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Fernández CI, Wiley AS. Rethinking the starch digestion hypothesis forAMY1copy number variation in humans. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2017; 163:645-657. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Catalina I. Fernández
- Indiana University Bloomington; 701 E. Kirkwood Avenue Bloomington Indiana 47405-7100
| | - Andrea S. Wiley
- Indiana University Bloomington; 701 E. Kirkwood Avenue Bloomington Indiana 47405-7100
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2
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Carpenter D, Mitchell LM, Armour JAL. Copy number variation of human AMY1 is a minor contributor to variation in salivary amylase expression and activity. Hum Genomics 2017; 11:2. [PMID: 28219410 PMCID: PMC5319014 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-017-0097-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Salivary amylase in humans is encoded by the copy variable gene AMY1 in the amylase gene cluster on chromosome 1. Although the role of salivary amylase is well established, the consequences of the copy number variation (CNV) at AMY1 on salivary amylase protein production are less well understood. The amylase gene cluster is highly structured with a fundamental difference between odd and even AMY1 copy number haplotypes. In this study, we aimed to explore, in samples from 119 unrelated individuals, not only the effects of AMY1 CNV on salivary amylase protein expression and amylase enzyme activity but also whether there is any evidence for underlying difference between the common haplotypes containing odd numbers of AMY1 and even copy number haplotypes. Results AMY1 copy number was significantly correlated with the variation observed in salivary amylase production (11.7% of variance, P < 0.0005) and enzyme activity (13.6% of variance, P < 0.0005) but did not explain the majority of observed variation between individuals. AMY1-odd and AMY1-even haplotypes showed a different relationship between copy number and expression levels, but the difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.052). Conclusions Production of salivary amylase is correlated with AMY1 CNV, but the majority of interindividual variation comes from other sources. Long-range haplotype structure may affect expression, but this was not significant in our data. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40246-017-0097-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Carpenter
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Laura M Mitchell
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - John A L Armour
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK.
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Shwan NAA, Louzada S, Yang F, Armour JAL. Recurrent Rearrangements of Human Amylase Genes Create Multiple Independent CNV Series. Hum Mutat 2017; 38:532-539. [PMID: 28101908 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The human amylase gene cluster includes the human salivary (AMY1) and pancreatic amylase genes (AMY2A and AMY2B), and is a highly variable and dynamic region of the genome. Copy number variation (CNV) of AMY1 has been implicated in human dietary adaptation, and in population association with obesity, but neither of these findings has been independently replicated. Despite these functional implications, the structural genomic basis of CNV has only been defined in detail very recently. In this work, we use high-resolution analysis of copy number, and analysis of segregation in trios, to define new, independent allelic series of amylase CNVs in sub-Saharan Africans, including a series of higher-order expansions of a unit consisting of one copy each of AMY1, AMY2A, and AMY2B. We use fiber-FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization) to define unexpected complexity in the accompanying rearrangements. These findings demonstrate recurrent involvement of the amylase gene region in genomic instability, involving at least five independent rearrangements of the pancreatic amylase genes (AMY2A and AMY2B). Structural features shared by fundamentally distinct lineages strongly suggest that the common ancestral state for the human amylase cluster contained more than one, and probably three, copies of AMY1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nzar A A Shwan
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK.,Scientific Research Centre, University of Salahaddin, Erbil, Kurdistan, Iraq
| | - Sandra Louzada
- Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Fengtang Yang
- Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - John A L Armour
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
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4
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Abstract
Copy number variation (CNV) at several genomic loci has been associated with different human traits and diseases, but in many cases the findings could not be replicated. A new study provides insights into the degree of variation present at the amylase locus and calls into question a previous association between amylase copy number and body mass index.
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5
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Carpenter D, Dhar S, Mitchell LM, Fu B, Tyson J, Shwan NAA, Yang F, Thomas MG, Armour JAL. Obesity, starch digestion and amylase: association between copy number variants at human salivary (AMY1) and pancreatic (AMY2) amylase genes. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:3472-80. [PMID: 25788522 PMCID: PMC4498156 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The human salivary amylase genes display extensive copy number variation (CNV), and recent work has implicated this variation in adaptation to starch-rich diets, and in association with body mass index. In this work, we use paralogue ratio tests, microsatellite analysis, read depth and fibre-FISH to demonstrate that human amylase CNV is not a smooth continuum, but is instead partitioned into distinct haplotype classes. There is a fundamental structural distinction between haplotypes containing odd or even numbers of AMY1 gene units, in turn coupled to CNV in pancreatic amylase genes AMY2A and AMY2B. Most haplotypes have one copy each of AMY2A and AMY2B and contain an odd number of copies of AMY1; consequently, most individuals have an even total number of AMY1. In contrast, haplotypes carrying an even number of AMY1 genes have rearrangements leading to CNVs of AMY2A/AMY2B. Read-depth and experimental data show that different populations harbour different proportions of these basic haplotype classes. In Europeans, the copy numbers of AMY1 and AMY2A are correlated, so that phenotypic associations caused by variation in pancreatic amylase copy number could be detected indirectly as weak association with AMY1 copy number. We show that the quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay previously applied to the high-throughput measurement of AMY1 copy number is less accurate than the measures we use and that qPCR data in other studies have been further compromised by systematic miscalibration. Our results uncover new patterns in human amylase variation and imply a potential role for AMY2 CNV in functional associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Carpenter
- School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Sugandha Dhar
- School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Laura M Mitchell
- School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Beiyuan Fu
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK and
| | - Jess Tyson
- School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Nzar A A Shwan
- School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Fengtang Yang
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK and
| | - Mark G Thomas
- Research Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - John A L Armour
- School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK,
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6
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Arguello JR, Connallon T. Gene duplication and ectopic gene conversion in Drosophila. Genes (Basel) 2011; 2:131-51. [PMID: 24710141 PMCID: PMC3924832 DOI: 10.3390/genes2010131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2010] [Revised: 01/26/2011] [Accepted: 02/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolutionary impact of gene duplication events has been a theme of Drosophila genetics dating back to the Morgan School. While considerable attention has been placed on the genetic novelties that duplicates are capable of introducing, and the role that positive selection plays in their early stages of duplicate evolution, much less attention has been given to the potential consequences of ectopic (non-allelic) gene conversion on these evolutionary processes. In this paper we consider the historical origins of ectopic gene conversion models and present a synthesis of the current Drosophila data in light of several primary questions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Roman Arguello
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, 107 Biotechnology Building, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Tim Connallon
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, 107 Biotechnology Building, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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Bank RA, Hettema EH, Muijs MA, Pals G, Arwert F, Boomsma DI, Pronk JC. Variation in gene copy number and polymorphism of the human salivary amylase isoenzyme system in Caucasians. Hum Genet 1992; 89:213-22. [PMID: 1375184 DOI: 10.1007/bf00217126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The polymorphic patterns of human salivary amylase of a large number of individuals of Caucasian origin were determined by using isoelectric focusing and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Nine different salivary amylase protein variants were found; three of them are recorded for the first time and their heredity is shown. Some of the variants are encoded by haplotypes expressing three allozymes. Most variants display low frequencies. Analysis of the relative intensities of variant-specific isozyme bands, combined with segregation analysis, show that extensive quantitative variation is present in the population. The numbers of salivary amylase genes in some families showing quantitative variation at the protein level have been estimated by the polymerase chain reaction. We present evidence that quantitative variations in amylase protein patterns do not always reflect variations in gene copy number but that other mechanisms are also involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Bank
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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8
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Groot PC, Mager WH, Frants RR. Interpretation of polymorphic DNA patterns in the human alpha-amylase multigene family. Genomics 1991; 10:779-85. [PMID: 1679752 DOI: 10.1016/0888-7543(91)90463-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Previous molecular studies have clearly shown that the human amylase locus has a very complicated structure. Multiple salivary and pancreatic amylase genes are present on haplotypes with variable numbers of genes. To study the population heterogeneity, human genomic DNA from family members and random individuals was digested with a number of different restriction enzymes and hybridized with probes representing various parts of the human pancreatic amylase cDNA. The complex patterns obtained were, in most cases, compatible with predictions from the restriction enzyme maps of cloned human amylase genes. With some enzymes deviations from the predicted intensities of the bands associated with the pancreatic amylase gene AMY2A were observed. These findings can be explained by unequal homologous crossovers between AMY2A and AMY1A, resulting in haplotypes with one gene less or one gene more than the haplotypes described thus far. Moreover, a very complicated TaqI polymorphism was found that can be explained by homologous crossovers between different salivary amylase genes. Because some salivary amylase genes have an inverted orientation with respect to the others, these data provide evidence for the occurrence of intrachromosomal, homologous crossovers, as proposed by us previously (P. C. Groot et al., 1990, Genomics 8: 97-105).
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Affiliation(s)
- P C Groot
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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9
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Tomiuk J, Jermiin LS. Changes in relative mobility of pancreatic amylase variants in isoelectric focusing. Primates 1991. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02381607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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10
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Groot PC, Bleeker MJ, Pronk JC, Arwert F, Mager WH, Planta RJ, Eriksson AW, Frants RR. The human alpha-amylase multigene family consists of haplotypes with variable numbers of genes. Genomics 1989; 5:29-42. [PMID: 2788608 DOI: 10.1016/0888-7543(89)90083-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Polymorphic amylase protein patterns have suggested the presence in the human genome of various haplotypes encoding these allozymes. To investigate the genomic organization of the human alpha-amylase genes, we isolated the pertinent genes from a cosmid library constructed of DNA from an individual expressing three different salivary amylase allozymes. From the restriction maps of the overlapping cosmids and a comparison of these maps with the restriction enzyme patterns of DNA from the donor and family members, we were able to identify two haplotypes consisting of very different numbers of salivary amylase genes. The short haplotype contains two pancreatic genes (AMY2A and AMY2B) and one salivary amylase gene (AMY1C), arranged in the order 2B-2A-1C, encompassing a total length of approximately 100 kb. The long haplotype spans about 300 kb and contains six additional genes arranged in two repeats, each one consisting of two salivary amylase genes (AMY1A and AMY1B) and a pseudogene lacking the first three exons (AMYP1). The order of the amylase genes within the repeat is 1A-1B-P1. All genes are in a head-to-tail orientation except AMY1B, which has the reverse orientation with respect to the other genes. Analysis of somatic cell hybrids confirmed the presence of these short and long haplotypes. Furthermore, we present evidence for the existence of additional haplotypes in the human population and propose a general model for the evolution of the human alpha-amylase multigene family. A general designation 2B-2A-(1A-1B-P)n-1C can describe these haplotypes, n being 0 and 2 for the short and the long haplotypes presented in this paper, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C Groot
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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11
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Gene duplication and polymorphism at the amylase loci ofMacaca fascicularis andMacaca mulatta. Primates 1989. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02381214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- K Minaguchi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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13
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Samuelson LC, Wiebauer K, Gumucio DL, Meisler MH. Expression of the human amylase genes: recent origin of a salivary amylase promoter from an actin pseudogene. Nucleic Acids Res 1988; 16:8261-76. [PMID: 2458567 PMCID: PMC338557 DOI: 10.1093/nar/16.17.8261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The human genes encoding salivary amylase (AMY1) and pancreatic amylase (AMY2) are nearly identical in structure and sequence. We have used ribonuclease protection studies to identify the functional gene copies in this multigene family. Riboprobes derived from each gene were hybridized to RNA from human pancreas, parotid and liver. The sizes of the protected fragments demonstrated that both pancreatic genes are expressed in pancreas. One of the pancreatic genes, AMY2B, is also transcribed at a low level in liver, but not from the promoter used in pancreas. AMY1 transcripts were detected in parotid, but not in pancreas or liver. Unexpected fragments protected by liver RNA led to the discovery that the 5' regions of the five human amylase genes contain a processed gamma-actin pseudogene. The promoter and start site for transcription of AMY1 are recently derived from the 3' untranslated region of gamma-actin. In addition, insertion of an endogenous retrovirus has interrupted the gamma-actin pseudogene in four of the five amylase genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Samuelson
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109-0618
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14
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Abstract
Cosmid clones containing 250 kilobases of genomic DNA from the human amylase gene cluster have been isolated. These clones contain seven distinct amylase genes which appear to comprise the complete multigene family. By sequence comparison with the cDNAs, we have identified two pancreatic amylase genes and three salivary amylase genes. Two truncated pseudogenes were also recovered. Intergenic distances of 17 to 22 kilobases separate the amylase gene copies. Within the past 10 million years, duplications, gene conversions, and unequal crossover events have resulted in a very high level of sequence similarity among human amylase gene copies. To identify sequence elements involved in tissue-specific expression and hormonal regulation, the promoter regions of the human amylase genes were sequenced and compared with those of the corresponding mouse genes. The promoters of the human and mouse pancreatic amylase genes are highly homologous between nucleotide -160 and the cap site. Two sequence elements thought to influence pancreas-specific expression of the rodent genes are present in the human genes. In contrast, similarity in the 5' flanking sequences of the salivary amylase genes is limited to several short sequence elements whose positions and orientations differ in the two species. Some of these sequence elements are also associated with other parotid-specific genes and may be involved in their tissue-specific expression. A glucocorticoid response element and a general enhancer element are closely associated in several of the amylase promoters.
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15
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Groot PC, Bleeker MJ, Pronk JC, Arwert F, Mager WH, Planta RJ, Eriksson AW, Frants RR. Human pancreatic amylase is encoded by two different genes. Nucleic Acids Res 1988; 16:4724. [PMID: 3260028 PMCID: PMC336663 DOI: 10.1093/nar/16.10.4724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- P C Groot
- Institute of Human Genetics, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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16
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Gumucio DL, Wiebauer K, Caldwell RM, Samuelson LC, Meisler MH. Concerted evolution of human amylase genes. Mol Cell Biol 1988; 8:1197-205. [PMID: 2452973 PMCID: PMC363264 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.8.3.1197-1205.1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cosmid clones containing 250 kilobases of genomic DNA from the human amylase gene cluster have been isolated. These clones contain seven distinct amylase genes which appear to comprise the complete multigene family. By sequence comparison with the cDNAs, we have identified two pancreatic amylase genes and three salivary amylase genes. Two truncated pseudogenes were also recovered. Intergenic distances of 17 to 22 kilobases separate the amylase gene copies. Within the past 10 million years, duplications, gene conversions, and unequal crossover events have resulted in a very high level of sequence similarity among human amylase gene copies. To identify sequence elements involved in tissue-specific expression and hormonal regulation, the promoter regions of the human amylase genes were sequenced and compared with those of the corresponding mouse genes. The promoters of the human and mouse pancreatic amylase genes are highly homologous between nucleotide -160 and the cap site. Two sequence elements thought to influence pancreas-specific expression of the rodent genes are present in the human genes. In contrast, similarity in the 5' flanking sequences of the salivary amylase genes is limited to several short sequence elements whose positions and orientations differ in the two species. Some of these sequence elements are also associated with other parotid-specific genes and may be involved in their tissue-specific expression. A glucocorticoid response element and a general enhancer element are closely associated in several of the amylase promoters.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Gumucio
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109-0618
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17
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Azen EA, Maeda N. Molecular genetics of human salivary proteins and their polymorphisms. ADVANCES IN HUMAN GENETICS 1988; 17:141-99. [PMID: 3055850 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4613-0987-1_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E A Azen
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706
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18
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Tsuchida S, Ikemoto S. Genetic polymorphism of human parotid salivary amylase detected by isoelectric focusing electrophoresis and silver staining. Forensic Sci Int 1987; 35:159-63. [PMID: 2448212 DOI: 10.1016/0379-0738(87)90052-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In 332 samples of human parotid saliva collected at random from a Japanese population, the genetic polymorphism of salivary alpha-amylase was detected by isoelectric focusing electrophoresis in a pH range of 5.2-7.2 polyacrylamide gel followed by silver staining. This polymorphism, that was tentatively designated Amy1 S, consisted of extra three isozymes of a normal pattern (Amy1 N) and isoelectric points of these three isozymes were 5.5, 5.8 and 6.1, respectively. The inheritance was controlled by a dominant allele at an autosomal locus. The frequency of the genes determining these phenotypes were studied as follows: Amy1 S = 0.014 +/- 0.004, Amy1 N = 0.986 +/- 0.004.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tsuchida
- Laboratory of Human Biology, Jichi Medical School, Tochigi, Japan
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Abstract
The purpose of this article is to review recent literature on the isoenzymes of alpha amylase. Although some studies are cited from the literature of fields other than clinical biochemistry, the aim is to bring together findings that may be of interest to clinical laboratory physicians and scientists. It is hoped that this will be useful in suggesting further studies of amylase. To this end, the review is more selective than exhaustive. The review will discuss the history and chemistry alpha amylases, the measurement of amylase and amylase isoenzymes, posttranslational modifications of human amylases, and the genetics of human pancreatic and salivary amylases. Finally, we will discuss other tissue sources of amylase with emphasis on "genital" amylases and their relationship to the amylase found in serous ovarian tumors.
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Menko FH, Bijvoet OL, Meera Khan P, Nijenhuis LE, von Loghem E, Schreuder I, Bernini LF, Pronk JC, Madan K, Went LN. Familial benign hypercalcaemia (FBH; McK. No. 14598, 1983): linkage studies in a large Dutch family. Hum Genet 1984; 67:452-4. [PMID: 6593290 DOI: 10.1007/bf00291409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
By screening 27 hypercalcaemic and 21 normocalcaemic subjects in a large Dutch pedigree with familial benign hypercalcaemia (FBH; McK. No. 14598) (McKusick 1983) for more than 35 genetic markers, it was found that linkage of FBH can be excluded at about 25 centimorgans (cM) from GM, 20 cM from ABO, 15 cM from MNS and HLA, 10 cM from JK and PI, and 5 cM each from ACP1, AK1, ADA, GPT1, and PGP.
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21
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Frants RR, Pronk JC, Pals G, Defize J, Westerveld BD, Meuwissen SG, Kreuning J, Eriksson AW. Genetics of urinary pepsinogen: a new hypothesis. Hum Genet 1984; 65:385-90. [PMID: 6693125 DOI: 10.1007/bf00291564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A new genetic model is proposed to explain the inheritance of the urinary pepsinogen (PG1) polymorphism. Each main fraction, 3, 4 and 5, in the multibanded electrophoretic pattern, is determined by its own specific gene, B, C and D respectively. The intensity ratio of the fractions is principally determined by the number of gene copies. Accordingly, the PG1 phenotypes are determined by gene combinations, haplotypes, some of which may be identical to alleles in previous one locus models. Some critical families, not interpretable using previous genetic models, are presented to support the hypothesis. Preliminary population data from the Netherlands are described. The molecular background of this polymorphism and its relevance for gastric (pre)malignancy is discussed.
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22
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Hamlin JL, Milbrandt JD, Heintz NH, Azizkhan JC. DNA sequence amplification in mammalian cells. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1984; 90:31-82. [PMID: 6389416 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)61487-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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