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Arnaoutoglou C, Keivanidou A, Dragoutsos G, Tentas I, Meditskou S, Zarogoulidis P, Matthaios D, Sardeli C, Ioannidis A, Perdikouri EI, Giannopoulos A. Factors Affecting the Nuclei in Newborn and Children. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19074226. [PMID: 35409906 PMCID: PMC8998771 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19074226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
It is known that children are more sensitive to the effects of medical treatments and environment than adults. Today there is limited information regarding the differences in genotoxic effects in children. The micronucleus assay is a method that is used to monitor genotoxicity, and it was validated several years before. Today there is international interest for exfoliated buccal cells. Most of the micronuclei studies in children have been performed with the analyses of lymphocytes. However, there is vast interest in using exfoliated cells from the oral cavity. The reason is that other type of cells are acquired non-invasively, this is an important issue in paediatric cohorts. Unfortunately a limitation of measuring micronuclei frequency is that it has been observed to be low in newborns and on the other hand there are a large number of patients and cell sample counts. It has been observed that radiation exposure and environmental pollutants increase the micronuclei frequency in newborn and children. Regarding the medical treatments, there is little data and several studies are needed to optimise the doses. There is the need to observe if there is a relationship between micronuclei in lymphocytes and exfoliated cells and to identify the baseline of the micronuclei levels. Moreover, we evaluate the changes in response to the toxic agents. Prospective cohorts studies will clarify the predictive value of micronuclei for cancer and chronic diseases for both children and adults. Novel molecular technologies will assist in the elucidation of different biological pathways and molecular mechanisms connected with the micronulcei levels in newborn and children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Arnaoutoglou
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Papageorgiou Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Anastasia Keivanidou
- Pediatric Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA General Hospital, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.K.); (A.G.)
| | - Georgios Dragoutsos
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Democritus University of Thrace, 69132 Komotini, Greece;
| | - Ioannis Tentas
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, General Hospital of Giannitsa, 58100 Giannitsa, Greece;
| | - Soultana Meditskou
- Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Paul Zarogoulidis
- Pulmonary Department, General Clinic Euromedica, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Chrysanthi Sardeli
- Department of Pharmacology & Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Aris Ioannidis
- Department of Surgery, “Genesis” Private Clinic, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | | | - Andreas Giannopoulos
- Pediatric Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA General Hospital, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.K.); (A.G.)
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2
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Bolognesi C, Knasmueller S, Nersesyan A, Roggieri P, Ceppi M, Bruzzone M, Blaszczyk E, Mielzynska-Svach D, Milic M, Bonassi S, Benedetti D, Da Silva J, Toledo R, Salvadori DMF, Groot de Restrepo H, Filipic M, Hercog K, Aktas A, Burgaz S, Kundi M, Grummt T, Thomas P, Hor M, Escudero-Fung M, Holland N, Fenech M. Inter-laboratory consistency and variability in the buccal micronucleus cytome assay depends on biomarker scored and laboratory experience: results from the HUMNxl international inter-laboratory scoring exercise. Mutagenesis 2017; 32:257-266. [PMID: 27671865 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gew047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The buccal micronucleus cytome (BMNcyt) assay in uncultured exfoliated epithelial cells from oral mucosa is widely applied in biomonitoring human exposures to genotoxic agents and is also proposed as a suitable test for prescreening and follow-up of precancerous oral lesions. The main limitation of the assay is the large variability observed in the baseline values of micronuclei (MNi) and other nuclear anomalies mainly related to different scoring criteria. The aim of this international collaborative study, involving laboratories with different level of experience, was to evaluate the inter- and intra-laboratory variations in the BMNcyt parameters, using recently implemented guidelines, in scoring cells from the same pooled samples obtained from healthy subjects (control group) and from cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy (treated group). The results indicate that all laboratories correctly discriminated samples from the two groups by a significant increase of micronucleus (MN) and nuclear bud (NBUD) frequencies and differentiated binucleated (BN) cells, associated with the exposure to ionizing radiation. The experience of the laboratories was shown to play an important role in the identification of the different cell types and nuclear anomalies. MN frequency in differentiated mononucleated (MONO) and BN cells showed the greatest consistency among the laboratories and low variability was also detected in the frequencies of MONO and BN cells. A larger variability was observed in classifying the different cell types, indicating the subjectivity in the interpretation of some of the scoring criteria while reproducibility of the results between scoring sessions was very good. An inter-laboratory calibration exercise is strongly recommended before starting studies with BMNcyt assay involving multiple research centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Bolognesi
- Environmental Carcinogenesis Unit, IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, L.go Rosanna Benzi, 10 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Siegfried Knasmueller
- Department of Chemical Safety and Cancer Prevention, Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria Borschkegasse 8A, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Armen Nersesyan
- Department of Chemical Safety and Cancer Prevention, Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria Borschkegasse 8A, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Paola Roggieri
- Environmental Carcinogenesis Unit, IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, L.go Rosanna Benzi, 10 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Marcello Ceppi
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, L.go Rosanna Benzi, 10 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Marco Bruzzone
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, L.go Rosanna Benzi, 10 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Ewa Blaszczyk
- Environmental Toxicology Group, Institute for Ecology of Industrial Areas, Kossutha 6 Street, 40-844 Katowice, Poland
| | - Danuta Mielzynska-Svach
- The Witold Pilecki State School of Higher Education, Maksymiliana Kolbego 8 Street, Oswiecim 32-600, Poland
| | - Mirta Milic
- Mutagenesis Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.,Unit of Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Via di Val Cannuta, 247, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Bonassi
- Unit of Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Via di Val Cannuta, 247, 00166 Rome, Italy.,Department of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion, San Raffaele University, Via di Val Cannuta, 247, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Danieli Benedetti
- Laboratory of Genetic Toxicology, Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA), Av. Farroupilha, 8001, 92425-900 Canoas-RS, Brazil
| | - Juliana Da Silva
- Laboratory of Genetic Toxicology, Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA), Av. Farroupilha, 8001, 92425-900 Canoas-RS, Brazil
| | - Raphael Toledo
- Laboratory of Toxicogenomics and Nutrigenomics, Botucatu Medical School, UNESP - São Paulo State University, Rua Mario Rubens Montenegro, S/N, Rubião Jr, 18618-687, Botucatu-SP, Brazil
| | - Daisy Maria Fávero Salvadori
- Laboratory of Toxicogenomics and Nutrigenomics, Botucatu Medical School, UNESP - São Paulo State University, Rua Mario Rubens Montenegro, S/N, Rubião Jr, 18618-687, Botucatu-SP, Brazil
| | - Helena Groot de Restrepo
- Universidad de los Andes Laboratorio de Genética Humana (LGH), Carrera 1E No, 18A-10 Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Metka Filipic
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Vecna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Klara Hercog
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Vecna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ayça Aktas
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, Gazi University 06330, Hipodrom, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sema Burgaz
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, Gazi University 06330, Hipodrom, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Michael Kundi
- Institute of Environmental Health, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Tamara Grummt
- German Federal Environment Agency, Heinrich-Heine-Straße 12, 08645 Bad Elster, Germany
| | - Philip Thomas
- Genome Health and Personalised Nutrition, CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Gate 13, Kintore Avenue, South Australia 5000, Australia and
| | - Maryam Hor
- Genome Health and Personalised Nutrition, CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Gate 13, Kintore Avenue, South Australia 5000, Australia and
| | - Maria Escudero-Fung
- School of Public Health, Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health, University of California, Berkeley, 733 University Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720-7360, USA
| | - Nina Holland
- School of Public Health, Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health, University of California, Berkeley, 733 University Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720-7360, USA
| | - Michael Fenech
- Genome Health and Personalised Nutrition, CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Gate 13, Kintore Avenue, South Australia 5000, Australia and
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Shiloh Y, Lederman HM. Ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T): An emerging dimension of premature ageing. Ageing Res Rev 2017; 33:76-88. [PMID: 27181190 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A-T is a prototype genome instability syndrome and a multifaceted disease. A-T leads to neurodegeneration - primarily cerebellar atrophy, immunodeficiency, oculocutaneous telangiectasia (dilated blood vessels), vestigial thymus and gonads, endocrine abnormalities, cancer predisposition and varying sensitivity to DNA damaging agents, particularly those that induce DNA double-strand breaks. With the recent increase in life expectancy of A-T patients, the premature ageing component of this disease is gaining greater awareness. The complex A-T phenotype reflects the ever growing number of functions assigned to the protein encoded by the responsible gene - the homeostatic protein kinase, ATM. The quest to thoroughly understand the complex A-T phenotype may reveal yet elusive ATM functions.
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Bolognesi C, Bonassi S, Knasmueller S, Fenech M, Bruzzone M, Lando C, Ceppi M. Clinical application of micronucleus test in exfoliated buccal cells: A systematic review and metanalysis. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2015; 766:20-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Jyoti S, Naz F, Rahul, Khan S, Ali F, Fatima A, Khanam S, Siddique YH. Detection of aneugenicity and clastogenicity in buccal epithelial cells of pan masala and gutkha users by pan-centromeric FISH analysis. Mutagenesis 2014; 30:263-7. [DOI: 10.1093/mutage/geu067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Holland N, Fucic A, Merlo DF, Sram R, Kirsch-Volders M. Micronuclei in neonates and children: effects of environmental, genetic, demographic and disease variables. Mutagenesis 2011; 26:51-6. [PMID: 21164182 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/geq064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Children may be more susceptible to the effects of the environmental exposure and medical treatments than adults; however, limited information is available about the differences in genotoxic effects in children by age, sex and health status. Micronucleus (MN) assay is a well established method of monitoring genotoxicity, and this approach is thoroughly validated for adult lymphocytes by the Human Micronucleus Biomonitoring project (HUMN.org). Similar international undertaking is in progress for exfoliated buccal cells. Most of the MN studies in children are focused on analyses of lymphocytes but in the recent years, more investigators are interested in using exfoliated cells from the oral cavity and other cell types that can be collected non-invasively, which is particularly important in paediatric cohorts. The baseline MN frequency is relatively low in newborns and its assessment requires large cohorts and cell sample counts. Available results are mostly consistent in conclusion that environmental pollutants and radiation exposures lead to the increase in the MN frequency in children. Effects of medical treatments are less clear, and more studies are needed to optimise the doses and minimise genotoxicity without compromising therapy outcomes. Despite the recent progress in MN assay in children, more studies are warranted to establish the relationship between MN in lymphocytes and exfoliated cells, to clarify sex, age and genotype differences in baseline MN levels and the changes in response to genotoxicants. One of the most important types of MN studies in children are prospective cohorts that will help to clarify the predictive value of MN and other cytome end points for cancer and other chronic diseases of childhood and adulthood. Emerging 'omic' and other novel molecular technologies may shed light on the molecular mechanisms and biological pathways associated with the MN levels in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Holland
- School of Public Health, 733 University Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-7360, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Meyn
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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Pandita TK, Hittelman WN. Increased initial levels of chromosome damage and heterogeneous chromosome repair in ataxia telangiectasia heterozygote cells. Mutat Res 1994; 310:1-13. [PMID: 7523872 DOI: 10.1016/0027-5107(94)90004-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Individuals heterozygous for ataxia telangiectasia (AT) appear clinically normal but have a 2-3-fold overall excess risk of cancer. Various approaches have been used to identify AT heterozygotes, however, the results are ambiguous. We recently reported that AT homozygotes exhibit more initial chromosome damage after irradiation than normal cells despite identical levels of DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) as well as a reduced fast repair component at both the DNA and chromosome levels. To determine whether AT heterozygotes exhibit the AT or normal cellular phenotype, we compared four AT heterozygote lymphoblastoid cell lines with normal control and AT homozygote lymphoblastoid cells with regard to cell survival, initial levels of damage, and repair at the DNA and chromosome levels after gamma-irradiation in G1, S, and G2 phase (estimated by neutral DNA filter elution and premature chromosome condensation). There was no significant difference in survival, induction and repair of DNA DSBs, or chromosome repair between AT heterozygote and normal cells. In contrast, all four AT heterozygote cell lines showed increased levels of chromosome damage; G1 phase cells showed intermediate levels and G2 phase cells showed levels equivalent to the AT homozygote phenotype. These results suggest that premature chromosome condensation may be useful for detecting AT heterozygotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- T K Pandita
- Department of Clinical Investigation, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030
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9
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Rosin MP, Ragab NF, Anwar W, Salama SI. Localized induction of micronuclei in the oral mucosa of xeroderma pigmentosum patients. Cancer Lett 1994; 81:39-44. [PMID: 8019986 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3835(94)90162-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) patients are predisposed not only to skin cancers but also to tumors on the tip of the tongue. Although this enhanced risk has been attributed to a defect in the repair of DNA damage induced by ultraviolet rays from sunlight there is a lack of data showing that DNA damage is occurring in vivo at these sites. In order to determine whether a relationship exists between exposure to ultraviolet light and the level of chromosomal breakage occurring in epithelial tissue in XP patients, the exfoliated cell micronucleus test was applied to different sites in the oral cavities of four XP patients: the right and left buccal mucosa, the dorsal tip of the tongue and the palate. Six Egyptian controls were sampled concurrently. Micronucleus (MN) frequencies were higher in XP patients than in controls for all sites except the palate, where technical difficulties were encountered. In addition, an unequal distribution of the frequency of micronucleated cells was found in the different sample sites of the oral cavity in the XP patients, with the greatest elevation in frequencies among cells collected from the dorsal tip of the tongue. In contrast, the frequency of micronucleated cells did not vary significantly in samples from different sites obtained from the controls. These data suggest that the complex interplay of host and environmental factors can affect MN frequencies when this endpoint is used to quantify in vivo genotoxic damage in a tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Rosin
- Environmental Carcinogenesis Laboratory, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, B.C., Canada
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10
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Titenko-Holland N, Moore LE, Smith MT. Measurement and characterization of micronuclei in exfoliated human cells by fluorescence in situ hybridization with a centromeric probe. Mutat Res 1994; 312:39-50. [PMID: 7507215 DOI: 10.1016/0165-1161(94)90007-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The micronucleus (MN) assay in human exfoliated cells has been widely used to detect the genotoxic effects of environmental mutagens, infectious agents and hereditary diseases. Substantial variability characterizes the MN frequencies reported by different research groups. One reason for this may be the restricted resolution power of the Feulgen-Fast-Green staining that is routinely used. Here we describe a new version of the MN assay that employs fluorescent propidium iodide staining along with fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with a centromeric probe. Buccal and urothelial cells were collected from 5 healthy unexposed female volunteers and 55,000 cells analyzed for MN frequency and abnormal nuclear events. The Feulgen-Fast-Green and the new fluorescent staining produced very similar results. The frequency of MN in buccal cells was 0.145 +/- 0.118% and in urothelial cells 0.083 +/- 0.074%. No correlation was found between the frequencies of MN in the two types of exfoliated cells. FISH with a centromeric probe allowed MN containing whole chromosomes with a centromere to be differentiated from those containing only acentric fragments. The former appear as a result of chromosome lagging in mitosis, while those without a centromere are due to chromosome breakage. In urothelial cells 43% of MN were centromere-negative and in buccal cells -44%. Fluorescent staining provided more accurate scoring of degenerative cells than standard Feulgen-Fast-Green staining. The combined frequency of pycnotic cells, "broken eggs" and cells with fragmented nuclei did not exceed 2%, while that of karyorrhexis and karyolysis together was as high as 21%. Significant interindividual variability was found in the frequency of cells with karyolysis and karyorrhexis. Thus, the new version of micronucleus assay allows for MN to be scored more precisely, the mechanism of MN formation to be determined and abnormal nuclear events to be readily identified in exfoliated human cells. It is therefore ideal for studying genotoxicity in human populations using exfoliated cells from the mouth, bladder and nose.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Titenko-Holland
- Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley 94720
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Smith AH, Hopenhayn-Rich C, Warner M, Biggs ML, Moore L, Smith MT. Rationale for selecting exfoliated bladder cell micronuclei as potential biomarkers for arsenic genotoxicity. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 1993; 40:223-34. [PMID: 8230298 DOI: 10.1080/15287399309531790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Biomarkers of effect have important potential in epidemiology, since they may enable ascertainment of exposure-effect associations in relatively inexpensive cross-sectional studies, with confirmation by short follow-up after cessation of exposure. Arsenic is known to cause human skin and lung cancer, and may also cause various internal cancers including bladder, kidney, and liver cancer. The strongest epidemiological association between arsenic ingestion and an internal cancer is that with bladder cancer. Epidemiological studies of a Taiwanese population exposed to high levels of arsenic from drinking water reported relative risks for bladder cancer well above any other known environmental carcinogen. Populations at increased risk for bladder cancer from other exposures, such as smoking and schistosomiasis infection, have elevated frequencies of micronuclei in exfoliated bladder cells. We have therefore proposed that the bladder cell micronucleus assay could be an appropriate biological marker of genotoxic effect of arsenic exposure. In this paper, we present the rationale for choosing the bladder cell micronucleus assay as a potential biomarker of effect for arsenic. We also briefly describe the studies we are conducting using this biomarker in currently exposed populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Smith
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley 94720
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Moghadam BK, Zadeh JY, Gier RE. Ataxia-telangiectasia. Review of the literature and a case report. ORAL SURGERY, ORAL MEDICINE, AND ORAL PATHOLOGY 1993; 75:791-7. [PMID: 8515997 DOI: 10.1016/0030-4220(93)90444-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous vascular abnormalities are frequently detected on initial examination of newborns. Many of these lesions are common variations of normal lesions such as nevus simplex and strawberry hemangiomas. Some of the vascular abnormalities, however, are a feature of a number of syndromes with multisystemic involvement. These syndromes have been described under the heading of neurocutaneous diseases. Ataxia-telangiectasia is a neurocutaneous syndrome that appears with progressive cerebellar ataxia, oculocutaneous telangiectasias, and abnormalities of many other organs. Oral mucosa is also affected. Current concepts on the pathogenesis of ataxia-telangiectasia and one case of the disease are presented in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- B K Moghadam
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and Radiology, University of Missouri-Kansas City, School of Dentistry
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Abstract
Ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) is an inherited human disease associated with neurologic degeneration, immune dysfunction, and high cancer risk. It has been proposed that the underlying abnormality in A-T is a defect in genetic recombination that interferes with immune gene rearrangements and the repair of DNA damage. Recombination was studied in A-T and control human fibroblast lines by means of two recombination vectors. Unexpectedly, spontaneous intrachromosomal recombination rates were 30 to 200 times higher in A-T fibroblast lines than in normal cells, whereas extrachromosomal recombination frequencies were near normal. Increased recombination is thus a component of genetic instability in A-T and may contribute to the cancer risk seen in A-T patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Meyn
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510
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15
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Heim RA, Lench NJ, Swift M. Heterozygous manifestations in four autosomal recessive human cancer-prone syndromes: ataxia telangiectasia, xeroderma pigmentosum, Fanconi anemia, and Bloom syndrome. Mutat Res 1992; 284:25-36. [PMID: 1279391 DOI: 10.1016/0027-5107(92)90022-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R A Heim
- Biological Sciences Research Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599-7250
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Rünger TM, Poot M, Kraemer KH. Abnormal processing of transfected plasmid DNA in cells from patients with ataxia telangiectasia. Mutat Res 1992; 293:47-54. [PMID: 1383810 DOI: 10.1016/0921-8777(92)90007-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In order to assess spontaneous mutability and accuracy of DNA joining in ataxia telangiectasia, a disorder with spontaneous chromosome breakage, the replicating shuttle vector plasmid, pZ189, was transfected into SV40 virus-transformed fibroblasts from ataxia telangiectasia patients. The ataxia telangiectasia fibroblasts showed elevated frequency of micronuclei, a measure of chromosome breakage. The spontaneous mutation frequency was normal with circular plasmids passed through the ataxia telangiectasia line. These results were compared to those with transformed fibroblasts from a patient with xeroderma pigmentosum, and from a normal donor. Mutation analysis revealed spontaneous point mutations and deletions in the plasmids with all 3 cell lines, however, insertions or complex mutations were only detectable with the ataxia telangiectasia line. To assess DNA-joining ability, linear plasmids which require joining of the DNA ends by host cell enzymes for survival, were transfected into the cells. We found a 2.4-fold less efficient DNA joining in ataxia telangiectasia fibroblasts (p = 0.04) and a 2.0-fold higher mutation frequency (p less than 0.01) in the recircularized plasmids than with the normal line. Plasmid DNA joining and mutation frequency were normal with the xeroderma pigmentosum fibroblasts. These findings with the ataxia telangiectasia fibroblasts of abnormal types of spontaneous mutations in the transfected plasmid and inefficient, error-prone DNA joining may be related to the increased chromosome breakage in these cells. In contrast, an EB virus-transformed ataxia telangiectasia lymphoblast line with normal frequency of micronuclei showed normal types of spontaneous mutations in the transfected plasmid and normal frequency of DNA joining which was error-prone. These data indicate that mechanisms that produce chromosome breakage in ataxia telangiectasia cells can be reflected in processing of plasmid vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Rünger
- Laboratory of Molecular Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
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17
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Rosin MP. The use of the micronucleus test on exfoliated cells to identify anti-clastogenic action in humans: a biological marker for the efficacy of chemopreventive agents. Mutat Res 1992; 267:265-76. [PMID: 1376429 DOI: 10.1016/0027-5107(92)90071-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Laboratory and epidemiological studies support the hypothesis that cancer incidence in human populations can be reduced by supplementing high-risk individuals with chemopreventive agents. Many candidate agents have been identified, too many to be assayed in long-term clinical trials. As an alternate approach, intermediate markers are currently being evaluated as short-term screens for the activity of chemopreventive agents in humans. These markers quantify cellular and molecular changes of biological significance to the process of carcinogenesis. One such marker is the micronucleus test on exfoliated cells. This assay has been used to quantify chromosomal breakage occurring in the human oral cavity, esophagus, cervix, lung, nasal cavity and urinary bladder. Intervention trials on high-risk populations have shown that supplementation with chemopreventive agents can modulate this breakage. This article will review the evidence in support of the use of this assay as a biological marker for the efficacy of a chemopreventive regime. Basic problem areas in the design and conduct of this assay in humans will also be discussed, as will the future potential of the assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Rosin
- British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada
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Wiencke JK, Wara DW, Little JB, Kelsey KT. Heterogeneity in the clastogenic response to X-rays in lymphocytes from ataxia-telangiectasia heterozygotes and controls. Cancer Causes Control 1992; 3:237-45. [PMID: 1610970 DOI: 10.1007/bf00124257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A coded analysis of X-ray-induced chromatid aberrations in lymphocyte cultures from 45 control individuals and 19 ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) heterozygotes was performed. The distribution of chromatid breaks induced in the late G2 portion of the cell cycle by 60 cGy of X-rays appeared bimodal in the study population. In six controls (13 percent) and in 12 of 19 (63 percent) A-T heterozygotes, the yields of X-ray-induced breaks observed were within the higher mode of the distribution. However, lymphocytes from A-T heterozygotes sensitive to the induction of chromatid breaks by 60 cGy did not contain increased numbers of aberrations following exposure to 20 cGy. The radio-resistant inhibition of DNA synthesis that occurs in A-T homozygotes was not observed in heterozygotes. Co-cultivation experiments showed an increased G2 delay in lymphocytes from an A-T heterozygote whose lymphocytes contained increased X-ray-induced chromatid breaks. The results show a significant association of A-T heterozygosity with G2 chromosomal sensitivity (P less than 0.001; Wilcoxon rank sum test). The measurement of X-ray-induced breaks, however, failed to identify 37 percent of A-T heterozygotes tested. The predicted prevalence of increased sensitivity to X-rays in controls is approximately three- to 30-fold greater than the estimated frequency of A-T heterozygotes in the general population. Therefore, although the increased sensitivity to X-ray-induced chromatid breaks appears to be associated with the A-T-gene, it is not a reliable indicator of A-T heterozygosity. Genetic or environmental factors other than the A-T gene also must be involved in the increased clastogenic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Wiencke
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0560
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Affiliation(s)
- A Norman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles
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Rosin MP. Micronuclei as intermediate end points in intervention. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1992; 320:95-104. [PMID: 1442287 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-3468-6_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M P Rosin
- Division of Epidemiology, Biometry & Occupational Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada
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Yi M, Rosin MP, Anderson CK. Response of fibroblast cultures from ataxia-telangiectasia patients to oxidative stress. Cancer Lett 1990; 54:43-50. [PMID: 2208088 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3835(90)90089-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The object of this study was to determine whether ataxia-telangiectasia (AT) cells are more sensitive than normal cells to reduced oxygen species generated either during normal cell processes or resulting from metabolism of xenoblotics. To test this hypothesis four AT and four normal fibroblast cultures were exposed to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and the induction of micronucleated cells was assayed. AT cultures responded to the H2O2 treatment with a greater increase in micronucleus frequencies than that observed in normal cultures (P less than 0.01). At time course study showed that an elevation in micronucleus frequencies occurred earlier in AT cultures (significant increase by 1.5 h after treatment) than in normal cultures, possibly indicating a G2-phase sensitivity of AT cells to H2O2. The addition of an aqueous extract of areca nut to the cultures, as an example of exogenous stress, induced a greater frequency of micronucleated cells in AT cultures than in the normal cultures. These results suggest that the AT syndrome may serve as a model for investigating the role of reduced oxygen species in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yi
- School of Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, B.C., Canada
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Rosin MP. Antigenotoxic activity of carotenoids in carcinogen-exposed populations. BASIC LIFE SCIENCES 1990; 52:45-59. [PMID: 2183783 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-9561-8_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Although epidemiological studies suggest the presence of anticarcinogenic agents in the diet, it is difficult to obtain actual proof for the activity of such agents in humans. One approach is to develop and validate potential quantifiable indicators of antigenotoxic/anticarcinogenic agents which can be used in humans belonging to populations at elevated risk for cancer. This paper provides evidence that the exfoliated cell micronucleus test (MEC test) can be used (i) to provide a quantifiable marker for the amount of chromosomal breakage occurring in target tissues of carcinogen-exposed populations; (ii) to indicate the capacity of beta-carotene, alone or in combination with vitamin A, to prevent such damage; and (iii) to predict the response of other biological indicators of cancer risk, such as oral leukoplakias, in individuals receiving oral supplementation with beta-carotene/vitamin A (although the dose and time to response may differ for these endpoints). Future extensions of this approach include establishing the levels of beta-carotene required for antigenotoxic activity in a carcinogen's target tissue by concurrently measuring MEC frequencies and beta-carotene levels in exfoliated cells. In summary, early indications are that the MEC assay is an effective indicator for antigenotoxic agents in carcinogen-exposed individuals and that beta-carotene and vitamin A can suppress such genotoxic activity in at least some populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Rosin
- Environmental Carcinogenesis Unit, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Canada
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