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Denz A, Njoroge MM, Tambwe MM, Champagne C, Okumu F, van Loon JJA, Hiscox A, Saddler A, Fillinger U, Moore SJ, Chitnis N. Predicting the impact of outdoor vector control interventions on malaria transmission intensity from semi-field studies. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:64. [PMID: 33472661 PMCID: PMC7819244 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04560-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Semi-field experiments with human landing catch (HLC) measure as the outcome are an important step in the development of novel vector control interventions against outdoor transmission of malaria since they provide good estimates of personal protection. However, it is often infeasible to determine whether the reduction in HLC counts is due to mosquito mortality or repellency, especially considering that spatial repellents based on volatile pyrethroids might induce both. Due to the vastly different impact of repellency and mortality on transmission, the community-level impact of spatial repellents can not be estimated from such semi-field experiments. METHODS We present a new stochastic model that is able to estimate for any product inhibiting outdoor biting, its repelling effect versus its killing and disarming (preventing host-seeking until the next night) effects, based only on time-stratified HLC data from controlled semi-field experiments. For parameter inference, a Bayesian hierarchical model is used to account for nightly variation of semi-field experimental conditions. We estimate the impact of the products on the vectorial capacity of the given Anopheles species using an existing mathematical model. With this methodology, we analysed data from recent semi-field studies in Kenya and Tanzania on the impact of transfluthrin-treated eave ribbons, the odour-baited Suna trap and their combination (push-pull system) on HLC of Anopheles arabiensis in the peridomestic area. RESULTS Complementing previous analyses of personal protection, we found that the transfluthrin-treated eave ribbons act mainly by killing or disarming mosquitoes. Depending on the actual ratio of disarming versus killing, the vectorial capacity of An. arabiensis is reduced by 41 to 96% at 70% coverage with the transfluthrin-treated eave ribbons and by 38 to 82% at the same coverage with the push-pull system, under the assumption of a similar impact on biting indoors compared to outdoors. CONCLUSIONS The results of this analysis of semi-field data suggest that transfluthrin-treated eave ribbons are a promising tool against malaria transmission by An. arabiensis in the peridomestic area, since they provide both personal and community protection. Our modelling framework can estimate the community-level impact of any tool intervening during the mosquito host-seeking state using data from only semi-field experiments with time-stratified HLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Denz
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4051, Basel, Switzerland.
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Margaret M Njoroge
- Human Health Theme, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), 00100, Nairobi, Kenya
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mgeni M Tambwe
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania
| | - Clara Champagne
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4051, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fredros Okumu
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Joop J A van Loon
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alexandra Hiscox
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- ARCTEC, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, WC1E 7HT, London, UK
| | - Adam Saddler
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4051, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, Basel, Switzerland
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania
| | - Ulrike Fillinger
- Human Health Theme, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), 00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Sarah J Moore
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4051, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, Basel, Switzerland
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania
| | - Nakul Chitnis
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4051, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, Basel, Switzerland
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Njoroge MM, Fillinger U, Saddler A, Moore S, Takken W, van Loon JJA, Hiscox A. Evaluating putative repellent 'push' and attractive 'pull' components for manipulating the odour orientation of host-seeking malaria vectors in the peri-domestic space. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:42. [PMID: 33430963 PMCID: PMC7802213 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04556-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Novel malaria vector control approaches aim to combine tools for maximum protection. This study aimed to evaluate novel and re-evaluate existing putative repellent ‘push’ and attractive ‘pull’ components for manipulating the odour orientation of malaria vectors in the peri-domestic space. Methods Anopheles arabiensis outdoor human landing catches and trap comparisons were implemented in large semi-field systems to (i) test the efficacy of Citriodiol® or transfluthrin-treated fabric strips positioned in house eave gaps as push components for preventing bites; (ii) understand the efficacy of MB5-baited Suna-traps in attracting vectors in the presence of a human being; (iii) assess 2-butanone as a CO2 replacement for trapping; (iv) determine the protection provided by a full push-pull set up. The air concentrations of the chemical constituents of the push–pull set-up were quantified. Results Microencapsulated Citriodiol® eave strips did not provide outdoor protection against host-seeking An. arabiensis. Transfluthrin-treated strips reduced the odds of a mosquito landing on the human volunteer (OR 0.17; 95% CI 0.12–0.23). This impact was lower (OR 0.59; 95% CI 0.52–0.66) during the push-pull experiment, which was associated with low nighttime temperatures likely affecting the transfluthrin vaporisation. The MB5-baited Suna trap supplemented with CO2 attracted only a third of the released mosquitoes in the absence of a human being; however, with a human volunteer in the same system, the trap caught < 1% of all released mosquitoes. The volunteer consistently attracted over two-thirds of all mosquitoes released. This was the case in the absence (‘pull’ only) and in the presence of a spatial repellent (‘push-pull’), indicating that in its current configuration the tested ‘pull’ does not provide a valuable addition to a spatial repellent. The chemical 2-butanone was ineffective in replacing CO2. Transfluthrin was detectable in the air space but with a strong linear reduction in concentrations over 5 m from release. The MB5 constituent chemicals were only irregularly detected, potentially suggesting insufficient release and concentration in the air for attraction. Conclusion This step-by-step evaluation of the selected ‘push’ and ‘pull’ components led to a better understanding of their ability to affect host-seeking behaviours of the malaria vector An. arabiensis in the peri-domestic space and helps to gauge the impact such tools would have when used in the field for monitoring or control.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Mendi Njoroge
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Human Health Theme, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya.,Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ulrike Fillinger
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Human Health Theme, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya.
| | - Adam Saddler
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4051 833, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | - Sarah Moore
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4051 833, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | - Willem Takken
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joop J A van Loon
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alexandra Hiscox
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Human Health Theme, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya.,Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, ARCTEC, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
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Camargo M. Revisión bibliográfica: Utilización de las células somáticas en la localización (mapeo) de los genes humanos. ACTUALIDADES BIOLÓGICAS 2018. [DOI: 10.17533/udea.acbi.330685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Hasta hace cinco años la localización (mapeo) de los genes humanos en sus respectivos 23 pares de cromosomas, exceptuando el cromosoma X, era casi imposible. Pero con los recientes avances en las técnicas de hibridización de células somáticas, complementadas con las también nuevas técnicas de coloración diferencial de los cromosomas, se ha abierto un enorme campo de investigación de los mamíferos entre los cuales está el hombre.
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Chiatante G, Capozzi O, Svartman M, Perelman P, Centrone L, Romanenko SS, Ishida T, Valeri M, Roelke-Parker ME, Stanyon R. Centromere repositioning explains fundamental number variability in the New World monkey genus Saimiri. Chromosoma 2016; 126:519-529. [DOI: 10.1007/s00412-016-0619-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Thust R, Rønne M. Localization of AT-clusters in normal mouse chromosomes by netropsin prefixation treatment in vitro. Hereditas 2009; 93:321-6. [PMID: 6254925 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5223.1980.tb01370.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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Nielsén K. Chromosomal evolution in the Ehrlich-Lettré complex of hyperdiploid mouse ascites tumors: results from seven laboratory strains. Hereditas 2009; 84:77-108. [PMID: 1010760 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5223.1976.tb01198.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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Distèche C, Hagemeijer A, Frederic J, Progneaux D. An abnormal large human chromosome identified as an end-to-end fusion of two X's by combined results of the new banding techniques and microdensitometry. Clin Genet 2008; 3:388-95. [PMID: 4117330 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.1972.tb01472.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Doucette-Stamm LA, Riba L, Handelin B, Difilippantonio M, Ward DC, Wasmuth JJ, Gusella JF, Housman DE. Generation and characterization of irradiation hybrids of human chromosome 4. SOMATIC CELL AND MOLECULAR GENETICS 1991; 17:471-80. [PMID: 1837181 DOI: 10.1007/bf01233171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In recent years investigators have attempted to develop more rapid and precise methods to isolate specific chromosomal DNA regions. In this paper we demonstrate a modification of the method first developed by Goss and Harris for generation of irradiation hybrids. The gene encoding the dominant selectable marker for resistance to neomycin was introduced into human chromosome 4 using retroviral insertion into human fibroblasts. Transfer of these chromosomes via microcells into the mouse cell line NIH3T6 produced a somatic cell line containing chromosome 4 as the only human chromosome. Irradiation of this cell line followed by fusion with the hamster cell line CHTG49 generated hybrids containing only small portions of chromosome 4p on a hamster background. The use of selection produced stable hybrids that retained chromosome 4 fragments over long periods of tissue culture passage. To obtain new polymorphic markers for Huntington's disease, one of these hybrids was to isolate new genomic fragments. We identified 41 single-copy fragments, of which 27 have been mapped to specific regions of chromosome 4; 52% of these fragments map to the region of chromosome 4 containing the HD gene.
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Annerén G, Gustafsson J, Sunnegårdh J. DiGeorge syndrome in a child with partial monosomy of chromosome 22. Ups J Med Sci 1989; 94:47-53. [PMID: 2711536 DOI: 10.3109/03009738909179246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A girl with severe neonatal hypocalcaemia, thymic hypoplasia, congenital heart disease and mental retardation in combination with a partial monosomy of chromosome 22, del(22)(pter-q11.3), is reported. Nine other patients with an association between partial monosomy 22 and a DiGeorge syndrome have been reported earlier, and this combination probably constitutes a deletion syndrome similar to the Prader-Willi and the aniridia-Wilms' tumour syndromes. However, the deletion of chromosome 22 is mostly due to a translocation, with trisomy for another chromosomal segment. Such a mechanism may explain the different clinical features seen in patients with partial monosomy 22. In the present case there was an unbalanced translocation with a probable trisomy of the short arm of chromosome 20 combined with the partial monosomy 22. Cytogenetic investigation with high resolution banding techniques is indicated in patients with thymic aplasia and suspected DiGeorge syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Annerén
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
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Enbergs H, Schulte-Beckhausen W. Gonosomenanomalien bei Stuten sowie Ergebnisse zytogenetischer Unter-suchungen bei Stuten mit erheblich gestörter Fertilität. Reprod Domest Anim 1986. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.1986.tb01492.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Dulout FN. Adriamycin-induced centric fusions in mouse chromosomes: in vivo and in vitro analysis. Genetica 1984. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00115341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Hutchison NJ, Langer-Safer PR, Ward DC, Hamkalo BA. In situ hybridization at the electron microscope level: hybrid detection by autoradiography and colloidal gold. J Cell Biol 1982; 95:609-18. [PMID: 6183277 PMCID: PMC2112979 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.95.2.609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In situ hybridization has become a standard method for localizing DNA or RNA sequences in cytological preparations. We developed two methods to extend this technique to the transmission electron microscope level using mouse satellite DNA hybridization to whole mount metaphase chromosomes as the test system. The first method devised is a direct extension of standard light microscope level using mouse satellite DNA hybridization to whole mount metaphase chromosomes as the test system. The first method devised is a direct extension of standard light microscope in situ hybridization. Radioactively labeled complementary RNA (cRNA) is hybridized to metaphase chromosomes deposited on electron microscope grids and fixed in 70 percent ethanol vapor; hybridixation site are detected by autoradiography. Specific and intense labeling of chromosomal centromeric regions is observed even after relatively short exposure times. Inerphase nuclei present in some of the metaphase chromosome preparations also show defined paatterms of satellite DNA labeling which suggests that satellite-containing regions are associate with each other during interphase. The sensitivity of this method is estimated to at least as good as that at the light microscope level while the resolution is improved at least threefold. The second method, which circumvents the use of autoradiogrphic detection, uses biotin-labeled polynucleotide probes. After hybridization of these probes, either DNA or RNA, to fixed chromosomes on grids, hybrids are detected via reaction is improved at least threefold. The second method, which circumvents the use of autoradiographic detection, uses biotin-labeled polynucleotide probes. After hybridization of these probes, either DNA or RNA, to fixed chromosomes on grids, hybrids are detected via reaction with an antibody against biotin and secondary antibody adsorbed to the surface of over centromeric heterochromatin and along the associated peripheral fibers. Labeling is on average ten times that of background binding. This method is rapid and possesses the potential to allow precise ultrastructual localization of DNA sequences in chromosomes and chromatin.
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Takayama S, Matsumoto K. G-band-like structures and centromeric asymmetry in the BrdU containing mouse chromosomes. Chromosoma 1982; 85:583-90. [PMID: 7128278 DOI: 10.1007/bf00327352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Mouse cell cultured in the presence of BrdU or BrdC for one replication cycle were stained in a 4Na-EDTA Giemsa solution which stains BrdU-containing chromatin preferentially (Takayama and Tachibana, 1980). With this treatment clear bands (B-bands) were revealed along the length of the chromosomes. The B-banding patterns were identical with the G-banding patterns of this species except for the centromeric region in which lateral asymmetry of Giemsa staining was seen. The concomitant occurrence of the lateral asymmetry with the B-banding supports the assumption that the B-bands visualized by the present technique reflect the BrdU-rich chromatin regions differentially localized along the chromosomes. Most of the chromosomes constituting the mouse karyotype showed their own characteristics appearance of the asymmetry, but in some of them the asymmetry was not clear and the Y did not show any specific, centromeric staining. The marked coincidence of the B- and G-banding patterns seems to provide evidence of the involvement of AT-rich chromatin in the induction of positive G-bands. The present technique also seems quite useful to analyze chromosomes of some species in which ordinary G-banding techniques have been known to bring about only unsatisfactory results.
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A relation between G-, C-, and N-band patterns as revealed by progressive oxidation of chromosomes and a note on the nature of N-bands. Genetica 1982. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00055996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Mengden GA. Linear differentiation of the C-band pattern of the W chromosome in snakes and birds. Chromosoma 1981; 83:275-87. [PMID: 7273948 DOI: 10.1007/bf00286795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Evidence is presented from C-banding studies that the W chromosome of eleven species of snakes is not homogeneous in nature but is differentiated linearly into alternating lighter and darker C positive regions. The same is true of the W chromosome of at least some birds. There is evidence from the literature indicating a similar differentiation of the Y chromosome of some mammals and here the intermediate C positive regions are deficient in highly repetitive DNA. The significance of heterochromatinization as a means of generating differentiated sex chromosomes is discussed in the light of these findings.
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Ando K, Tagawa T, Uchida TA. C-banding pattern on the chromosomes of the Japanese house shrew, Suncus murinus riukiuanus, and its implication. EXPERIENTIA 1980; 36:1040-1. [PMID: 7418836 DOI: 10.1007/bf01965955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The C-band on the chromosomes of the Japanese house shrew, Suncus murinus riukiuanus (Insectivora), was studied. Various types of C-banding patterns were found in the genome of this subspecies. Such banding patterns could be useful for an understanding of autosome and sex-chromosome polymorphisms within S. murinus.
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A study of spontaneous chromosome variations in seven cell lines derived from Drosophila melanogaster stocks marked by translocations. Chromosoma 1980. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00293418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Chan MM, Kano K, Dorman B, Ruddle FH, Milgrom F. Human cell surface antigens coded by genes on chromosome 21. Immunogenetics 1979. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01561436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Sen S, Sharma T. Sparse distribution of constitutive heterochromatin and its variation in two species of mongooses (Carnivora) with exact G-band homology. Genetica 1979. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00122047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Chakrabarti S, Chakrabarti A. Robertsonian fusion leading to the formation of stable dicentric chromosome in an ascites cell line of the mouse. EXPERIENTIA 1977; 33:1296-7. [PMID: 908399 DOI: 10.1007/bf01920142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The dicentric nature of a marker metacentric chromosome originated by robertsonian fusion has been established in the ascites cells of mouse sarcoma 180. C-banding analysis has revealed that the metacentric is actually a dicentric with 2 closely situated C-positive heterochromatic zones. The nature of the centromeres and the NF value of the cell indicate that this meta-dicentric marker has originated by breakage and fusion within each of the short arms of 2 acrocentric chromosomes.
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Abstract
Five of 8 cell lines from human melanomas originally established elsewhere were found to consist exclusively of mouse cells when examined in our laboratory some months after their receipt. Cytogenetic studies, including G- and C-banding, showed that the mouse cells in all cultures had originated from a single cell line, identified as the L-line. Contamination probably occurred, one year before its discovery, in a laboratory where L cells and human melanoma cells were briefly kept in the same incubator.
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Mattei JF, Taramasco H, Mattei MG, Lucas C, Aubert L, Giraud F. A girl with mosaicism for a dicentric X chromosome (45,X/46,X,dic(X) (Xqter to p22::p22 to qter)). Hum Genet 1977; 38:39-48. [PMID: 903154 DOI: 10.1007/bf00295806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A 12-year-old girl was examined for growth retardation and a few very discrete dysmorphologic stigmata of Turner's syndrome; the genitalia were infantile yet both ovaries possessed functioning follicles. R- and C-banding techniques and Brdu treatment demonstrated a 45,X formula in 95% of lymphocytes, with 5% presenting a 46,X,dic(X) formula. Cytogenetic and clinical problems raised by this observation are discussed in relation to data from the literature.
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Baverstock PR, Watts CH, Hogarth JT. Chromosome evolution in Australian rodents. I. The Pseudomyinae, the Hydromyinae and the Uromys/Melomys group. Chromosoma 1977; 61:95-125. [PMID: 872700 DOI: 10.1007/bf00327396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Bostock CJ, Christie S, Hatch FT, Mazrimas JA. A stable, "near-haploid" mammalian cell line (Dipodomys ordii). Exp Cell Res 1977; 106:373-7. [PMID: 193702 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(77)90182-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Singh L, Purdom IF, Jones KW. Effect of different denaturing agents on the detectability of specific DNA sequences of various base compositions by in situ hybridisation. Chromosoma 1977; 60:377-89. [PMID: 858264 DOI: 10.1007/bf00292860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In situ hybridisation of certain AT rich and GC rich satellite DNA complementary RNAs (cRNAs) to their homologous chromosomes at their respective optimal rate temperatures (TOPTS) after denaturation with various reagents (0.2 N HCl, 0.07 N NaOH, 90% formamide and heat) led to the following conclusions. -- Heat denaturation of chromosomal DNA in 0.1 X SSC at 100 degrees C gives significantly higher grain counts regardless of DNA base composition, HCl denaturation discriminates markedly against GC rich DNA. Chromosome morphology is best preserved after HCl and heat denaturation.
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Friebe B. [Differential Giemsa staining of heterochromatic regions in the chromosomes of Vicia faba, Allium cepa and Paeonia tenuifolia]. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 1976; 47:275-283. [PMID: 24414841 DOI: 10.1007/bf00281932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/1975] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Hypotheses for the mechanism of differential Giemsa staining of euchromatin and heterochromatin are discussed. The banding-patterns of Vicia faba, Allium cepa and Paeonia tenuifolia are described. Heterochromatic chromosome segments have been identified in metaphase chromosomes to correspond with those to be found in interphase nuclei. The fact that the number of chromocenters is usually smaller than the number of Giemsa bands in the metaphase chromosomes is supposed to be due to fusion of heterochromatic sections during interphase. Within each species non-homologous chromosomes exhibit similar patterns. The significance of this phenomenon, which has been called "aequilocal heterochromacy" by Heitz, is so far unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Friebe
- Institut für Angewandte Genetik der Freien Universität Berlin, BRD
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31
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Daniel A, Lam-Po-Tang PR. Structure and inheritance of some heterozygous Robertsonian translocation in man. J Med Genet 1976; 13:381-8. [PMID: 1003449 PMCID: PMC1013444 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.13.5.381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Banding studies in 25 Robertsonian translocations showed that all could be interpreted as stable dicentrics. The mechanism for their stability is likely to be the proximity of their centromeres but centromeric suppression could also have a role. In many of these dicentric translocations, discontinuous centromeric suppression, as indicated by chromatid separation at one of the centromeric regions, was observed in C-banded preparations. A further observation of undefined relation to the first was that the ratio of the two constitutive centromeric heterochromatin (CCH) regions from the component chromosomes of the translocations was variable in the same translocation type, e.g. t(13;14). It is proposed that this ratio may influence the segregation ratio. Abnormal spermatogenesis is suggested as the likely mechanism for the difference in the proportion of aneuploid offspring in the progeny of maternal and paternal heterozygotes. Neither of the t dic(21;21)s could be interpreted as isochromosomes. It is proposed that Robertsonian fusion translocations be defined as stable, dicentric, whole-arm translocations, with both centromeres in a median position and resulting in the loss of a small acentric fragment during this formation. It is suggested that they occur at high frequency between telocentric or, as in man, certain acrocentric chromosomes because of some intrinsic property of those chromosomes not possessed by metacentric chromosomes and mediated by interphase association of centromeres.
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32
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Abstract
Cytological studies have been presented from a 15-year-old girl with short stature and failure of puberty. Buccal mucosa preparations revealed X-chromatin mass approximately double in size of that of a normal female. Leukocyte metaphases suggested a two cell line composition of the patient. One population of cells conformed with 45,X chromosome distribution. The chromosome complement of her other cell line had a modal number of 46. In this cell line a "C" chromosome was replaced by an exceptionally large submetacentric chromosome. This abnormal element exhibited late DNA replicating pattern. G-banding study revealed that the abnormal chromosome was produced as a result of fusion involving telomeric ends of long arms of 2 intact X chromosomes. This translocation X was bearing 2 C-banded areas; one around the centromere and the other at the distal end of the long arm. The distal C-band area did not show any evidence for centromeric function. It appears that a centromere becomes latent in the presence of another centromere in a translocation bearing 2 total chromosomes. Such a change of state in the additional centromere is vital for the stability of the translocation chromosome.
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33
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34
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Back F. The variable condition of euchromatin and heterochromatin. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1976; 45:25-64. [PMID: 783067 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)60077-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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35
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Leung WC, Chen TR, Dubbs DR, Kit S. Identification of chick thymidine kinase determinant in somatic cell hybrids of chick erythrocytes and thymidine kinase-deficient mouse cells. Exp Cell Res 1975; 95:320-6. [PMID: 1238277 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(75)90557-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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36
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Bedo DG. C banding in polytene chromosomes of Simulium ornatipes and S. melatum (Diptera: Simuliidae). Chromosoma 1975; 51:291-300. [PMID: 50169 DOI: 10.1007/bf00284822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Polytene and mitotic chromosomes of Simulium ornatipes and S. melatum were subjected to C banding procedures. In both species polytene chromosomes consistently show C banding of centromere regions, telomeres, nucleolar organiser and, unexpectedly, numerous interstitial sites. The interstitial C banding sites correspond to morphologically single polytene bands. Their response is graded and independent of band size. Interstitial C bands in S. ornatipes are scattered throughout the complement, whereas in S. melatum they are clustered. Supernumerary heterochromatic segments in S. ornatipes also exhibit strong C banding and inverted segments can differ from standard in C banding pattern. -- Mitotic chromosomes of both species show a single centric C band with indications of two weak interstitial bands in S. ornatipes, suggesting that many C band regions, detectable in polytene chromosomes, are not resolved by present techniques in mitotic chromosomes. -- Contrary to current opinion that C banding is diagnostic for constitutive heterochromatin, the interstitial C band sites of polytene chromosomes are regarded as euchromatic. Conversely, the heterochromatic pericentric regions of S. ornatipes are not C banded. -- It appears that polytene chromosomes offer a promising system for the elucidation of C banding mechanisms.
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37
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Blank CE, Colver DC, Potter AM, McHugh J, Lorber J. Physical and mental defect of chromosomal origin in four individuals of the same family. Trisomy for the short arm of 9. Clin Genet 1975; 7:261-73. [PMID: 1126048 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.1975.tb00328.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A family with the reciprocal translocation t(9;22)(q13;q11) segregating in genetically balanced and unbalanced form is identified. The clinical features of four members with trisomy for the short arm of 9, and the proximal part of the long arm of 9, are described in detail. Features in common are summarized and compared with developmental abnormality observed in other examples of trisomy for the short arm of 9. An attempt is made to delineate further the clinical features commonly seen in trisomy for the short arm of 9.
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38
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Yosida TH, Sagai T. Variation of C-bands in the chromosomes of several subspecies of Rattus rattus. Chromosoma 1975; 50:283-300. [PMID: 1149576 DOI: 10.1007/bf00283472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
All subspecies of black rats (Rattus rattus) used in the present study are characterized by having large and clear C-bands at the centromeric region. The appearance of the bands, however, is different in the subspecies. Chromosome pair No. 1 in Asian type black rats (2n=42), which are characterized by an acrocentric and subtelocentric polymorphism, showed C-band polymorphism. In Phillipine rats (R. rattus mindanensis) the pair was subtelocentric with C-bands, but in Malayan black rats (R. rattus diardii) it was usually acrocentric with C-bands. In Hong-Kong (R. rattus flavipectus) and Japanese black rats (R. rattus tanezumi) it was polymorphic with respect to the presence of acrocentrics with C-bands or subtelocentrics without C-bands. The other chromosomes pairs showed clear C-bands, but in Hong-Kong black rats the pairs No. 2 and 5 were polymorphic with and without C-bands. In Japanese black rats, 6 chromosome pairs (No. 3, 4, 7, 9, 11 and 13) were polymorphic in regard to presence and absence of C-bands, but the other 5 chromosome pairs (No. 2, 5, 6, 8 and 10) showed always absence of C-bands. Only pair No. 12 usually showed C-bands. C-bands in small metacentric pairs (No. 14 to 20) in Asian type black rats generally large in size, but those in the Oceanian (2n=38) and Ceylon type black rats (2n=40) were small. In the hybrids between Asian and Oceanian type rats, heteromorphic C-bands, one large and the other small, were observed. Based on the consideration of karyotype evolution in the black rats, the C-band is suggested to have a tendency toward the diminution as far as the related species are concerned.
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39
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Atkin NB, Baker MC. Chromocentres in polymorphs as interphase markers for chromosomes having increased constitutive heterochromatin. J Med Genet 1974; 11:371-3. [PMID: 4140910 PMCID: PMC1013207 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.11.4.371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
After staining with the BSG technique for constitutive heterochromatin, human polymorphs exhibit chromocentres which are presumably derived from these chromosomal regions. In five individuals having an extended centromeric heterochromatin region on one No. 1 chromosome, a particularly large chromocentre was seen in the majority of polymorphs. Thus, prominent chromocentres in polymorphs may indicate the presence of constitutive heterochromatin variants.
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40
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Ku56cerov57A M, Polívková Z. Variations of centromeric region of chromosome no. 1 and no. 9 in one family. HUMANGENETIK 1974; 22:327-30. [PMID: 4426626 DOI: 10.1007/bf00295492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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41
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Elsevier SM, Kucherlapati RS, Nichols EA, Creagan RP, Giles RE, Ruddle FH, Willecke K, McDougall JK. Assignment of the gene for galactokinase to human chromosome 17 and its regional localisation to band q21-22. Nature 1974; 251:633-6. [PMID: 4371022 DOI: 10.1038/251633a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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42
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Kim MA, Grzeschik KH. A method for discriminating murine and human chromosomes in somatic cell hybrids. Exp Cell Res 1974; 88:406-10. [PMID: 4473370 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(74)90260-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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43
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44
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Lin MS, Latt SA, Davidson RL. Identification of human and mouse chromosomes in human-mouse hybrids by centromere fluorescence. Exp Cell Res 1974; 87:429-33. [PMID: 4137714 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(74)90511-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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45
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46
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Sharma T, Garg G. Restrictive localization of centromeric heterochromatin (C-bands) in Presbytis e. entellus (Dufresne) as compared to Macaca mulatta (Zimmerman). J Hum Evol 1974. [DOI: 10.1016/0047-2484(74)90025-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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47
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48
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O'Neill FJ, Miles CP. Specific C band patterns in continuous human lymphoblastoid cell lines. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF GENETICS AND CYTOLOGY. JOURNAL CANADIEN DE GENETIQUE ET DE CYTOLOGIE 1974; 16:305-15. [PMID: 4138962 DOI: 10.1139/g74-034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of centromeric heterochromatin in five human lymphoblastoid cell lines is described utilizing the C banding technique. Two lines, LK 60 and NC 37 showed a polymorphism for the size of the band on chromosome 1. LK 60 also showed accentuation or stretching of the secondary constriction on No. 1 and in almost all cells studied the affected homolog was also the one with the large C band. Another line SKL-1, also showed an accentuated constriction on chromosome 1 but did not have a detectable polymorphism. NC 37 did not show a constriction. In LK 60 the stretching of the constriction always appeared within the boundaries of the constitutive heterochromatin, regardless of the degree of stretching.SKL-1 and RPMI 6410 showed marker chromosomes with double C bands. One such chromosome appeared in SKL-1 and the bands were relatively widely spaced. However, analysis of this chromosome with standard staining procedures showed that one band was only rarely associated with a constriction while the other band, nearest the telomere, always showed a constriction. In RPMI 6410 two such markers were apparent. In one, the bands were well spaced, to allow an analysis for association with constrictions. In this case one band was always associated with a constriction while the other band showed a constriction in most of the cells. The possibility that these chromosomes are dicentric is discussed.
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49
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Olinici CD, Evans CH, DiPaolo JA. Chromosome patterns of nontransformed variants from chemically transformed Balb-3T3 cells. J Cell Physiol 1974; 83:401-7. [PMID: 4827578 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1040830310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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50
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