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Zhang P, Liu Z. Structural insights into the transporting and catalyzing mechanism of DltB in LTA D-alanylation. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3404. [PMID: 38649359 PMCID: PMC11035591 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47783-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
DltB, a model member of the Membrane-Bound O-AcylTransferase (MBOAT) superfamily, plays a crucial role in D-alanylation of the lipoteichoic acid (LTA), a significant component of the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria. This process stabilizes the cell wall structure, influences bacterial virulence, and modulates the host immune response. Despite its significance, the role of DltB is not well understood. Through biochemical analysis and cryo-EM imaging, we discover that Streptococcus thermophilus DltB forms a homo-tetramer on the cell membrane. We further visualize DltB in an apo form, in complex with DltC, and in complex with its inhibitor amsacrine (m-AMSA). Each tetramer features a central hole. The C-tunnel of each protomer faces the intratetramer interface and provides access to the periphery membrane. Each protomer binds a DltC without changing the tetrameric organization. A phosphatidylglycerol (PG) molecule in the substrate-binding site may serve as an LTA carrier. The inhibitor m-AMSA bound to the L-tunnel of each protomer blocks the active site. The tetrameric organization of DltB provides a scaffold for catalyzing D-alanyl transfer and regulating the channel opening and closing. Our findings unveil DltB's dual function in the D-alanylation pathway, and provide insight for targeting DltB as a anti-virulence antibiotic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingfeng Zhang
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Zheng Liu
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.
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2
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Hassanpour M, Torabi SM, Afshar D, Kowsari MH, Meratan AA, Nikfarjam N. Tracing the Antibacterial Performance of Bis-Imidazolium-based Ionic Liquid Derivatives. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2024; 7:1558-1568. [PMID: 38373341 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c01040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Ionic liquid (IL) cationic species have recently captivated the attention of pharmacists, biochemists, and biomedical scientists as promising antibacterial agents to deal with the multidrug resistance bacteria crisis. The structure and functional groups of ILs influence their physiochemical properties and biological activities. However, a comprehensive study is required to fully understand the details of the antibacterial activity of ILs carrying various functional groups. Herein, dicationic ILs (DCILs) are reported based on imidazolium rings as efficient antibacterial agents. The DCILs carried various functionalities such as 2-hydroxybutyl (DCIL-1), 2-hydroxy-3-isopropoxypropyl (DCIL-2), 2-hydroxy-3-(methacryloyloxy)propyl (DCIL-3), 2-hydroxy-2-phenylethyl (DCIL-4), and 2-hydroxy-3-phenoxypropyl (DCIL-5). The structure-antibacterial activity relationships of the DCILs against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) were comprehensively studied through antibacterial tests, morphology analysis, and adhesion tests. The experimental assays revealed an antibacterial efficacy order of DCIL-5 > DCIL-1 > DCIL-4 > DCIL-2 > DCIL-3. The all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulation showed a deep permeation of the hydrophobic -OPh functional group of DCIL-5 through the E. coli membrane model in agreement with the experimental observations. Current findings assist scientists in designing new task-specific DCILs for effective interactions with biological membranes for different applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahnaz Hassanpour
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan 45137-66731, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Torabi
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan 45137-66731, Iran
| | - Davoud Afshar
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan 45139-56111, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Kowsari
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan 45137-66731, Iran
- Center for Research in Climate Change and Global Warming (CRCC), Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan 45137-66731, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Meratan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan 45137-66731, Iran
| | - Nasser Nikfarjam
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan 45137-66731, Iran
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering and Computing, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
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3
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Lacotte PA, Denis-Quanquin S, Chatonnat E, Le Bris J, Leparfait D, Lequeux T, Martin-Verstraete I, Candela T. The absence of surface D-alanylation, localized on lipoteichoic acid, impacts the Clostridioides difficile way of life and antibiotic resistance. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1267662. [PMID: 37965542 PMCID: PMC10642750 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1267662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The dlt operon encodes proteins responsible for the esterification of positively charged D-alanine on the wall teichoic acids and lipoteichoic acids of Gram-positive bacteria. This structural modification of the bacterial anionic surface in several species has been described to alter the physicochemical properties of the cell-wall. In addition, it has been linked to reduced sensibilities to cationic antimicrobial peptides and antibiotics. Methods We studied the D-alanylation of Clostridioides difficile polysaccharides with a complete deletion of the dltDABCoperon in the 630 strain. To look for D-alanylation location, surface polysaccharides were purified and analyzed by NMR. Properties of the dltDABCmutant and the parental strains, were determined for bacterial surface's hydrophobicity, motility, adhesion, antibiotic resistance. Results We first confirmed the role of the dltDABCoperon in D-alanylation. Then, we established the exclusive esterification of D-alanine on C. difficile lipoteichoic acid. Our data also suggest that D-alanylation modifies the cell-wall's properties, affecting the bacterial surface's hydrophobicity, motility, adhesion to biotic and abiotic surfaces,and biofilm formation. In addition, our mutant exhibitedincreased sensibilities to antibiotics linked to the membrane, especially bacitracin. A specific inhibitor DLT-1 of DltA reduces the D-alanylation rate in C. difficile but the inhibition was not sufficient to decrease the antibiotic resistance against bacitracin and vancomycin. Conclusion Our results suggest the D-alanylation of C. difficile as an interesting target to tackle C. difficile infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Alexandre Lacotte
- Micalis Institute, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE AgroParisTech, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, UMR6047 CNRS, Laboratoire Pathogenèse des Bactéries Anaérobies, Paris, France
| | | | - Eva Chatonnat
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, UMR6047 CNRS, Laboratoire Pathogenèse des Bactéries Anaérobies, Paris, France
| | - Julie Le Bris
- Microbial Evolutionary Genomics, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR3525, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - David Leparfait
- Normandie Université, Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire et Thioorganique LCMT UMR6507, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CNRS, Caen, France
| | - Thierry Lequeux
- Normandie Université, Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire et Thioorganique LCMT UMR6507, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CNRS, Caen, France
| | - Isabelle Martin-Verstraete
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, UMR6047 CNRS, Laboratoire Pathogenèse des Bactéries Anaérobies, Paris, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Candela
- Micalis Institute, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE AgroParisTech, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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4
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Baek DH, Lee SH. Anti-Inflammatory Efficacy of Human-Derived Streptococcus salivarius on Periodontopathogen-Induced Inflammation. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 33:998-1005. [PMID: 37635315 PMCID: PMC10468666 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2302.02002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus salivarius is a beneficial bacterium in oral cavity, and some strains of this bacterium are known to be probiotics. The purpose of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect and mechanism of S. salivarius G7 lipoteichoic acid (LTA) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and LTA of periodontopathogens. The surface molecules of S. salivarius G7 was extracted, and single- or co-treated on human monocytic cells with LPS and LTA of periodontopathogens. The induction of cytokine expression was evaluated by real-time PCR and ELISA. After labeling fluorescence on LPS and LTA of periodontopathogens, it was co-treated with S. salivarius LTA to the cell. The bound LPS and LTA were measured by a flow cytometer. Also, the biding assay of the LPS and LTA to CD14 and LPS binding protein (LBP) was performed. The surface molecules of S. salivarius G7 did not induce the expression of inflammatory cytokines, and S. salivarius G7 LTA inhibited the inflammatory cytokines induced by LPS and LTA of periodontopathogens. S. salivarius G7 LTA inhibited the binding of its LPS and LTA to cells. Also, S. salivarius G7 LTA blocked the binding of its LPS and LTA to CD14 and LBP. S. salivarius G7 has an inhibitory effect on inflammation induced by LPS or LTA of periodontopathogens, and may be a candidate probiotics for prevention of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Heon Baek
- Department of Dental Hygiene, College of Health Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hoon Lee
- Department of Dental Hygiene, College of Health Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
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5
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Zhang Y, Ge T, Li Y, Lu J, Du H, Yan L, Tan H, Li J, Yin Y. Anti-Fouling and Anti-Biofilm Performance of Self-Polishing Waterborne Polyurethane with Gemini Quaternary Ammonium Salts. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15020317. [PMID: 36679198 PMCID: PMC9865321 DOI: 10.3390/polym15020317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are known to be difficult to eradicate and control, complicating human infections and marine biofouling. In this study, self-polishing and anti-fouling waterborne polyurethane coatings synthesized from gemini quaternary ammonium salts (GQAS), polyethylene glycol (PEG), and polycaprolactone diol (PCL) demonstrate excellent antibiofilm efficacy. Their anti-fouling and anti-biofilm performance was confirmed by a culture-based method in broth media, with the biofilm formation factor against Gram-positive (S. aureus) and Gram-negative bacterial strains (E. coli) for 2 days. The results indicate that polyurethane coatings have excellent anti-biofilm activity when the content of GQAS reached 8.5 wt% against S. aureus, and 15.8 wt% against E. coli. The resulting waterborne polyurethane coatings demonstrate both hydrolytic and enzymatic degradation, and the surface erosion enzymatic degradation mechanism enables them with good self-polishing capability. The extracts cyto-toxicity of these polyurethane coatings and degradation liquids was also systematically studied; they could be degraded to non-toxic or low toxic compositions. This study shows the possibility to achieve potent self-polishing and anti-biofilm efficacy by integrating antibacterial GQAS, PEG, and PCL into waterborne polyurethane coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Engineering Technology Research Center for Corrosion Control and Protection of Materials in Extreme Marine Environment, Guangzhou Maritime University, Guangzhou 510725, China
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Tao Ge
- Engineering Technology Research Center for Corrosion Control and Protection of Materials in Extreme Marine Environment, Guangzhou Maritime University, Guangzhou 510725, China
| | - Yifan Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Jinlin Lu
- Engineering Technology Research Center for Corrosion Control and Protection of Materials in Extreme Marine Environment, Guangzhou Maritime University, Guangzhou 510725, China
| | - Hao Du
- Engineering Technology Research Center for Corrosion Control and Protection of Materials in Extreme Marine Environment, Guangzhou Maritime University, Guangzhou 510725, China
| | - Ling Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Material for Marine Equipment and Application, Anshan 114000, China
| | - Hong Tan
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Jiehua Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- Correspondence: (J.L.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Yansheng Yin
- Engineering Technology Research Center for Corrosion Control and Protection of Materials in Extreme Marine Environment, Guangzhou Maritime University, Guangzhou 510725, China
- Correspondence: (J.L.); (Y.Y.)
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6
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Ganapathi P, Ganesan K, Dharmasivam M, Alam MM, Mohammed A. Efficient Antibacterial Dimeric Nitro Imidazolium Type of Ionic Liquids from a Simple Synthetic Approach. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:44458-44469. [PMID: 36506216 PMCID: PMC9730758 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c06833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Synthesis of dimeric nitro-substituted imidazolium salts under the conventional/solvent-free method is reported. The solvent-free method is more important than the conventional one because of its shorter reaction time, higher yield from easily available starting material, environmental safety, and so forth. Counter anion exchange is carried out using inorganic salt, which is dissolved in deionized water at room temperature. In antibacterial studies, dimeric nitro-substituted imidazolium cations with bromide counter anions showed excellent inhibition against E. coli and P. aeruginosa bacteria. These experimental results were further supported by molecular docking studies. All the compounds (3-6) (a-d) showed excellent antibacterial activity than the standard drugs (gentamycin, nalidixic acid, oflaxacin, ciproflaxacin, and amikacin). Molecular docking studies showed strong hydrogen bonding, polar and hydrophobic interactions between the dimeric imidazolium salts, and Escherichia coli/Pseudomonas aeruginosa/Proteus vulgaris/Staphylococcus aureus receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pandurangan Ganapathi
- PG
& Research Department of Chemistry, Presidency College (Autonomous), Chennai 600 005, India
| | - Kilivelu Ganesan
- PG
& Research Department of Chemistry, Presidency College (Autonomous), Chennai 600 005, India
| | - Mahendiran Dharmasivam
- Centre
for Cancer Cell Biology and Drug Discovery, Griffith Institute for
Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Mohammed Mujahid Alam
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid
University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Amanullah Mohammed
- Department
of Clinical Biochemistry, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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7
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Engineering Antibacterial Activities and Biocompatibility of Hyperbranched Lysine-based Random Copolymers. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-022-2859-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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8
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Joodaki F, Martin LM, Greenfield ML. Generation and Computational Characterization of a Complex Staphylococcus aureus Lipid Bilayer. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:9481-9499. [PMID: 35901279 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c00483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Studies indicate a crucial cell membrane role in the antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus aureus. To simulate its membrane structure and dynamics, a complex molecular-scale computational representation of the S. aureus lipid bilayer was developed. Phospholipid types and their amounts were optimized by reverse Monte Carlo to represent characterization data from the literature, leading to 19 different phospholipid types that combine three headgroups [phosphatidylglycerol, lysyl-phosphatidylglycerol (LPG), and cardiolipin] and 10 tails, including iso- and anteiso-branched saturated chains. The averaged lipid bilayer thickness was 36.7 Å, and area per headgroup was 67.8 Å2. Phosphorus and nitrogen density profiles showed that LPG headgroups tended to be bent and oriented more parallel to the bilayer plane. The water density profile showed that small amounts reached the membrane center. Carbon density profiles indicated hydrophobic interactions for all lipids in the middle of the bilayer. Bond vector order parameters along each tail demonstrated different C-H ordering even within distinct lipids of the same type; however, all tails followed similar trends in average order parameter. These complex simulations further revealed bilayer insights beyond those attainable with monodisperse, unbranched lipids. Longer tails often extended into the opposite leaflet. Carbon at and beyond a branch showed significantly decreased ordering compared to carbon in unbranched tails; this feature arose in every branched lipid. Diverse tail lengths distributed these disordered methyl groups throughout the middle third of the bilayer. Distributions in mobility and ordering reveal diverse properties that cannot be obtained with monodisperse lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faramarz Joodaki
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Rhode Island, 360 Fascitelli Center for Advanced Engineering, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | - Lenore M Martin
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Rhode Island, 120 Flagg Road, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | - Michael L Greenfield
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Rhode Island, 360 Fascitelli Center for Advanced Engineering, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
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9
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Zheng X, Ma SX, St. John A, Torres VJ. The Major Autolysin Atl Regulates the Virulence of Staphylococcus aureus by Controlling the Sorting of LukAB. Infect Immun 2022; 90:e0005622. [PMID: 35258336 PMCID: PMC9022505 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00056-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections caused by the Gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus remain a significant health threat globally. The production of bicomponent pore-forming leukocidins plays an important role in S. aureus pathogenesis. Transcriptionally, these toxins are primarily regulated by the Sae and Agr regulatory systems. However, the posttranslational regulation of these toxins is largely unexplored. In particular, one of the leukocidins, LukAB, has been shown to be both secreted into the extracellular milieu and associated with the bacterial cell envelope. Here, we report that a major cell wall hydrolase, autolysin (Atl), controls the sorting of LukAB from the cell envelope to the extracellular milieu, an effect independent of transcriptional regulation. By influencing the sorting of LukAB, Atl modulates S. aureus cytotoxicity toward primary human neutrophils. Mechanistically, we found that the reduction in peptidoglycan cleavage and increased LukAB secretion in the atl mutant can be reversed through the supplementation of exogenous mutanolysin. Altogether, our study revealed that the cell wall hydrolase activity of Atl and the cleavage of peptidoglycan play an important role in controlling the sorting of S. aureus toxins during secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhui Zheng
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sheya Xiao Ma
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Amelia St. John
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Victor J. Torres
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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10
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Xie F, Jiang L, Xiao X, Lu Y, Liu R, Jiang W, Cai J. Quaternized Polysaccharide-Based Cationic Micelles as a Macromolecular Approach to Eradicate Multidrug-Resistant Bacterial Infections while Mitigating Antimicrobial Resistance. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2104885. [PMID: 35129309 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202104885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Microbial infections and microbial resistance lead to a high demand for new antimicrobial agents. Quaternized polysaccharides are cationic antimicrobial candidates; however, the limitation of homogeneous synthesis solvents that affect the molecular structure and biological activities, as well as their drug resistance remains unclear. Therefore, the authors homogeneously synthesize a series of quaternized chitin (QC) and quaternized chitosan (QCS) derivatives via a green and effective KOH/urea system and investigate their structure-activity relationship and biological activity in vivo and in vitro. Their study reveals that a proper match of degree of quaternization (DQ) and degree of deacetylation (DD') of QC or QCS is key to balance antimicrobial property and cytotoxicity. They identify QCS-2 as the optimized antimicrobial agent with a DQ of 0.46 and DD' of 82%, which exhibits effective broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties, good hemocompatibility, excellent cytocompatibility, and effective inhibition of bacterial biofilm formation and eradication of mature bacterial biofilms. Moreover, QCS-2 exhibits a low propensity for development of drug resistance and significant anti-infective effects on MRSA in vivo comparable to that of vancomycin, avoiding excessive inflammation and promoting the formation of new blood vessels, hair follicles, and collagen deposition to thus expedite wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Xie
- Hubei Engineering Center of Natural Polymers-based Medical Materials, College of Chemistry & Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Lai Jiang
- Department of Biological Repositories, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Ximian Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Yiwen Lu
- Hubei Engineering Center of Natural Polymers-based Medical Materials, College of Chemistry & Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Runhui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Biological Repositories, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Jie Cai
- Hubei Engineering Center of Natural Polymers-based Medical Materials, College of Chemistry & Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
- Research Institute of Shenzhen, Wuhan University, Shenzhen, 518057, China
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11
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Fridianto KT, Li M, Hards K, Negatu DA, Cook GM, Dick T, Lam Y, Go ML. Functionalized Dioxonaphthoimidazoliums: A Redox Cycling Chemotype with Potent Bactericidal Activities against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Med Chem 2021; 64:15991-16007. [PMID: 34706190 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Disruption of redox homeostasis in mycobacteria causes irreversible stress induction and cell death. Here, we report the dioxonaphthoimidazolium scaffold as a novel redox cycling antituberculosis chemotype with potent bactericidal activity against growing and nutrient-starved phenotypically drug-resistant nongrowing bacteria. Maximal potency was dependent on the activation of the redox cycling quinone by the positively charged scaffold and accessibility to the mycobacterial cell membrane as directed by the lipophilicity and conformational characteristics of the N-substituted side chains. Evidence from microbiological, biochemical, and genetic investigations implicates a redox-driven mode of action that is reliant on the reduction of the quinone by type II NADH dehydrogenase (NDH2) for the generation of bactericidal levels of the reactive oxygen species (ROS). The bactericidal profile of a potent water-soluble analogue 32 revealed good activity against nutrient-starved organisms in the Loebel model of dormancy, low spontaneous resistance mutation frequency, and synergy with isoniazid in the checkerboard assay.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kiel Hards
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Dereje A Negatu
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health & Department of Medical Sciences, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, New Jersey 07110, United States
| | - Gregory M Cook
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Thomas Dick
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health & Department of Medical Sciences, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, New Jersey 07110, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia 20057, United States
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12
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Xu H, Xie F, Lu Y, Wei P, Cai J. Fluorescent Amphiphilic Quaternized β-Chitin: Antibacterial Mechanism and Cell Imaging. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:5461-5470. [PMID: 35006718 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c00179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescent materials span multiple applications from biological probes and chemical sensing to optoelectronic systems. Although great efforts have been made toward developing classes of fluorescent materials, 100,000+ traditional fluorescent dyes still suffer from the obstacle of aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ). Thus, designing fluorescent materials with excellent optical performance from ACQ luminogens remains challenging. In this work, we prepared fluorescent amphiphilic quaternized β-chitin (QC-F) via nucleophilic addition between the amino groups of QC and isothiocyanate groups of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC). Due to the covalent anchoring of the QC backbone, steric hindrance of the bulky acetamido groups, electrostatic repulsion of the quaternary ammonium groups, and homogeneous distribution of FITC units, the FITC units were spatially and electronically isolated, and the QC-F series exhibited unique fluorescent behaviors. The QC-F series could be used to observe their interactions with microbial cells through fluorescence imaging to gain insights into the QC antibacterial mechanism. Moreover, with their favorable cytocompatibility, the QC-F series are also suitable for cell imaging. Thus, the present work will broaden the applications of chitin and conventional ACQ luminogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Xu
- Hubei Engineering Center of Natural Polymers-Based Medical Materials, College of Chemistry & Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.,Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion and New Carbon Materials of Hubei Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China
| | - Fang Xie
- Hubei Engineering Center of Natural Polymers-Based Medical Materials, College of Chemistry & Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yiwen Lu
- Hubei Engineering Center of Natural Polymers-Based Medical Materials, College of Chemistry & Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Pingdong Wei
- Hubei Engineering Center of Natural Polymers-Based Medical Materials, College of Chemistry & Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jie Cai
- Hubei Engineering Center of Natural Polymers-Based Medical Materials, College of Chemistry & Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.,Research Institute of Shenzhen, Wuhan University, Shenzhen 518057, China
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Bouarab L, Degraeve P, Bouajila J, Cottaz A, Jbilou F, Joly C, Oulahal N. Staphylococcus aureus membrane-damaging activities of four phenolics. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2021; 368:6309896. [PMID: 34173656 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnab081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The membrane-damaging activities of four phenolics chosen for their bactericidal activity against Staphylococcus aureus CNRZ3 were investigated: 5,7-dihydroxy-4-phenylcoumarin (DHPC), 5,8-dihydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (DHNQ), epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and isobutyl 4-hydroxybenzoate (IBHB). Staphylococcus aureus CNRZ3 cells, as well as model liposomes mimicking its membrane phospholipids composition, were treated with each phenolic at its minimal bactericidal concentration. Membrane integrity, intracellular pH and intracellular esterase activity were examined by flow cytometric analysis of S. aureus cells stained with propidium iodide and SYTO® 9, 2',7'-bis(2-carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein acetoxymethyl ester, and 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein diacetate, respectively. While intracellular pH was affected by the foyr phenolics, only DHNQ and to a lesser extent EGCG, caused a loss of membrane integrity. Flow cytometric analysis of 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) and DPPC/POPG (2-oleoyl-1-palmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol) liposomes stained with Coumarin 6 (which penetrates the lipid bilayer) or 5-N(octadecanoyl)-amino-fluorescein (which binds to the liposome shell) suggested that only EGCG and DHNQ penetrated the bilayer of phospholipids of liposomes. Taken together, these findings support the hypothesis that EGCG and DHNQ bactericidal activity results from their accumulation in the phospholipid bilayer of S. aureus cells membrane causing its disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynda Bouarab
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ISARA Lyon, BioDyMIA (Bioingénierie et Dynamique Microbienne aux Interfaces Alimentaires), Equipe Mixte d'Accueil n°3733, IUT Lyon 1, technopole Alimentec, rue Henri de Boissieu, F-01000 Bourg en Bresse, France
| | - Pascal Degraeve
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ISARA Lyon, BioDyMIA (Bioingénierie et Dynamique Microbienne aux Interfaces Alimentaires), Equipe Mixte d'Accueil n°3733, IUT Lyon 1, technopole Alimentec, rue Henri de Boissieu, F-01000 Bourg en Bresse, France
| | - Jalloul Bouajila
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, UMR 5503, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Amandine Cottaz
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ISARA Lyon, BioDyMIA (Bioingénierie et Dynamique Microbienne aux Interfaces Alimentaires), Equipe Mixte d'Accueil n°3733, IUT Lyon 1, technopole Alimentec, rue Henri de Boissieu, F-01000 Bourg en Bresse, France
| | - Fouzia Jbilou
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ISARA Lyon, BioDyMIA (Bioingénierie et Dynamique Microbienne aux Interfaces Alimentaires), Equipe Mixte d'Accueil n°3733, IUT Lyon 1, technopole Alimentec, rue Henri de Boissieu, F-01000 Bourg en Bresse, France
| | - Catherine Joly
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ISARA Lyon, BioDyMIA (Bioingénierie et Dynamique Microbienne aux Interfaces Alimentaires), Equipe Mixte d'Accueil n°3733, IUT Lyon 1, technopole Alimentec, rue Henri de Boissieu, F-01000 Bourg en Bresse, France
| | - Nadia Oulahal
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ISARA Lyon, BioDyMIA (Bioingénierie et Dynamique Microbienne aux Interfaces Alimentaires), Equipe Mixte d'Accueil n°3733, IUT Lyon 1, technopole Alimentec, rue Henri de Boissieu, F-01000 Bourg en Bresse, France
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Abstract
Rhodomyrtone (Rom) is a plant-derived broad-spectrum antibiotic active against many Gram-positive pathogens. A single point mutation in the regulatory farR gene (farR*) confers resistance to Rom in Staphylococcus aureus (RomR). The mutation in farR* alters the activity of the regulator, FarR*, in such a way that not only its own gene, farR*, but also the divergently transcribed farE gene and genes controlled by the global regulator, agr, are highly upregulated. Here, we show that mainly the upregulation of the fatty acid efflux pump FarE causes the RomR phenotype, as farE deletion in either the parent or the RomR strain (RomR ΔfarE) yielded hypersensitivity to Rom. Comparative lipidome analysis of the supernatant (exolipidomics) and the pellet fraction revealed that the RomR strain excreted about 10 times more phospholipids (PGs) than the parent strain or the ΔfarE mutants. Since the PG content in the supernatant (2,244 ng/optical density [OD]) was more than 100-fold higher than that of fatty acids (FA), we assumed that PG interacts with Rom, thereby abrogating its antimicrobial activity. Indeed, by static and dynamic light scattering (SLS and DLS) and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) analyses, we could demonstrate that both PG and Rom were vesicular and reacted with each other in milliseconds to form a 1:1.49 [Rom-PG(32:0), where PG(32:0) is PG with C32:0 lipids] complex. The binding is entropically driven and hence hydrophobic and of low specificity in nature. Our results indicate that the cytoplasmic membrane is the actual target of Rom, which is also in agreement with Rom's induced rapid collapse of the membrane potential and decreased membrane integrity. IMPORTANCE Antibiotic resistance is a growing public health problem, and alternative antibiotics are urgently needed. Rhodomyrtone (Rom), an antimicrobial compound originally isolated from Rhodomyrtus tomentosa, is active against multidrug-resistant Gram-positive pathogens. However, Rom-resistant (RomR) mutants occur with low frequency. In this study, we unraveled the underlying resistance mechanism, which is based on a point mutation in the farR regulator gene, causing overexpression of FarE, which most likely acts as a phospholipid (PG) efflux pump, as large amounts of PG were found in the supernatant and the pellet fraction. We show that PG can bind to Rom, thereby abrogating its antimicrobial activity. The direct interaction of Rom with PG suggests that Rom's actual target is the cytoplasmic membrane. Antibiotics that interact with PG are rare. Since Rom can be chemically synthesized, it serves as a lead compound for synthesis of improved variants.
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Xu H, Zhang L, Zhang H, Luo J, Gao X. Green Fabrication of Chitin/Chitosan Composite Hydrogels and Their Potential Applications. Macromol Biosci 2021; 21:e2000389. [PMID: 33458940 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202000389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chitin is the second most abundant natural polysaccharide with biocompatibility and bioactivity. Aqueous KOH/urea solution is reported for rapid dissolution of chitin, therefore providing a greener and more efficient avenue to fabricate chitin-based functional materials. Chitosan is the most important derivative of chitin with the acetylation degree lower than 60%. Herein, novel chitin/chitosan composite hydrogels are fabricated from the green and highly efficient KOH/urea aqueous system for the first time. Both chitin and chitosan are dissolved in aqueous KOH/urea solutions, then cross-linked by epichlorohydrin to form bulk chitin/chitosan composite hydrogels (CCGEL). The structural, thermal, mechanical, and swelling properties of CCGEL are thoroughly studied. The cell studies show that NIH-3T3 cells self-assemble to form regular 3D multicellular spheroids on the CCGEL samples with high viability. L929 cells proliferate and intend to form cell aggregates, and the size of the cell aggregates becomes greater with the increase of chitosan loading. Additionally, the CCGEL samples exhibit antibacterial activities. Thus, this pioneering work has provided crucial information for novel chitin/chitosan composite materials constructed via the direct dissolution of chitin and chitosan in aqueous KOH/urea solutions, and presented their potential applications in the cell culture and antibacterial fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion and New Carbon Materials of Hubei ProvinceSchool of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion and New Carbon Materials of Hubei ProvinceSchool of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081, China
| | - Hongli Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion and New Carbon Materials of Hubei ProvinceSchool of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081, China
| | - Jie Luo
- Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion and New Carbon Materials of Hubei ProvinceSchool of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081, China
| | - Xiaofang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion and New Carbon Materials of Hubei ProvinceSchool of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081, China
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16
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Bharatiya B, Wang G, Rogers SE, Pedersen JS, Mann S, Briscoe WH. Mixed liposomes containing gram-positive bacteria lipids: Lipoteichoic acid (LTA) induced structural changes. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2021; 199:111551. [PMID: 33387794 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2020.111551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Lipoteichoic acid (LTA), a surface associated polymer amphiphile tethered directly to the Gram-positive bacterial cytoplasmic membrane, is a key structural and functional membrane component. Its composition in the membrane is regulated by bacteria under different physiological conditions. How such LTA compositional variations modulate the membrane structural stability and integrity is poorly understood. Here, we have investigated structural changes in mixed liposomes mimicking the lipid composition of Gram-positive bacteria membranes, in which the concentration of Bacillus Subtilis LTA was varied between 0-15 mol%. Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements indicated formation of mixed unilamellar vesicles, presumably stabilized by the negatively charged LTA polyphosphates. The vesicle size increased with the LTA molar concentration up to ∼6.5 mol%, accompanied by a broadened size distribution, and further increasing the LTA concentration led to a decrease in the vesicle size. At 80 °C, SANS analyses showed the formation of larger vesicles with thinner shells. Complementary Cryo-TEM imaging confirmed the vesicle formation and the size increase with LTA addition, as well as the presence of interconnected spherical aggregates of smaller size at higher LTA concentrations. The results are discussed in light of the steric and electrostatic interactions of the bulky LTA molecules with increased chain fluidity at the higher temperature, which affect the molecular packing and interactions, and thus depend on the LTA composition, in the membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavesh Bharatiya
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Gang Wang
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Sarah E Rogers
- ISIS Neutron and Muon Source, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Oxford, Didcot, OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Jan Skov Pedersen
- Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, Building 1590-252, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Stephen Mann
- Max Planck Bristol Centre for Minimal Biology, Centre for Protolife Research and Centre for Organized Matter Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Wuge H Briscoe
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK.
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17
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de Jonge PA, Smit Sibinga DJC, Boright OA, Costa AR, Nobrega FL, Brouns SJJ, Dutilh BE. Development of Styrene Maleic Acid Lipid Particles as a Tool for Studies of Phage-Host Interactions. J Virol 2020; 94:e01559-20. [PMID: 32938760 PMCID: PMC7654272 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01559-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The infection of a bacterium by a phage starts with attachment to a receptor molecule on the host cell surface by the phage. Since receptor-phage interactions are crucial to successful infections, they are major determinants of phage host range and, by extension, of the broader effects that phages have on bacterial communities. Many receptor molecules, particularly membrane proteins, are difficult to isolate because their stability is supported by their native membrane environments. Styrene maleic acid lipid particles (SMALPs), a recent advance in membrane protein studies, are the result of membrane solubilizations by styrene maleic acid (SMA) copolymer chains. SMALPs thereby allow for isolation of membrane proteins while maintaining their native environment. Here, we explore SMALPs as a tool to isolate and study phage-receptor interactions. We show that SMALPs produced from taxonomically distant bacterial membranes allow for receptor-specific decrease of viable phage counts of several model phages that span the three largest phage families. After characterizing the effects of incubation time and SMALP concentration on the activity of three distinct phages, we present evidence that the interaction between two model phages and SMALPs is specific to bacterial species and the phage receptor molecule. These interactions additionally lead to DNA ejection by nearly all particles at high phage titers. We conclude that SMALPs are a potentially highly useful tool for phage-host interaction studies.IMPORTANCE Bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria or phages) impact every microbial community. All phage infections start with the binding of the viral particle to a specific receptor molecule on the host cell surface. Due to its importance in phage infections, this first step is of interest to many phage-related research and applications. However, many phage receptors are difficult to isolate. Styrene maleic acid lipid particles (SMALPs) are a recently developed approach to isolate membrane proteins in their native environment. In this study, we explore SMALPs as a tool to study phage-receptor interactions. We find that different phage species bind to SMALPs, while maintaining specificity to their receptor. We then characterize the time and concentration dependence of phage-SMALP interactions and furthermore show that they lead to genome ejection by the phage. The results presented here show that SMALPs are a useful tool for future studies of phage-receptor interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick A de Jonge
- Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Science4Life, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Dieuwke J C Smit Sibinga
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Oliver A Boright
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Ana Rita Costa
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Franklin L Nobrega
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Stan J J Brouns
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Bas E Dutilh
- Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Science4Life, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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18
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Mechanisms of bactericidal action and resistance of polymyxins for Gram-positive bacteria. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:3771-3780. [PMID: 32157424 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10525-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Polymyxins are cationic antimicrobial peptides used as the last-line therapy to treat multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacterial infections. The bactericidal activity of polymyxins against Gram-negative bacteria relies on the electrostatic interaction between the positively charged polymyxins and the negatively charged lipid A of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Given that Gram-positive bacteria lack an LPS-containing outer membrane, it is generally acknowledged that polymyxins are less active against Gram-positive bacteria. However, Gram-positive bacteria produce negatively charged teichoic acids, which may act as the target of polymyxins. More and more studies suggest that polymyxins have potential as a treatment for Gram-positive bacterial infection. This mini-review discusses recent advances in the mechanism of the antibacterial activity and resistance of polymyxins in Gram-positive bacteria.Key Points• Teichoic acids play a key role in the action of polymyxins on Gram-positive bacteria.• Polymyxin kills Gram-positive bacteria by disrupting cell surface and oxidative damage.• Modification of teichoic acids and phospholipids contributes to polymyxin resistance in Gram-positive bacteria.• Polymyxins have potential as a treatment for Gram-positive bacterial infection.
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19
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Rismondo J, Haddad TFM, Shen Y, Loessner MJ, Gründling A. GtcA is required for LTA glycosylation in Listeria monocytogenes serovar 1/2a and Bacillus subtilis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 6:100038. [PMID: 32743150 PMCID: PMC7389260 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcsw.2020.100038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The cell wall polymers wall teichoic acid (WTA) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA) are often modified with glycosyl and D-alanine residues. Recent studies have shown that a three-component glycosylation system is used for the modification of LTA in several Gram-positive bacteria including Bacillus subtilis and Listeria monocytogenes. In the L. monocytogenes 1/2a strain 10403S, the cytoplasmic glycosyltransferase GtlA is thought to use UDP-galactose to produce the C55-P-galactose lipid intermediate, which is transported across the membrane by an unknown flippase. Next, the galactose residue is transferred onto the LTA backbone on the outside of the cell by the glycosyltransferase GtlB. Here we show that GtcA is necessary for the glycosylation of LTA in L. monocytogenes 10403S and B. subtilis 168 and we hypothesize that these proteins act as C55-P-sugar flippases. With this we revealed that GtcA is involved in the glycosylation of both teichoic acid polymers in L. monocytogenes 10403S, namely WTA with N-acetylglucosamine and LTA with galactose residues. These findings indicate that the L. monocytogenes GtcA protein can act on different C55-P-sugar intermediates. Further characterization of GtcA in L. monocytogenes led to the identification of residues essential for its overall function as well as residues, which predominately impact WTA or LTA glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanine Rismondo
- Section of Molecular Microbiology and Medical Research Council Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Talal F M Haddad
- Section of Molecular Microbiology and Medical Research Council Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Yang Shen
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin J Loessner
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Angelika Gründling
- Section of Molecular Microbiology and Medical Research Council Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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20
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Lima BP, Kho K, Nairn BL, Davies JR, Svensäter G, Chen R, Steffes A, Vreeman GW, Meredith TC, Herzberg MC. Streptococcus gordonii Type I Lipoteichoic Acid Contributes to Surface Protein Biogenesis. mSphere 2019; 4:e00814-19. [PMID: 31801844 PMCID: PMC6893214 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00814-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipoteichoic acid (LTA) is an abundant polymer of the Gram-positive bacterial cell envelope and is essential for many species. Whereas the exact function of LTA has not been elucidated, loss of LTA in some species affects hydrophobicity, biofilm formation, and cell division. Using a viable LTA-deficient strain of the human oral commensal Streptococcus gordonii, we demonstrated that LTA plays an important role in surface protein presentation. Cell wall fractions derived from the wild-type and LTA-deficient strains of S. gordonii were analyzed using label-free mass spectroscopy. Comparisons showed that the abundances of many proteins differed, including (i) SspA, SspB, and S. gordonii 0707 (SGO_0707) (biofilm formation); (ii) FtsE (cell division); (iii) Pbp1a and Pbp2a (cell wall biosynthesis and remodeling); and (iv) DegP (envelope stress response). These changes in cell surface protein presentation appear to explain our observations of altered cell envelope homeostasis, biofilm formation, and adhesion to eukaryotic cells, without affecting binding and coaggregation with other bacterial species, and provide insight into the phenotypes revealed by the loss of LTA in other species of Gram-positive bacteria. We also characterized the chemical structure of the LTA expressed by S. gordonii Similarly to Streptococcus suis, S. gordonii produced a complex type I LTA, decorated with multiple d-alanylations and glycosylations. Hence, the S. gordonii LTA appears to orchestrate expression and presentation of cell surface-associated proteins and functions.IMPORTANCE Discovered over a half-century ago, lipoteichoic acid (LTA) is an abundant polymer found on the surface of Gram-positive bacteria. Although LTA is essential for the survival of many Gram-positive species, knowledge of how LTA contributes to bacterial physiology has remained elusive. Recently, LTA-deficient strains have been generated in some Gram-positive species, including the human oral commensal Streptococcus gordonii The significance of our research is that we utilized an LTA-deficient strain of S. gordonii to address why LTA is physiologically important to Gram-positive bacteria. We demonstrate that in S. gordonii, LTA plays an important role in the presentation of many cell surface-associated proteins, contributing to cell envelope homeostasis, cell-to-cell interactions in biofilms, and adhesion to eukaryotic cells. These data may broadly reflect a physiological role of LTA in Gram-positive bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno P Lima
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Kelvin Kho
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Brittany L Nairn
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Julia R Davies
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Odontology, Malmo University, Malmo, Sweden
| | - Gunnel Svensäter
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Odontology, Malmo University, Malmo, Sweden
| | - Ruoqiong Chen
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Amanda Steffes
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Gerrit W Vreeman
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Timothy C Meredith
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mark C Herzberg
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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21
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Ciro Y, Rojas J, Oñate-Garzon J, Salamanca CH. Synthesis, Characterisation and Biological Evaluation of Ampicillin-Chitosan-Polyanion Nanoparticles Produced by Ionic Gelation and Polyelectrolyte Complexation Assisted by High-Intensity Sonication. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1758. [PMID: 31731554 PMCID: PMC6918291 DOI: 10.3390/polym11111758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, one of the promising strategies to fight sensitive and resistant bacteria, and decrease the morbidity and mortality rates due to non-nosocomial infections, is to use antibiotic-loaded nanoparticles. In this study, ampicillin-loaded chitosan-polyanion nanoparticles were produced through the techniques of ionic gelation and polyelectrolyte complexation assisted by high-intensity sonication, using several crosslinking agents, including phytic acid (non-polymeric polyanion), sodium and potassium salts of poly(maleic acid-alt-ethylene) and poly(maleic acid-alt-octadecene) (polymeric polyanions). These nanoparticles were analysed and characterised in terms of particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential and encapsulation efficiency. The stability of these nanosystems was carried out at temperatures of 4 and 40 °C, and the antimicrobial effect was determined by the broth microdilution method using sensitive and resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains. The results reveal that most of the nanosystems have sizes <220 nm, positive zeta potential values and a monodisperse population, except for the nanoparticles crosslinked with PAM-18 polyanions. The nanometric systems exhibited adequate stability preventing aggregation and revealed a two-fold increase in antimicrobial activity when compared with free ampicillin. This study demonstrates the potential application of synthesised nanoparticles in the field of medicine, especially for treating infections caused by pathogenic S. aureus strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yhors Ciro
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical and Food Sciences, University of Antioquia, Medellín 050025, Colombia; (Y.C.); (J.R.)
| | - John Rojas
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical and Food Sciences, University of Antioquia, Medellín 050025, Colombia; (Y.C.); (J.R.)
| | - Jose Oñate-Garzon
- Grupo de Investigación en Química y Biotecnología (QUIBIO), Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Santiago de Cali, calle 5 No. 62-00, Cali 760035, Colombia;
| | - Constain H. Salamanca
- Laboratorio de Diseño y Formulación de Productos Químicos y Derivados, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad ICESI, Calle 18 No. 122-135, Cali 760035, Colombia
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22
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Fan X, Xu W, Han J, Jiang X, Wink M, Wu G. Antimicrobial peptide hybrid fluorescent protein based sensor array discriminate ten most frequent clinic isolates. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2019; 1863:1158-1166. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2019.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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23
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Malekkhaiat Häffner S, Nyström L, Browning KL, Mörck Nielsen H, Strömstedt AA, van der Plas MJA, Schmidtchen A, Malmsten M. Interaction of Laponite with Membrane Components-Consequences for Bacterial Aggregation and Infection Confinement. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:15389-15400. [PMID: 30951282 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b03527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The antimicrobial effects of Laponite nanoparticles with or without loading of the antimicrobial peptide LL-37 was investigated along with their membrane interactions. The study combines data from ellipsometry, circular dichroism, fluorescence spectroscopy, particle size/ζ potential measurements, and confocal microscopy. As a result of the net negative charge of Laponite, loading of net positively charged LL-37 increases with increasing pH. The peptide was found to bind primarily to the outer surface of the Laponite nanoparticles in a predominantly helical conformation, leading to charge reversal. Despite their net positive charge, peptide-loaded Laponite nanoparticles did not kill Gram-negative Escherichia coli bacteria or disrupt anionic model liposomes. They did however cause bacteria flocculation, originating from the interaction of Laponite and bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Free LL-37, in contrast, is potently antimicrobial through membrane disruption but does not induce bacterial aggregation in the concentration range investigated. Through LL-37 loading of Laponite nanoparticles, the combined effects of bacterial flocculation and membrane lysis are observed. However, bacteria aggregation seems to be limited to Gram-negative bacteria as Laponite did not cause flocculation of Gram-positive Bacillus subtilis bacteria nor did it bind to lipoteichoic acid from bacterial envelopes. Taken together, the present investigation reports several novel phenomena by demonstrating that nanoparticle charge does not invariably control membrane destabilization and by identifying the ability of anionic Laponite nanoparticles to effectively flocculate Gram-negative bacteria through LPS binding. As demonstrated in cell experiments, such aggregation results in diminished LPS-induced cell activation, thus outlining a promising approach for confinement of infection and inflammation caused by such pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lina Nyström
- Department of Pharmacy , Uppsala University , SE-75123 Uppsala , Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Mariena J A van der Plas
- Division of Dermatology and Venereology, Department of Clinical Sciences , Lund University , SE-22184 Lund , Sweden
| | - Artur Schmidtchen
- Division of Dermatology and Venereology, Department of Clinical Sciences , Lund University , SE-22184 Lund , Sweden
| | - Martin Malmsten
- Department of Pharmacy , Uppsala University , SE-75123 Uppsala , Sweden
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24
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Zhang T, Guo J, Ding Y, Mao H, Yan F. Redox-responsive ferrocene-containing poly(ionic liquid)s for antibacterial applications. Sci China Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-018-9348-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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25
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Effect of interactions of plant phenolics with bovine meat proteins on their antibacterial activity. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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26
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Chen H, Nyantakyi SA, Li M, Gopal P, Aziz DB, Yang T, Moreira W, Gengenbacher M, Dick T, Go ML. The Mycobacterial Membrane: A Novel Target Space for Anti-tubercular Drugs. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1627. [PMID: 30072978 PMCID: PMC6060259 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) poses an enduring threat to global health. Consistently ranked among the top 10 causes of death worldwide since 2000, TB has now exceeded HIV-AIDS in terms of deaths inflicted by a single infectious agent. In spite of recently declining TB incident rates, these decreases have been incremental and fall short of threshold levels required to end the global TB epidemic. As in other infectious diseases, the emergence of resistant organisms poses a major impediment to effective TB control. Resistance in mycobacteria may evolve from genetic mutations in target genes which are transmitted during cell multiplication from mother cells to their progeny. A more insidious form of resistance involves sub-populations of non-growing (“dormant”) mycobacterial persisters. Quiescent and genetically identical to their susceptible counterparts, persisters exhibit non-inheritable drug tolerance. Their prevalence account for the protracted treatment period that is required for the treatment of TB. In order to improve the efficacy of treatment against mycobacterial persisters and drug-resistant organisms, novel antitubercular agents are urgently required. Selective targeting of bacterial membranes has been proposed as a viable therapeutic strategy against infectious diseases. The underpinning rationale is that a functionally intact cell membrane is vital for both replicating and dormant bacteria. Perturbing the membrane would thus disrupt a multitude of embedded targets with lethal pleiotropic consequences, besides limiting the emergence of resistant strains. There is growing interest in exploring small molecules as selective disruptors of the mycobacterial membrane. In this review, we examined the recent literature on different chemotypes with membrane perturbing properties, the mechanisms by which they induce membrane disruption and their potential as anti-TB agents. Cationic amphiphilicity is a signature motif that is required of membrane targeting agents but adherence to this broad physical requirement does not necessarily translate to conformity in terms of biological outcomes. Nor does it ensure selective targeting of mycobacterial membranes. These are unresolved issues that require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Samuel A Nyantakyi
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Pooja Gopal
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dinah B Aziz
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tianming Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wilfried Moreira
- Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Antimicrobial Resistance Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Martin Gengenbacher
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Thomas Dick
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Mei L Go
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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27
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Nyantakyi SA, Li M, Gopal P, Zimmerman M, Dartois V, Gengenbacher M, Dick T, Go ML. Indolyl Azaspiroketal Mannich Bases Are Potent Antimycobacterial Agents with Selective Membrane Permeabilizing Effects and in Vivo Activity. J Med Chem 2018; 61:5733-5750. [PMID: 29894180 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The inclusion of an azaspiroketal Mannich base in the membrane targeting antitubercular 6-methoxy-1- n-octyl-1 H-indole scaffold resulted in analogs with improved selectivity and submicromolar activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv. The potency enhancing properties of the spiro-fused ring motif was affirmed by SAR and validated in a mouse model of tuberculosis. As expected for membrane inserting agents, the indolyl azaspiroketal Mannich bases perturbed phospholipid vesicles, permeabilized bacterial cells, and induced the mycobacterial cell envelope stress reporter promoter p iniBAC. Surprisingly, their membrane disruptive effects did not appear to be associated with bacterial membrane depolarization. This profile was not uniquely associated with azaspiroketal Mannich bases but was characteristic of indolyl Mannich bases as a class. Whereas resistant mycobacteria could not be isolated for a less potent indolyl Mannich base, the more potent azaspiroketal analog displayed low spontaneous resistance mutation frequency of 10-8/CFU. This may indicate involvement of an additional envelope-related target in its mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Agyei Nyantakyi
- Department of Pharmacy , National University of Singapore , 18 Science Drive 4 , 117543 , Singapore
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Medicine , National University of Singapore , 14 Medical Drive , 117599 , Singapore
| | - Pooja Gopal
- Department of Medicine , National University of Singapore , 14 Medical Drive , 117599 , Singapore
| | - Matthew Zimmerman
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey , 225 Warren Street , Newark , New Jersey 07103-2714 , United States
| | - Véronique Dartois
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey , 225 Warren Street , Newark , New Jersey 07103-2714 , United States
| | - Martin Gengenbacher
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey , 225 Warren Street , Newark , New Jersey 07103-2714 , United States
| | - Thomas Dick
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology , National University of Singapore , 5 Science Drive 2 , 117545 , Singapore.,Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey , 225 Warren Street , Newark , New Jersey 07103-2714 , United States
| | - Mei-Lin Go
- Department of Pharmacy , National University of Singapore , 18 Science Drive 4 , 117543 , Singapore
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28
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Kato S, Tobe H, Matsubara H, Sawada M, Sasaki Y, Fukiya S, Morita N, Yokota A. The membrane phospholipid cardiolipin plays a pivotal role in bile acid adaptation by Lactobacillus gasseri JCM1131 T. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2018; 1864:403-412. [PMID: 29883797 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Bile acids exhibit strong antimicrobial activity as natural detergents, and are involved in lipid digestion and absorption. We investigated the mechanism of bile acid adaptation in Lactobacillus gasseri JCM1131T. Exposure to sublethal concentrations of cholic acid (CA), a major bile acid in humans, resulted in development of resistance to otherwise-lethal concentrations of CA by this intestinal lactic acid bacterium. As this adaptation was accompanied by decreased cell-membrane damage, we analyzed the membrane lipid composition of L. gasseri. Although there was no difference in the proportions of glycolipids (~70%) and phospholipids (~20%), adaptation resulted in an increased abundance of long-sugar-chain glycolipids and a 100% increase in cardiolipin (CL) content (to ~50% of phospholipids) at the expense of phosphatidylglycerol (PG). In model vesicles, the resistance of PG vesicles to solubilization by CA increased with increasing CL/PG ratio. Deletion of the two putative CL synthase genes, the products of which are responsible for CL synthesis from PG, decreased the CL content of the mutants, but did not affect their ability to adapt to CA. Exposure to CA restored the CL content of the two single-deletion mutants, likely due to the activities of the remaining CL synthase. In contrast, the CL content of the double-deletion mutant was not restored, and the lipid composition was modified such that PG predominated (~45% of total lipids) at the expense of glycolipids. Therefore, CL plays important roles in bile acid resistance and maintenance of the membrane lipid composition in L. gasseri.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Kato
- Laboratory of Microbial Physiology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan.
| | - Haruhi Tobe
- Laboratory of Microbial Physiology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan.
| | - Hiroki Matsubara
- Laboratory of Microbial Physiology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan.
| | - Mariko Sawada
- Laboratory of Microbial Physiology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan.
| | - Yasuko Sasaki
- Laboratory of Fermented Foods, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan.
| | - Satoru Fukiya
- Laboratory of Microbial Physiology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan.
| | - Naoki Morita
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Sapporo, Hokkaido 062-8517, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Yokota
- Laboratory of Microbial Physiology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan.
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29
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Rismondo J, Percy MG, Gründling A. Discovery of genes required for lipoteichoic acid glycosylation predicts two distinct mechanisms for wall teichoic acid glycosylation. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:3293-3306. [PMID: 29343515 PMCID: PMC5836110 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.001614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 01/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterial cell wall is an important and highly complex structure that is essential for bacterial growth because it protects bacteria from cell lysis and environmental insults. A typical Gram-positive bacterial cell wall is composed of peptidoglycan and the secondary cell wall polymers, wall teichoic acid (WTA) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA). In many Gram-positive bacteria, LTA is a polyglycerol-phosphate chain that is decorated with d-alanine and sugar residues. However, the function of and proteins responsible for the glycosylation of LTA are either unknown or not well-characterized. Here, using bioinformatics, genetic, and NMR spectroscopy approaches, we found that the Bacillus subtilis csbB and yfhO genes are essential for LTA glycosylation. Interestingly, the Listeria monocytogenes gene lmo1079, which encodes a YfhO homolog, was not required for LTA glycosylation, but instead was essential for WTA glycosylation. LTA is polymerized on the outside of the cell and hence can only be glycosylated extracellularly. Based on the similarity of the genes coding for YfhO homologs that are required in B. subtilis for LTA glycosylation or in L. monocytogenes for WTA glycosylation, we hypothesize that WTA glycosylation might also occur extracellularly in Listeria species. Finally, we discovered that in L. monocytogenes, lmo0626 (gtlB) was required for LTA glycosylation, indicating that the encoded protein has a function similar to that of YfhO, although the proteins are not homologous. Together, our results enable us to propose an updated model for LTA glycosylation and also indicate that glycosylation of WTA might occur through two different mechanisms in Gram-positive bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanine Rismondo
- From the Section of Microbiology and Medical Research Council Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew G Percy
- From the Section of Microbiology and Medical Research Council Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Angelika Gründling
- From the Section of Microbiology and Medical Research Council Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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30
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Heß N, Waldow F, Kohler TP, Rohde M, Kreikemeyer B, Gómez-Mejia A, Hain T, Schwudke D, Vollmer W, Hammerschmidt S, Gisch N. Lipoteichoic acid deficiency permits normal growth but impairs virulence of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Nat Commun 2017; 8:2093. [PMID: 29233962 PMCID: PMC5727136 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01720-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Teichoic acid (TA), a crucial cell wall constituent of the pathobiont Streptococcus pneumoniae, is bound to peptidoglycan (wall teichoic acid, WTA) or to membrane glycolipids (lipoteichoic acid, LTA). Both TA polymers share a common precursor synthesis pathway, but differ in the final transfer of the TA chain to either peptidoglycan or a glycolipid. Here, we show that LTA exhibits a different linkage conformation compared to WTA, and identify TacL (previously known as RafX) as a putative lipoteichoic acid ligase required for LTA assembly. Pneumococcal mutants deficient in TacL lack LTA and show attenuated virulence in mouse models of acute pneumonia and systemic infections, although they grow normally in culture. Hence, LTA is important for S. pneumoniae to establish systemic infections, and TacL represents a potential target for antimicrobial drug development. Teichoic acid is bound to peptidoglycan (wall teichoic acid, WTA) or to membrane glycolipids (lipoteichoic acid, LTA) in most Gram-positive bacteria. Here, the authors identify a putative ligase required for the assembly of LTA, but not WTA, and important for Streptococcus pneumoniae virulence in mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Heß
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Infection Biology, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald, Friedrich Ludwig Jahnstr. 15a, 17487, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Franziska Waldow
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Priority Area Infections, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz-Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Parkallee 1-40, 23845, Borstel, Germany
| | - Thomas P Kohler
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Infection Biology, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald, Friedrich Ludwig Jahnstr. 15a, 17487, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Manfred Rohde
- Central Facility for Microscopy, HZI - Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Bernd Kreikemeyer
- University Medicine, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, Rostock University, Schillingallee 70, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Alejandro Gómez-Mejia
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Infection Biology, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald, Friedrich Ludwig Jahnstr. 15a, 17487, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Torsten Hain
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Justus-Liebig University of Giessen, Schubertstraße 81, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Dominik Schwudke
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Priority Area Infections, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz-Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Parkallee 1-40, 23845, Borstel, Germany
| | - Waldemar Vollmer
- Centre for Bacterial Cell Biology, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Richardson Road, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4AX, UK
| | - Sven Hammerschmidt
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Infection Biology, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald, Friedrich Ludwig Jahnstr. 15a, 17487, Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Nicolas Gisch
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Priority Area Infections, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz-Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Parkallee 1-40, 23845, Borstel, Germany.
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31
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Kamar R, Réjasse A, Jéhanno I, Attieh Z, Courtin P, Chapot-Chartier MP, Nielsen-Leroux C, Lereclus D, El Chamy L, Kallassy M, Sanchis-Borja V. DltX of Bacillus thuringiensis Is Essential for D-Alanylation of Teichoic Acids and Resistance to Antimicrobial Response in Insects. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1437. [PMID: 28824570 PMCID: PMC5541007 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The dlt operon of Gram-positive bacteria is required for the incorporation of D-alanine esters into cell wall-associated teichoic acids (TAs). Addition of D-alanine to TAs reduces the negative charge of the cell envelope thereby preventing cationic antimicrobial peptides (CAMPs) from reaching their target of action on the bacterial surface. In most gram-positive bacteria, this operon consists of five genes dltXABCD but the involvement of the first ORF (dltX) encoding a small protein of unknown function, has never been investigated. The aim of this study was to establish whether this protein is involved in the D-alanylation process in Bacillus thuringiensis. We, therefore constructed an in frame deletion mutant of dltX, without affecting the expression of the other genes of the operon. The growth characteristics of the dltX mutant and those of the wild type strain were similar under standard in vitro conditions. However, disruption of dltX drastically impaired the resistance of B. thuringiensis to CAMPs and significantly attenuated its virulence in two insect species. Moreover, high-performance liquid chromatography studies showed that the dltX mutant was devoid of D-alanine, and electrophoretic mobility measurements indicated that the cells carried a higher negative surface charge. Scanning electron microscopy experiments showed morphological alterations of these mutant bacteria, suggesting that depletion of D-alanine from TAs affects cell wall structure. Our findings suggest that DltX is essential for the incorporation of D-alanyl esters into TAs. Therefore, DltX plays a direct role in the resistance to CAMPs, thus contributing to the survival of B. thuringiensis in insects. To our knowledge, this work is the first report examining the involvement of dltX in the D-alanylation of TAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Kamar
- INRA, UMR1319 MicalisJouy-en-Josas, France.,AgroParisTech, UMR MicalisJouy-en-Josas, France.,Laboratoire de Génétique de la Drosophile et Virulence Microbienne, Université Saint-JosephBeirut, Lebanon
| | - Agnès Réjasse
- INRA, UMR1319 MicalisJouy-en-Josas, France.,AgroParisTech, UMR MicalisJouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Isabelle Jéhanno
- INRA, UMR1319 MicalisJouy-en-Josas, France.,AgroParisTech, UMR MicalisJouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Zaynoun Attieh
- Laboratoire de Génétique de la Drosophile et Virulence Microbienne, Université Saint-JosephBeirut, Lebanon
| | - Pascal Courtin
- INRA, UMR1319 MicalisJouy-en-Josas, France.,AgroParisTech, UMR MicalisJouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | | | - Didier Lereclus
- INRA, UMR1319 MicalisJouy-en-Josas, France.,AgroParisTech, UMR MicalisJouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Laure El Chamy
- Laboratoire de Génétique de la Drosophile et Virulence Microbienne, Université Saint-JosephBeirut, Lebanon
| | - Mireille Kallassy
- Laboratoire de Génétique de la Drosophile et Virulence Microbienne, Université Saint-JosephBeirut, Lebanon
| | - Vincent Sanchis-Borja
- INRA, UMR1319 MicalisJouy-en-Josas, France.,AgroParisTech, UMR MicalisJouy-en-Josas, France
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32
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Qin J, Guo J, Xu Q, Zheng Z, Mao H, Yan F. Synthesis of Pyrrolidinium-Type Poly(ionic liquid) Membranes for Antibacterial Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:10504-10511. [PMID: 28272866 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b00387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Pyrrolidinium-type small molecule ionic liquids (ILs), poly(ionic liquid) (PIL) homopolymers, and their corresponding PIL membranes were synthesized and used for antibacterial applications. The influences of substitutions at the N position of pyrrolidinium cation on the antimicrobial activities against both Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) were studied by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The antibacterial efficiency of both the small molecule ILs and PIL homopolymers increased with the increase of the alkyl chain length of substitutions. Furthermore, PIL homopolymers show relatively lower MIC values, indicating better antimicrobial activities than those of the corresponding small molecule ILs. However, the antibacterial properties of the PIL membranes are contrary to corresponding ILs and PIL homopolymers, which reduce with the increase of alkyl chain length. Furthermore, the resultant PIL membranes show excellent hemocompatibility and low cytotoxicity toward human cells, demonstrating clinical feasibility in topical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Qin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University , Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jiangna Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University , Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Qiming Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University , Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University , Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Hailei Mao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University , Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Feng Yan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University , Suzhou 215123, China
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33
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Yang T, Moreira W, Nyantakyi SA, Chen H, Aziz DB, Go ML, Dick T. Amphiphilic Indole Derivatives as Antimycobacterial Agents: Structure–Activity Relationships and Membrane Targeting Properties. J Med Chem 2017; 60:2745-2763. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tianming Yang
- Department
of Pharmacy and ‡Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Wilfried Moreira
- Department
of Pharmacy and ‡Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Samuel Agyei Nyantakyi
- Department
of Pharmacy and ‡Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Huan Chen
- Department
of Pharmacy and ‡Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Dinah binte Aziz
- Department
of Pharmacy and ‡Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Mei-Lin Go
- Department
of Pharmacy and ‡Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Thomas Dick
- Department
of Pharmacy and ‡Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
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34
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Mann E, Whitfield C. A widespread three-component mechanism for the periplasmic modification of bacterial glycoconjugates. CAN J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2015-0594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The diverse structures of bacterial glycoconjugates are generally established during the early stages of synthesis by the activities of nucleotide sugar-dependent glycosyltransferases active in the cytoplasm. However, in some cases, further modifications of varying complexity occur after the glycoconjugate is exported to the periplasm. These processes are distinguished by the involvement of polyprenyl monosphosphoryl donors and require glycosyltransferases possessing GT-C folds. Established prototypes are found in modifications of some bacterial lipopolysaccharides, where 4-amino-4-deoxy-l-arabinose is added to lipid A and glucose side branches are used to modify O-antigens. Here we review the current understanding of these systems and describe similarities to other periplasmic glycan modifications in bacteria and the N-glycosylation pathway for assembly of eukaryotic glycoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Mann
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Chris Whitfield
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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35
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Abstract
The role of lipoteichoic acids (LTAs) from Gram-positive bacteria as immunostimulatory molecules was controversial for many years, as inadequate preparation methods as well as heterogeneous and endotoxin-contaminated commercial preparations led to conflicting results. An improved purification methodology for LTA now yields potent bioactive and chemically defined material, which is currently being characterized in various models. A synthetic analogue of Staphylococcus aureus LTA has proven the structure/function relationship. The key role of D-alanine esters for the immune response of LTA was confirmed by synthetic derivatives. The glycolipid anchor of LTA plays a central role analogous to the lipid A of LPS. Methodological aspects and criteria for quality assessment of LTA preparations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siegfried Morath
- Department of Biochemical Pharmacology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany, European Center for the Validation of Alternative Methods (ECVAM), Joint Research Center, Ispra, Italy
| | - Sonja von Aulock
- Department of Biochemical Pharmacology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Thomas Hartung
- Department of Biochemical Pharmacology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany, , European Center for the Validation of Alternative Methods (ECVAM), Joint Research Center, Ispra, Italy
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36
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Identification of a Lipoteichoic Acid Glycosyltransferase Enzyme Reveals that GW-Domain-Containing Proteins Can Be Retained in the Cell Wall of Listeria monocytogenes in the Absence of Lipoteichoic Acid or Its Modifications. J Bacteriol 2016; 198:2029-42. [PMID: 27185829 PMCID: PMC4944223 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00116-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne Gram-positive bacterial pathogen, and many of its virulence factors are either secreted proteins or proteins covalently or noncovalently attached to the cell wall. Previous work has indicated that noncovalently attached proteins with GW (glycine-tryptophan) domains are retained in the cell wall by binding to the cell wall polymer lipoteichoic acid (LTA). LTA is a glycerol phosphate polymer, which is modified in L. monocytogenes with galactose and d-alanine residues. We identified Lmo0933 as the cytoplasmic glycosyltransferase required for the LTA glycosylation process and renamed the protein GtlA, for glycosyltransferase LTA A. Using L. monocytogenes mutants lacking galactose or d-alanine modifications or the complete LTA polymer, we show that GW domain proteins are retained within the cell wall, indicating that other cell wall polymers are involved in the retention of GW domain proteins. Further experiments revealed peptidoglycan as the binding receptor as a purified GW domain fusion protein can bind to L. monocytogenes cells lacking wall teichoic acid (WTA) as well as purified peptidoglycan derived from a wild-type or WTA-negative strain. With this, we not only identify the first enzyme involved in the LTA glycosylation process, but we also provide new insight into the binding mechanism of noncovalently attached cell wall proteins.
IMPORTANCE Over the past 20 years, a large number of bacterial genome sequences have become available. Computational approaches are used for the genome annotation and identification of genes and encoded proteins. However, the function of many proteins is still unknown and often cannot be predicted bioinformatically. Here, we show that the previously uncharacterized Listeria monocytogenes gene lmo0933 likely codes for a glycosyltransferase required for the decoration of the cell wall polymer lipoteichoic acid (LTA) with galactose residues. Using L. monocytogenes mutants lacking LTA modifications or the complete polymer, we show that specific cell wall proteins, often associated with virulence, are retained within the cell wall, indicating that additional cell wall polymers are involved in their retention.
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The staphylococcal surface-glycopolymer wall teichoic acid (WTA) is crucial for complement activation and immunological defense against Staphylococcus aureus infection. Immunobiology 2016; 221:1091-101. [PMID: 27424796 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive bacterial pathogen that is decorated by glycopolymers, including wall teichoic acid (WTA), peptidoglycan, lipoteichoic acid, and capsular polysaccharides. These bacterial surface glycopolymers are recognized by serum antibodies and a variety of pattern recognition molecules, including mannose-binding lectin (MBL). Recently, we demonstrated that human serum MBL senses staphylococcal WTA. Whereas MBL in infants who have not yet fully developed adaptive immunity binds to S. aureus WTA and activates complement serum, MBL in adults who have fully developed adaptive immunity cannot bind to WTA because of an inhibitory effect of serum anti-WTA IgG. Furthermore, we showed that human anti-WTA IgGs purified from pooled adult serum IgGs triggered activation of classical complement-dependent opsonophagocytosis against S. aureus. Because the epitopes of WTA that are recognized by anti-WTA IgG and MBL have not been determined, we constructed several S. aureus mutants with altered WTA glycosylation. Our intensive biochemical studies provide evidence that the β-GlcNAc residues of WTA are required for the induction of anti-WTA IgG-mediated opsonophagocytosis and that both β- and α-GlcNAc residues are required for MBL-mediated complement activation. The molecular interactions of other S. aureus cell wall components and host recognition proteins are also discussed. In summary, in this review, we discuss the biological importance of S. aureus cell surface glycopolymers in complement activation and host defense responses.
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Hewelt-Belka W, Nakonieczna J, Belka M, Bączek T, Namieśnik J, Kot-Wasik A. Untargeted Lipidomics Reveals Differences in the Lipid Pattern among Clinical Isolates of Staphylococcus aureus Resistant and Sensitive to Antibiotics. J Proteome Res 2016; 15:914-22. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b00915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weronika Hewelt-Belka
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Joanna Nakonieczna
- Department
of Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Kładki
24, 80-822 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Mariusz Belka
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Tomasz Bączek
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jacek Namieśnik
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Agata Kot-Wasik
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
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Colagiorgi A, Turroni F, Mancabelli L, Serafini F, Secchi A, van Sinderen D, Ventura M. Insights into teichoic acid biosynthesis byBifidobacterium bifidumPRL2010. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2015; 362:fnv141. [DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnv141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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Nuri R, Shprung T, Shai Y. Defensive remodeling: How bacterial surface properties and biofilm formation promote resistance to antimicrobial peptides. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2015; 1848:3089-100. [PMID: 26051126 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2015.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Multidrug resistance bacteria are a major concern worldwide. These pathogens cannot be treated with conventional antibiotics and thus alternative therapeutic agents are needed. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are considered to be good candidates for this purpose. Most AMPs are short and positively charged amphipathic peptides, which are found in all known forms of life. AMPs are known to kill bacteria by binding to the negatively charged bacterial surface, and in most cases cause membrane disruption. Resistance toward AMPs can be developed, by modification of bacterial surface molecules, secretion of protective material and up-regulation or elimination of specific proteins. Because of the general mechanisms of attachment and action of AMPs, bacterial resistance to AMPs often involves biophysical and biochemical changes such as surface rigidity, cell wall thickness, surface charge, as well as membrane and cell wall modification. Here we focus on the biophysical, surface and surrounding changes that bacteria undergo in acquiring resistance to AMPs. In addition we discuss the question of whether bacterial resistance to administered AMPs might compromise our innate immunity to endogenous AMPs. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Bacterial Resistance to Antimicrobial Peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reut Nuri
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Tal Shprung
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Yechiel Shai
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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Buddelmeijer N. The molecular mechanism of bacterial lipoprotein modification—How, when and why? FEMS Microbiol Rev 2015; 39:246-61. [DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuu006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Stolić I, Čipčić Paljetak H, Perić M, Matijašić M, Stepanić V, Verbanac D, Bajić M. Synthesis and structure–activity relationship of amidine derivatives of 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene as novel antibacterial agents. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 90:68-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Biology and Assembly of the Bacterial Envelope. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 883:41-76. [PMID: 26621461 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-23603-2_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
All free-living bacterial cells are delimited and protected by an envelope of high complexity. This physiological barrier is essential for bacterial survival and assures multiple functions. The molecular assembly of the different envelope components into a functional structure represents a tremendous biological challenge and is of high interest for fundamental sciences. The study of bacterial envelope assembly has also been fostered by the need for novel classes of antibacterial agents to fight the problematic of bacterial resistance to antibiotics. This chapter focuses on the two most intensively studied classes of bacterial envelopes that belong to the phyla Firmicutes and Proteobacteria. The envelope of Firmicutes typically has one membrane and is defined as being monoderm whereas the envelope of Proteobacteria contains two distinct membranes and is referred to as being diderm. In this chapter, we will first discuss the multiple roles of the bacterial envelope and clarify the nomenclature used to describe the different types of envelopes. We will then define the architecture and composition of the envelopes of Firmicutes and Proteobacteria while outlining their similarities and differences. We will further cover the extensive progress made in the field of bacterial envelope assembly over the last decades, using Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli as model systems for the study of the monoderm and diderm bacterial envelopes, respectively. We will detail our current understanding of how molecular machines assure the secretion, insertion and folding of the envelope proteins as well as the assembly of the glycosidic components of the envelope. Finally, we will highlight the topics that are still under investigation, and that will surely lead to important discoveries in the near future.
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Kuhn S, Slavetinsky CJ, Peschel A. Synthesis and function of phospholipids in Staphylococcus aureus. Int J Med Microbiol 2014; 305:196-202. [PMID: 25595024 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2014.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipids are the major components of bacterial membranes, and changes in phospholipid composition affect important cellular processes such as metabolism, stress response, antimicrobial resistance, and virulence. The most prominent phospholipids in Staphylococcus aureus are phosphatidylglycerol, lysyl-phosphatidylglycerol, and cardiolipin, whose biosynthesis is mediated by a complex protein machinery. Phospholipid composition of the staphylococcal membrane has to be continuously adjusted to changing external conditions, which is achieved by a series of transcriptional and biochemical regulatory mechanisms. This mini-review outlines the current state of knowledge concerning synthesis, regulation, and function of the major staphylococcal phospholipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Kuhn
- University of Tübingen, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Microbiology Division, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Strasse 6, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christoph J Slavetinsky
- University of Tübingen, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Microbiology Division, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Strasse 6, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Peschel
- University of Tübingen, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Microbiology Division, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Strasse 6, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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Meredith TC, Wang H, Beaulieu P, Gründling A, Roemer T. Harnessing the power of transposon mutagenesis for antibacterial target identification and evaluation. Mob Genet Elements 2014; 2:171-178. [PMID: 23094235 PMCID: PMC3469428 DOI: 10.4161/mge.21647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Determining the mechanism of action of bacterial growth inhibitors can be a formidable challenge in the progression of small molecules into antibacterial therapies. To help address this bottleneck, we have developed a robust transposon mutagenesis system using a suite of outward facing promoters in order to generate a comprehensive range of expression genotypes in Staphylococcus aureus from which to select defined compound-resistant transposon insertion mutants. Resistance stemming from either gene or operon over/under-expression, in addition to deletion, provides insight into multiple factors that contribute to a compound's observed activity, including means of cell envelope penetration and susceptibility to efflux. By profiling the entire resistome, the suitability of an antibacterial target itself is also evaluated, sometimes with unanticipated results. We herein show that for the staphylococcal signal peptidase (SpsB) inhibitors, modulating expression of lipoteichoic acid synthase (LtaS) confers up to a 100-fold increase in the minimal inhibitory concentration. As similarly efficient transposition systems are or will become established in other bacteria and cell types, we discuss the utility, limitations and future promise of Tnp mutagenesis for determining both a compound's mechanism of action and in the evaluation of novel targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy C Meredith
- Infectious Diseases Division; Merck Frosst Center for Therapeutic Research; Kirkland, Quebec, Canada
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Hewelt-Belka W, Nakonieczna J, Belka M, Bączek T, Namieśnik J, Kot-Wasik A. Comprehensive methodology for Staphylococcus aureus lipidomics by liquid chromatography and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1362:62-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Percy MG, Gründling A. Lipoteichoic Acid Synthesis and Function in Gram-Positive Bacteria. Annu Rev Microbiol 2014; 68:81-100. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-micro-091213-112949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G. Percy
- Section of Microbiology and MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ UK; ,
| | - Angelika Gründling
- Section of Microbiology and MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ UK; ,
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Reichmann NT, Piçarra Cassona C, Monteiro JM, Bottomley AL, Corrigan RM, Foster SJ, Pinho MG, Gründling A. Differential localization of LTA synthesis proteins and their interaction with the cell division machinery in Staphylococcus aureus. Mol Microbiol 2014; 92:273-86. [PMID: 24533796 PMCID: PMC4065355 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Lipoteichoic acid (LTA) is an important cell wall component of Gram-positive bacteria. In Staphylococcus aureus it consists of a polyglycerolphosphate-chain that is retained within the membrane via a glycolipid. Using an immunofluorescence approach, we show here that the LTA polymer is not surface exposed in S. aureus, as it can only be detected after digestion of the peptidoglycan layer. S. aureus mutants lacking LTA are enlarged and show aberrant positioning of septa, suggesting a link between LTA synthesis and the cell division process. Using a bacterial two-hybrid approach, we show that the three key LTA synthesis proteins, YpfP and LtaA, involved in glycolipid production, and LtaS, required for LTA backbone synthesis, interact with one another. All three proteins also interacted with numerous cell division and peptidoglycan synthesis proteins, suggesting the formation of a multi-enzyme complex and providing further evidence for the co-ordination of these processes. When assessed by fluorescence microscopy, YpfP and LtaA fluorescent protein fusions localized to the membrane while the LtaS enzyme accumulated at the cell division site. These data support a model whereby LTA backbone synthesis proceeds in S. aureus at the division site in co-ordination with cell division, while glycolipid synthesis takes place throughout the membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie T Reichmann
- Section of Microbiology and MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College LondonLondon, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Carolina Piçarra Cassona
- Section of Microbiology and MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College LondonLondon, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - João M Monteiro
- Instituto de Technologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de LisboaOeiras, Portugal
| | - Amy L Bottomley
- The Krebs Institute, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of SheffieldSheffield, UK
| | - Rebecca M Corrigan
- Section of Microbiology and MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College LondonLondon, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Simon J Foster
- The Krebs Institute, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of SheffieldSheffield, UK
| | - Mariana G Pinho
- Instituto de Technologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de LisboaOeiras, Portugal
| | - Angelika Gründling
- Section of Microbiology and MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College LondonLondon, SW7 2AZ, UK
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Lipoteichoic acids, phosphate-containing polymers in the envelope of gram-positive bacteria. J Bacteriol 2014; 196:1133-42. [PMID: 24415723 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01155-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipoteichoic acids (LTA) are polymers of alternating units of a polyhydroxy alkane, including glycerol and ribitol, and phosphoric acid, joined to form phosphodiester units that are found in the envelope of Gram-positive bacteria. Here we review four different types of LTA that can be distinguished on the basis of their chemical structure and describe recent advances in the biosynthesis pathway for type I LTA, d-alanylated polyglycerol-phosphate linked to di-glucosyl-diacylglycerol. The physiological functions of type I LTA are discussed in the context of inhibitors that block their synthesis and of mutants with discrete synthesis defects. Research on LTA structure and function represents a large frontier that has been investigated in only few Gram-positive bacteria.
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Aytacoglu BN, Ersoz G, Sucu N, Tamer L, Coskun B, Oguz I, Bayindir I, Kose N, Ozeren M, Dikmengil M. Combined Therapy of Teicoplanin and Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester (CAPE) in the Treatment of Experimental Mediastinitis in the Rat. J Chemother 2013; 18:268-77. [PMID: 17129837 DOI: 10.1179/joc.2006.18.3.268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Post-sternotomy mediastinitis affects 1-3% of patients undergoing cardiac surgery and is lethal in 10-47% of these patients. We investigated the effect of an antioxidant/anti-inflammatory agent, caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), in the attenuation of inflammatory response induced by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection in a rat experimental mediastinitis model. Rats, divided into six equal groups, received MRSA precolonized stainless steel wire pieces implanted into their mediastinal spaces. Control group and CAPE control group received saline and CAPE 10 micromol/kg.day(-1 )respectively, where Group A received a single dose of teicoplanin 24 mg/kg i.m. for the first day and then 12 mg/kg.day(-1) . Group B received teicoplanin as in Group A plus CAPE 10 micromol/kg. day(-1 )intra-peritoneally. Group C received teicoplanin 60 mg/kg i.m. for the first day and then 30 mg/kg.day(-1 )and Group D received teicoplanin as in Group C plus CAPE 10 micromol/kg.day(-1) . By the end of 14 days rats were sacrificed and serum malondialdehyde (MDA), myeloperoxidase (MPO), nitric oxide (NO), urea and creatinine levels were evaluated. Mediastinal organ tissues were collected for histopathological analysis. Infection rates in all the drug-treated groups were lower than the control groups ( P=0.002) but statistical significance was attained only between the groups A and D ( P=0.018). In connective tissues and the peribronchial area polymorphonuclear leukocytic (PNL) infiltration in the treatment groups, although becoming very close, did not reach statistical significance (P =0.053, P=0.075, respectively). PNL infiltration especially in the peribronchial tissues of the Group B animals was found to be significantly less than the Control and CAPE Control groups with P values of 0.013 and 0.010, respectively. MDA and MPO levels were significantly lower in the treatment groups ( P<0.001 and P<0.001 respectively). Levels of the degradation products of NO were lower in treatment groups compared to two control groups (P=0.003, P= 0.005). NO levels in Group D were lowest among all treatment groups ( P=0.001). It has been demonstrated that although bacterial colonization can be controlled in mediastinitis, the inflammatory response persists. The combination of an antioxidant / anti-inflammatory agent, CAPE, added to standard antibiotic therapy might be effective in the treatment of post-sternotomy mediastinitis due to MRSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- B N Aytacoglu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Mersin University, School of Medicine, Mersin, Turkey
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