mitochondria, succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) on the mitochondrial membranes and in the contiguous matrix, and cytochrome oxidase (CO) between the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes, in infective T. annulata sporozoites fixed in situ within whole salivary glands of 3-day fed Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum ticks.
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Barrand MA, Fox SA. Amine oxidase activities in brown adipose tissue of the rat: identification of semicarbazide-sensitive (clorgyline-resistant) activity at the fat cell membrane. J Pharm Pharmacol 1984; 36:652-8. [PMID: 6150080 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1984.tb04837.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Amine oxidase activity, previously described in homogenates of brown adipose tissue of the rat, has now been investigated in preparations of isolated fat cells. It was found that the specific activities of both monoamine oxidase A (MAO) and of the semicarbazide-sensitive clorgyline-resistant amine oxidase (SSAO) were higher in isolated fat cells than in the original whole tissue. Brown adipocytes therefore represent a major source of both these enzymes. In plasma membranes prepared from these isolated brown fat cells by borate extraction there was a similar enrichment of activity of SSAO and of the plasma membrane marker enzyme, phosphodiesterase I. However in preparations of cell membranes made by binding the cells to polycation-coated beads, enrichment of phosphodiesterase I activity was much greater than that of SSAO. It is suggested that the disposition of the enzyme within the cell membrane may account for the discrepancy in these results, i.e. the sidedness of the membrane may be important. Histochemical visualization of enzyme activity in whole tissue at the ultrastructural level was undertaken. Positive staining of mitochondria was achieved in the presence of the MAO substrate, tryptamine. Staining around the edges of the brown fat cells was observed with the SSAO substrates, tyramine and benzylamine. Staining was largely absent when substrate was omitted or after pretreatment with the irreversible SSAO inhibitor, hydralazine and the slowly reversible inhibitor, semicarbazide. It is not definitely proven that this staining represents sites of enzyme activity but the results are consistent with evidence from other studies indicating that SSAO in brown adipose tissue of the rat may be found predominantly at the fat cell surface.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Egashira T, Waddell WJ. Histochemical localization of monoamine oxidase in whole-body, freeze-dried sections of mice. THE HISTOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 1984; 16:919-29. [PMID: 6480398 DOI: 10.1007/bf01003848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Monoamine oxidase was investigated histochemically in tissues of the mouse by incubating freeze-dried, whole-body sections with tryptamine, serotonin, tyramine, beta-phenylethylamine, or benzylamine as substrate and Nitroblue tetrazolium as the final electron acceptor. The most intense staining with tryptamine was exhibited by intestinal epithelium and adrenal cortex; moderate staining was noted in the epithelium of the nose, bronchi, oesophagus, and upper stomach and in preputial gland, pancreas, nerve, spinal cord and brain. Weak staining was seen in the lung, spleen, liver and kidney. The distribution of the formazan deposition was similar, but much less intense, when serotonin and tyramine were used as the substrates. Only very weak staining was observed when beta-phenylethylamine was the substrate; no staining was seen with benzylamine. Monoamine oxidase activities with tryptamine were greatly inhibited by pretreatment with clorgyline (10 microM), while deprenyl (10 microM) slightly inhibited activities in all tissues except liver. This staining technique should be useful in further studies on the identification of the multiple forms of monoamine oxidase in tissues of the mouse. Nicotine and nitrosonornicotine were not substrates in any of the tissues; consequently, this enzyme system does not appear to produce the proximal carcinogen from this nitrosamine.
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POSTER COMMUNICATIONS. Br J Pharmacol 1983. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1983.tb17365.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Smith RA, Ord MJ. Mitochondrial form and function relationships in vivo: their potential in toxicology and pathology. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1983; 83:63-134. [PMID: 6196312 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)61686-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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18
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Weber G. Theileria annulata and Babesia ovis: ultracytochemical lactic dehydrogenase activity of sporozoites in salivary glands of female ticks, Hyalomma anatolicum excavatum and Rhipicephalus bursa. Exp Parasitol 1982; 53:326-34. [PMID: 6806115 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4894(82)90075-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Fujimoto T, Inomata K, Ogawa K. A cerium method for the ultracytochemical localization of monoamine oxidase activity. THE HISTOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 1982; 14:87-98. [PMID: 6174485 DOI: 10.1007/bf01041132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A cytochemical method based on the complex formation between cerous ions and hydrogen peroxide is described for the ultrastructural localization of monoamine oxidase (MAO). First, the residual MAO activity after fixation was measured by a radiochemical assay technique and was found to be sufficiently retained for cytochemical detection. Although the Tris buffer used in the present method was found to be inhibitory to MAO, considerable activity was still retained after fixation and incubation in Tris. MAO activity, detected as precipitates of cerium perhydroxide, was observed in the mitochondrial outer compartment, mitochondrial cristae and perinuclear space of myocardial cells and endothelial cells of rat heart. MAO activity was also found along the plasma membrane of capillary endothelia. Omission of substrate from the incubation medium or pre-incubation with pargyline, a specific MAO inhibitor, drastically reduced the amount of deposits. The present cerium method seems promising because of its reproducibility and the high electron density of the reaction products.
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Ultracytochemical study of oxidoreductases in pariental cells of the gastric mucosa in gastric carcinoma. Bull Exp Biol Med 1981. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00834386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Hanker JS, Ambrose WW, Yates PE, Koch GG, Carson KA. Peripheral neuropathy in mouse hereditary diabetes mellitus. I. Comparison of neurologic, histologic, and morphometric parameters with dystonic mice. Acta Neuropathol 1980; 51:145-53. [PMID: 6969018 DOI: 10.1007/bf00690457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
C57BL/KsJ db/db inbred mice have an hereditary autosomal recessive disease resembling in some respects maturity onset human diabetes mellitus. At 8--11 months of age, they displayed intermittent symptoms suggestive of a mild sensory neuropathy. These symptoms consisted of adduction of their hind limbs and flexing hind paws when raised by the tail, and inability to maintain their position on the roto wheel. Peripheral nerves and sensory ganglia of the diabetic mice were compared with those of the unafflicted littermates and studied with respect to Schwann cell counts and myelinated nerve fiber diameter measurements. In addition, teased fibers of peripheral nerves were compared for obvious changes in internodal distance and demyelination. Chromatolytic neurons were moe abundant in lumbosacral spinal ganglia of diabetic mice than in corresponding ganglia of controls or in more anterior spinal ganglia and trigeminal ganglia of diabetics. Histologic studies showed an increase in Schwann cell counts in longitudinal sections of peripheral nerves. A similar but larger increase was observed in peripheral nerves of mice affected with an hereditary sensory neuropathy, dystonia musculorum. A small but general decrease in myelinated fiber diameter was observed in sensory and motor nerves.
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Allen DE, Perrin DD. Electron cytochemical stains based on metal chelation. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1979; 61:63-84. [PMID: 92462 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)61995-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Hanker JS. Osmiophilic reagents in electronmicroscopic histocytochemistry. PROGRESS IN HISTOCHEMISTRY AND CYTOCHEMISTRY 1979; 12:1-85. [PMID: 92799 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6336(79)80002-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Direct histocytochemical staining methods on undisrupted tissues, stabilized by chemical fixation, potentially offer perhaps the most reliable approach to the study of the enzymes of the cell with relation to its ultrastructure. The atoms which, for the most part, comprise the biomacromolecules and enzymes of cells and tissues contribute little to their inherent electron opacity or ability to scatter electrons differentially. The latter property of a substance is responsible for its observation with the electron microscope. Since the introduction of osmiophilic reagents into cytochemistry (HANKER et al. 1964), the selective deposition of relatively large amounts of polymeric osmium black reaction products at the subcellular sites of insoluble or immobilized enzymes or biomacromolecules has facilitated their demonstration with the light and electron microscopes. Perhaps the most widely employed osmiophilic reagent in histocytochemistry has been DAB which was introduced by GRAHAM and KARNOVSKY (1966a, b). Although it receives its widest use for demonstrating the sites to which the exogenous ultrastructural tracer horseradish peroxidase (HRP) is transported in vertebrate tissues, it is also widely employed for the demonstration of catalase in peroxisomes with the media of FAHIMI (1969) or of NOVIKOFF and GOLDFISCHER (1969), and for the demonstration of cytochrome oxidase with the medium of SELIGMAN et al. (1968a). The importance of this reagent lies in its ability to undergo oxidative polymerization forming an insoluble osmiophilic melanin-like product (HANKER et al. 1972a) which comforms well to ultrastructure, at the sites of enzymic or nonenzyme proteins which catalyze its oxidation. In the past few years, studies in our laboratory have shown that a rational approach to the histocytochemical demonstration of enzymes could be devised. It is based on the selective deposition of transition metal compounds at the sites of enzymes that resemble hemoproteins in their ability to catalyze the oxidative polymerization of DAB. The most useful of these compounds, cupric ferrocyanide (Hatchett's brown) was also introduced into cytochemistry by Karnovsky's laboratory (KARNOVSKY 1964; KARNOVSKY and ROOTS 1974). By the use of natural substrates, when available, or synthetic substrates which liberate or form a reducing agent at the sites of the enzymatic activity, many diverse types of enzymes have been demonstrated by methods depending on this principle known as catalytic osmiophilic polymer generation. DAB has probably been the most useful histocytochemical reagent of the past decade. Yet its borderline carcinogenicity and the frequent interruption of a supply of good quality DAB have encouraged research into a substitute reagent. A new substitute for DAB has resulted from the study of artificial melanins in our laboratory for several years. It consists of a mixture of p-phenylenediamine and pyrocatechol and is much better than DAB for the demonstration of HRP used as a cytochemical tracer...
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Manowitz P, Goldstein L, Bellomo F. An improved method for arylsulfatase A detection on polyacrylamide slab gels. Anal Biochem 1978; 89:423-9. [PMID: 83113 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(78)90371-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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26
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Coleman RA, Ramp WK, Toverud SU, Hanker JS. Electron microscopic localization of lactate dehydrogenase in osteoclasts of chick embryo tibia. THE HISTOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 1976; 8:543-58. [PMID: 987030 DOI: 10.1007/bf01003844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was localized in osteoclasts of fixed and unfixed 19-day chick embryo tibias using a copper ferrocyanide capture reaction and osmiophilic polymer generation. This study revealed that: (I) LDH activity in fixed, briefly rinsed osteoclasts was associated principally with limiting membranes of cytoplasmic vacuoles and vesicles and with the plasma membrane; (2) LDH activity in unfixed osteoclasts was associated only with mitochondria; and (3) some mitochondria were stained in fixed tissue given a long rinse. These results indicate that: cytoplasmic LDH diffused out of unfixed tissue; mitochondrial LDH was inactivated by formaldehyde in fixed tissue; and formaldehyde-inhibited mitochondrial LDH can be reactivated by a long rinse. Although the vesicles that stained for LDH activity were found in all parts of the cell, they were concentrated near the ruffled border, and there is evidence that they contained material from the bone surface. These results suggest that the LDH associated with cytoplasmic vesicles of the osteoclasts may be important in processing of material resorbed from the bone surface and that osteoclasts mitochondria may utilize lactate from the bone fluid for energy production.
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Yoo BY, Oreland L. Electron microscopic localization of monoamine oxidase in the rat liver. HISTOCHEMISTRY 1976; 46:131-7. [PMID: 55404 DOI: 10.1007/bf02462737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Two methods have been employed to localize monoamine oxidase activity in the cells of rat liver, using either 2-(2'-benzothiazolyl)-5-stryl-3-(4'-phtalhydrazidyl) tetrazolium chloride (BSPT) or ferricyanide as electron acceptor. With both methods monoamine oxidase activity was found both in the inner and the outer mitochondral membrane, although the outer membrane appeared the most probable location. In addition the BSPT method but not the ferricyanide method, revealed monoamine oxidase activity in the endoplasmatic reticulum. The results obtained by the two methods have been compared and are discussed in view of available biochemical data on monoamine oxidase.
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Williams D, Gascoigne JE, Williams ED. A tetrazolium technique for the histochemical demonstration of multiple forms of rat brain monoamine oxidase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1975. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01003796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Hanker JS, Preece JW, MacRae EK. Cytochemical correlates of structural sexual dimorphism in glandular tissues of the mouse. I. Studies of the renal glomerular capsule. HISTOCHEMISTRY 1975; 44:225-44. [PMID: 171242 DOI: 10.1007/bf00491493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The parietal epithelium of Bowman's capsule has been analyzed by enzyme cytochemistry in kidneys of mice (C57BL/6J) from birth to 50 days of age. There is a greater tendency for cells in the central portions of the capsular crescent to be cuboidal in post-pubertal males than in pre-pubertal mice of either sex or in post-pubertal females where they are generally squamous; moreover, these heightened capsular cells have a distinct microvillous border. Cytochemical procedures were selected which might confirm the morphological suggestion that the cuboidal parietal epithelium possesses an absorptive capacity. The oxidoreductase activity of the mitochondria of the cuboidal cells of this layer is comparable to that of the columnar cells of the proximal convoluted tubule. The cytochrome oxidase activity of the mitochondria in both of these segments of the nephron is intense. This is in sharp contrast to the unreactive mitochondria in the squamous cells of the parietal epithelium. Furthermore, a striking heterogeneity in the degree of cytochrome oxidase activity is evident in the mitochondria of the cuboidal parietal cells as well as in the cells of the proximal tubules. In the former cells, active mitochondria were generally found near microvilli at the apical ends and in the areas of the basal infoldings whereas those in a central position were more frequently unreactive. The brush border of the cuboidal capsular epithelium had prominent alkaline phosphatase and aminopeptidase activities as has previously been observed in other brush borders. Functional capacity corresponding to the morphological and cytochemical specialization of the cuboidal capsular cells was demonstrated by their uptake of horseradish peroxidase. This exogenous protein tracer could be seen in apical vacuoles and phagosomes in the cuboidal parietal epithelium. The cytochemical resemblance of the cells of this epithelium to those of the proximal convoluted tubules suggests a similar involvement in resorption and perhaps in active transport. A possible relationship of this differentiation of the capsular epithelium to the proteinuria normal for adult male mice is discussed.
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Contestabile A. Histochemical study on the distribution of some enzyme activities in the vagal and facial lobes of the goldfish, Carassius auratus. HISTOCHEMISTRY 1975; 44:123-32. [PMID: 1141029 DOI: 10.1007/bf00494073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The histochemical localization of six enzymic activities (acetylcholinesterase, pseudocholinesterase, monoamine oxidase, lactate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase) has been studied in the vagal and facial lobes of the goldfish, Carassius auratus. These encephalic centers are hypertrophic in Cyprinidae, corresponding to the dominance of gustatory function. Acetylcholinesterase shows a complex laminar distribution in the vagal lobes and a peculiar cellular localization in vagal motor neurons. Monoamine oxidase activity is mainly evident in fibrous tracts coming to or leaving from the lobes. Among oxidative enzymes examined, lactate dehydrogenase and succinate dehydrogenase exhibit distribution patterns respectively similar to those observed for acetylcholinesterase and monoamine oxidase. Some features on enzymes distribution in the gustatory centers of Carassius are in agreement with the enzymatic patterns well known in higher vertebrates.
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Hanker JS, Thornburg LP, Yates PE, Romanovicz DK. The demonstration of arylsulfatases with 4-nitro-1,2-benzenediol mono(hydrogen sulfate) by the formation of osmium blacks at the sites of copper capture. HISTOCHEMISTRY 1975; 41:207-25. [PMID: 46859 DOI: 10.1007/bf00497684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A new method is described for the direct cytochemical demonstration of lysosomal arylsulfatases utilizing a synthetic substrate, 4-nitro-1,2-benzenediol mono(hydrogen sulfate), and a copper capture reaction. A small amount of Hatchett's brown (cupric ferrocyanide, Cu2Fe(CN)6-7 H2O) formed at the subcellular sites of copper capture is then utilized as a heterogeneous catalyst to effect the oxidative polymerization of 3,3'-diaminobenzidine which results in the formation of an insoluble, highly colored osmiophilic indamine polymer at the sites of enzymatic activity. The reaction product even at this stage prior to osmication is highly visible. It is readily seen with a light microscope in 50 mum sections of fixed tissues prepared with a mechanical chopper or in 10 micron cryostat sections treated for arylsulfatase activity. Upon osmication, an electron-opaque osmium black is formed which is much less soluble than the products of either the lead or barium capture reactions currently used for the demonstration of arylsulfatase with the electron microscope. The selection of areas of plastic-embedded tissues for ultrathin sectioning is facilitated by the ready visibility of these osmium black end products on 1-2 mum plastic sections which can be studied with the light microscope. This method gives permanent specimens demonstrating arylsulfatases A or B in lysosomes and autophagic vacuoles. In addition, enzyme activity is seen occasionally in the Golgi region or lamellae of certain cells believed to be elaborating sulfated products. In these instances, it may be demonstrating sulfotransferase activity.
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Abstract
Cytochemical staining techniques for microbodies (peroxisomes) are limited at present to the enzymes catalase and alpha-hydroxy acid oxidase, and neither technique can distinguish glyoxysomes from other microbodies. Described here is a procedure using ferricyanide for the cytochemical demonstration by light and electron microscopy of malate synthase activity in glyoxysomes of cotyledons from fat-storing cucumber and sunflower seedlings. Malate synthase, a key enzyme of the glyoxylate cycle, catalyzes the condensation of acetyl CoA with glyoxylate to form malate and release free coenzyme A. Localization of the enzyme activity is based on the reduction by free CoA of ferricyanide to ferrocyanide, and the visualization of the latter as an insoluble, electron-opaque deposit of copper ferrocyanide (Hatchett's brown). The conditions and optimal concentrations for the cytochemical reaction mixture were determined in preliminary studies using a colorimetric assay developed to measure disappearance of ferricyanide at 420 nm. Ultrastructural observation of treated tissue reveals electron-opaque material deposited uniformly throughout the matrix portion of the glyoxysomes, with little background deposition elsewhere in the cell. The reaction product is easily visualized in plastic sections by phase microscopy without poststaining. Although the method has been applied thus far only to cotyledons of fat-storing seedlings, it is anticipated that the technique will be useful in localizing and studying glyoxylate cycle activity in a variety of tissues from both plants and animals.
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