1
|
Oliveira MA, Lima WG, Schettini DA, Tilelli CQ, Chaves VE. Is calcitonin gene-related peptide a modulator of menopausal vasomotor symptoms? Endocrine 2019; 63:193-203. [PMID: 30306319 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-018-1777-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a neuropeptide widely distributed in the central and peripheral nervous systems, which is known as a potent vasodilator. Postmenopausal women who experience hot flushes have high levels of plasma CGRP, suggesting its involvement in menopausal vasomotor symptoms. METHODS In this review, we describe the biochemical aspects of CGRP and its effects associated with deficiencies of sexual hormones on skin temperature, vasodilatation, and sweating as well as the possible peripheral and central mechanisms involved in these events. RESULTS Several studies have shown that the effects of CGRP on increasing skin temperature and inducing vasodilatation are potentiated by a deficiency of sex hormones, a common condition of postmenopausal women. Additionally, the medial preoptic area of the hypothalamus, involved in thermoregulation, contains over 25-fold more CGRP-immunoreactive cells in female rodents compared with male rodents, reinforcing the role of female sex hormones on the action of CGRP. Some studies suggest that ovarian hormone deficiency decreases circulating endogenous CGRP, inducing an upregulation of CGRP receptors. Consequently, the high CGRP receptor density, especially in blood vessels, amplifies the stimulatory effects of this neuropeptide to raise skin temperature in postmenopausal women during hot flushes. CONCLUSIONS The duration of the perception of each hot flush in a woman is brief, while local reddening after intradermal administration of α-CGRP persists for 1 to 6 h. This contrast remains unclear.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Alice Oliveira
- Laboratory of Physiology, Federal University of São João del-Rei, Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - William Gustavo Lima
- Laboratory of Physiology, Federal University of São João del-Rei, Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Cristiane Queixa Tilelli
- Laboratory of Physiology, Federal University of São João del-Rei, Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Valéria Ernestânia Chaves
- Laboratory of Physiology, Federal University of São João del-Rei, Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lima WG, Marques-Oliveira GH, da Silva TM, Chaves VE. Role of calcitonin gene-related peptide in energy metabolism. Endocrine 2017; 58:3-13. [PMID: 28884411 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-017-1404-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a neuropeptide produced by alternative tissue-specific splicing of the primary transcript of the CALC genes. CGRP is widely distributed in the central and peripheral nervous system, as well as in several organs and tissues. The presence of CGRP in the liver and brown and white adipose tissue suggests an effect of this neuropeptide on regulation of energy homeostasis. METHODS In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the effect of CGRP on the control of energy metabolism, primarily focusing on food intake, thermoregulation and lipid metabolism in adipose tissue, liver and muscle. RESULTS CGRP induces anorexia, stimulating anorexigenic neuropeptide and/or inhibiting orexigenic neuropeptide expression, through cAMP/PKA pathway activation. CGRP also induces energy expenditure, increasing the skin temperature and brown adipose tissue thermogenesis. It has been also suggested that information related to peripheral lipid stores may be conveyed to the brain via CGRP-sensory innervation from adipose tissue. More recently, it was demonstrated that mice lacking αCGRP are protected from obesity induced by high-fat diet and that CGRP regulates the content of lipid in liver, muscle and adipose tissue. CONCLUSIONS It is unclear the receptor responsible by CGRP effects, as well as whether this neuropeptide acts directly or indirectly in liver, muscle and adipose tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William Gustavo Lima
- Laboratory of Physiology, Federal University of São João del-Rei, Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Thaís Marques da Silva
- Laboratory of Physiology, Federal University of São João del-Rei, Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Valéria Ernestânia Chaves
- Laboratory of Physiology, Federal University of São João del-Rei, Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Dehghan M, Pourahmad-Jaktaji R, Farzaneh Z. Calcitonin Receptor AluI (rs1801197) and Taq1 Calcitonin Genes Polymorphism in 45-and Over 45-year-old Women and their Association with Bone Density. Acta Inform Med 2016; 24:239-243. [PMID: 27708484 PMCID: PMC5037997 DOI: 10.5455/aim.2016.24.239-243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Calcitonin receptor gene has also a polymorphism which is associated with bone mass density. This study evaluates the association between calcitonin receptor AluI (rs1801197) and Taq1 calcitonin genes polymorphism with bone density rate. METHODS In this descriptive-analytical study in 2013 in southwestern Iran, 200 blood samples, per the Cochran sample size formula, were taken from women aged 45 and older. DNA was extracted from the samples using the phenol- chloroform method and the genomic fragments in question were proliferated using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. RESULTS The genotypic distribution of polymorphism AluI for TT, TC, and CC genotypes in control group was 31.4%, 38.6%, and 30% and in patients 25.4%, 55.4%, and 19.2%, respectively. There was no significant difference in polymorphism AluI between patients and control group and no significant association was found between this gene and bone density rate (P > 0.05). All patients and the individuals in the control group exhibited tt genotype for TaqI calcitonin gene and no significant association was found between these participants and osteoporosis. CONCLUSION There was no association between two polymorphisms and osteoporosis, and between polymorphism of these two genes and osteoporosis development rate in the participants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Dehghan
- Department of Orthopedics, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Jones KL. Williams syndrome: an historical perspective of its evolution, natural history, and etiology. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS. SUPPLEMENT 2005; 6:89-96. [PMID: 2118785 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320370616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This review examines the Williams syndrome (WS) from an historical perspective, beginning with the early descriptions of idiopathic infantile hypercalcemia (IIH) and ending with some speculative ideas about a possible causative function of a recently discovered neuropeptide. The earliest reports of WS individuals are probably those which describe a "severe" subgroup of IIH and separate it from the epidemic of milder IIH reported in Post-WWII Great Britain and Europe. Most of these latter cases apparently resulted from hypervitaminosis D produced by excessive supplementation of government-supplied infant foods. With more extensive recognition and reporting of this "severe" subgroup, the diagnostic constellation of IIH, mental deficiency, elfin face, and supravalvular aortic stenosis (SVAS) evolved as WS. More of these reports emphasized the physical and behavioral manifestations as the key diagnostic features, and the frequency of occurrence and relative importance of SVAS and IIH in WS decreased. Despite the diminished consequence of hypercalcemia, calcium and vitamin D have continued to dominate the investigation of the cause of infantile hypercalcemia and led to the proposal and confirmation of deficient calcitonin secretion in individuals with WS. Though calcitonin is probably pertinent only to infantile hypercalcemia, its alternative gene product, calcitonin-gene-related product, is an important neuropeptide with physiological effects in the central nervous system and cardiovascular systems which raise the possibility that it may be responsible for some of the manifestations of WS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K L Jones
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
Familial dysautonomia (FD) patients have diminished sensory C-fibers. Calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) is a widely distributed neuropeptide and prominent neurotransmitter in C-fibers. We show that plasma CGRP levels measured by radioimmunoassay is significantly lower in 51 FD patients compared to controls (P<0.001). In 11/51 FD patients with FD crisis and in 19/51 FD patients with pneumonia, the mean CGRP levels rose significantly as compared to their baseline (P<0.003, P<0.001, respectively). The deficiency of CGRP in FD patients is consistent with their depletion of C-fibers, and may explain some of their symptoms, either directly or via modulation of sympathetic activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Maayan
- Department of Pediatrics, Hadassah University Hospital, Mt. Scopus, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hakkarainen M, Wahlfors J, Myöhänen S, Hiltunen MO, Eskelinen M, Johansson R, Jänne J. Hypermethylation of calcitonin gene regulatory sequences in human breast cancer as revealed by genomic sequencing. Int J Cancer 1996; 69:471-4. [PMID: 8980249 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19961220)69:6<471::aid-ijc9>3.0.co;2-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
DNA methylation has been studied intensively during the past years in order to elucidate its role in the regulation of gene expression, gene imprinting and cancer progression. Earlier studies have shown that a general genomic under-methylation is associated with chronic lymphocytic leukemia and metastatic prostate cancer. Site-specific methylation changes, as revealed by the use of methylation-sensitive restriction enzymes, have been reported to occur in the promotor region of the calcitonin gene in chronic myeloid leukemia as it progresses from the chronic phase to blast crisis, in non-Hodgkin's lymphoid neoplasms and in non-lymphocytic leukemia. We have now explored possible methylation changes associated with benign and malignant breast tumors. Two approaches were employed: (i) chemical determination of general genomic methylation status and (ii) base-specific analysis of the methylation changes in the promoter of the calcitonin gene with the aid of genomic sequencing. The results did not reveal any changes of total DNA 5-methylcytosine content in ductal carcinoma of breast in comparison with benign tumors. There was a small, yet significant, increase in 5-methylcytosine content in lobular carcinoma. Genomic sequencing of the promoter region of the calcitonin gene, however, revealed a striking hypermethylation at or around the transcription start site of the gene in ductal carcinomas. In benign tumors and lobular carcinomas, this region was either entirely unmethylated or only slightly methylated. The latter changes may reflect a regional hypermethylation of the short arm of chromosome 11, which harbors, in addition to the calcitonin gene, a number of putative or established tumor-suppressor genes. Our results demonstrate that genomic sequencing in its present form can be used for a reliable and precise DNA methylation analysis of primary human tumors.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- 5-Methylcytosine
- Breast Neoplasms/chemistry
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Calcitonin/genetics
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/chemistry
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/genetics
- Carcinoma, Lobular/chemistry
- Carcinoma, Lobular/genetics
- Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/methods
- Cytosine/analogs & derivatives
- Cytosine/analysis
- DNA Methylation
- DNA, Neoplasm/chemistry
- Female
- Fibroadenoma/chemistry
- Fibroadenoma/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid/genetics
- Sequence Analysis, DNA/methods
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Hakkarainen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Kuopio, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Höppener JW, Oosterwijk C, van Hulst KL, Verbeek JS, Capel PJ, de Koning EJ, Clark A, Jansz HS, Lips CJ. Molecular physiology of the islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP)/amylin gene in man, rat, and transgenic mice. J Cell Biochem 1994; 55 Suppl:39-53. [PMID: 7929617 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.240550006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Islet amyloid polypeptide ("amylin") is the major protein component of amyloid deposits in pancreatic islets of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic patients. Islet amyloid polypeptide consists of 37 amino acids, is co-produced and co-secreted with insulin from islet beta-cells, can act as a hormone in regulation of carbohydrate metabolism, and is implicated in the pathogenesis of islet amyloid formation and of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Rat islet amyloid polypeptide differs from human islet amyloid polypeptide particularly in the region of amino acids 25-28, which is important for amyloid fibril formation. In rat and mouse, diabetes-associated islet amyloid does not develop. To study the genetic organization and biosynthesis of islet amyloid polypeptide, we have isolated and analyzed the human and rat islet amyloid polypeptide gene and corresponding cDNAs. Both genes contain 3 exons, encoding precursor proteins of 89 amino acids and 93 amino acids, respectively. Apart from a putative signal sequence, these precursors contain amino- and carboxy-terminal flanking peptides in addition to the mature islet amyloid polypeptide. To understand regulation of islet amyloid polypeptide gene expression, we have identified several potential cis-acting transcriptional control elements that influence beta-cell-specific islet amyloid polypeptide gene expression. Using antisera raised against synthetic human islet amyloid polypeptide we developed a specific and sensitive radioimmunoassay to measure levels of islet amyloid polypeptide in plasma and tissue extracts. Also antisera raised against the flanking peptides will be used in studying human islet amyloid polypeptide biosynthesis. Elevated plasma islet amyloid polypeptide levels have been demonstrated in some diabetic, glucose-intolerant, and obese individuals, as well as in rodent models of diabetes and obesity. To examine the potential role of islet amyloid polypeptide overproduction in the pathogenesis of islet amyloid formation and type 2 diabetes, we generated transgenic mice that overproduce either the amyloidogenic human islet amyloid polypeptide or the nonamyloidogenic rat islet amyloid polypeptide in their islet beta-cells. Despite moderately to highly (up to 15-fold) elevated plasma islet amyloid polypeptide levels, no marked hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia or obesity was observed. This suggests that chronic overproduction of islet amyloid polypeptide "per se" does not cause insulin resistance. No islet amyloid deposits were detected in mice up to 63 weeks of age, but in every mouse producing human islet amyloid polypeptide (as in man), accumulation of islet amyloid polypeptide was observed in beta-cell lysosomal bodies. This may represent an initial phase in intracellular amyloid fibril formation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J W Höppener
- Laboratory for Physiological Chemistry, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kiechle-Schwarz M, Bauknecht T, Wienker T, Walz L, Pfleiderer A. Loss of constitutional heterozygosity on chromosome 11p in human ovarian cancer. Positive correlation with grade of differentiation. Cancer 1993; 72:2423-32. [PMID: 8402459 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0142(19931015)72:8<2423::aid-cncr2820720821>3.0.co;2-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is increasing evidence suggesting that genes located on the short arm of chromosome 11 play an important role in the development of human ovarian cancer. Recent cytogenetic and molecular studies have demonstrated the loss of genetic material in this region. Loss of normal growth regulatory genes may allow for the expression of tumorigenicity or lead to tumor progression. METHODS The authors used DNA recombinant techniques to examine the frequency of allelic losses at four loci spanning the chromosomal region 11p15.1-11p15.5 in 40 patients with malignant ovarian tumors. DNA extracts from normal leukocytes and 48 tumor samples were analyzed by Southern blotting using the polymorphic probes pEJ6.6 (HRAS1), phins310 (INS), p20.36 (PTH), and pEM36 (CALCA). RESULTS Reduction to homozygosity in the tumor DNA was found in 47.5% of the informative cases (19 of 40). Comparing the results with clinical parameters, none of the well-differentiated tumors (6 of 40, Grade 1) and only one of the early stage tumors (6 of 40, International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics [FIGO] Stage I or II) showed alterations in this chromosome region. Statistical analysis revealed a strong correlation of rate of loss of constitutional heterozygosity (LOH) and grade of differentiation, in the sense of higher 11p allele losses occurring in poorly differentiated tumors. CONCLUSIONS The authors concluded that the relatively high incidence of 11p allele losses marks an important step in ovarian cancer development. Furthermore, statistical analysis showed that loss of 11p alleles was strongly correlated with poorly differentiated ovarian cancer, indicating the location of genes involved in cellular functions associated with the development of more anaplastic tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Kiechle-Schwarz
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Albert-Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Schneid H, Seurin D, Vazquez MP, Gourmelen M, Cabrol S, Le Bouc Y. Parental allele specific methylation of the human insulin-like growth factor II gene and Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome. J Med Genet 1993; 30:353-62. [PMID: 8320696 PMCID: PMC1016368 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.30.5.353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
In an attempt to elucidate the role of methylation in parental imprinting at the IGF-II gene locus, for which imprinting has already been described in the mouse, we undertook an allele specific methylation study of the human IGF-II gene (mapped to 11p15.5) in a control population and in patients with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome. In control leucocyte DNA (16 unrelated adults and eight families), the maternal allele of the IGF-II gene was specifically hypomethylated, whereas no such allele specific methylation was found for either the insulin or the calcitonin genes which are located in 11p15.5 and 11p15.1, respectively. Furthermore, the IGF-II gene specific hypomethylation was localised on the 5' portion of exon 9. In the patients with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome in which the IGF-II gene is thought to be involved and where paternal isodisomy has been described, hypomethylation of the maternal allele was conserved in leucocyte DNA, but abnormal methylation was detected in malformed tissues where the paternal allele was also demethylated. Some specific mechanism linked to methylation therefore seems to be involved in the pathogenesis of Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Schneid
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 142 Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Viel A, Giannini F, Tumiotto L, Sopracordevole F, Visentin MC, Boiocchi M. Chromosomal localisation of two putative 11p oncosuppressor genes involved in human ovarian tumours. Br J Cancer 1993; 66:1030-6. [PMID: 1360809 PMCID: PMC1978017 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1992.405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, 44 primary or metastatic human ovarian tumours were tested for allelic deletions on the short arm of chromosome 11. Analysis of 12 polymorphic loci by Southern blotting evidenced loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in at least one locus in 41% of cases. Moreover, two hot spots of deletions were tentatively mapped on 11p13 and 11p15.5. Our results demonstrated that LOH at 11p is a common event in ovarian carcinomas and were indicative of the possible existence in 11p of two oncosuppressor genes involved in ovarian carcinogenesis. The similarity observed with 11p allelic losses in Wilms tumours, clustered in 11p13 and 11p15.5 too, suggests that deletion and possibly inactivation of the same growth regulatory genes (WT genes) could also contribute to development of the malignant phenotype in ovarian carcinomas. Finally, a statistically significant association (P = 0.005) between 11p deletions and hepatic involvement was suggested by the analysis of distribution of 11p LOH relative to different clinical and pathological parameters of the tumour patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Viel
- Division of Experimental Oncology 1, Centro Riferimento Oncologico, Aviano (PN), Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Colman MA, Stevens G, Ramsay M, Kwon B, Jenkins T. Exclusion of two candidate pigment loci, c and b, part of chromosome 11p, and 33 random polymorphic markers as the locus for tyrosinase-positive oculocutaneous albinism. Hum Genet 1993; 90:556-60. [PMID: 8428754 DOI: 10.1007/bf00217458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The locus for Tyrosinase-Positive Oculocutaneous Albinism (ty-pos OCA) has not yet been localised. The search for the ty-pos OCA locus has included a search for linkage to candidate pigment loci and a candidate chromosomal region, as well as a random search using highly polymorphic markers in 42 families, including 271 individuals of whom 79 are affected. The lod scores for the tyrosinase (TYR) locus (11q14-q21), homologous to the albino locus, c, in the mouse and the CAS2/TRP1 locus (9p22-pter), homologous to the brown locus, b, in the mouse were -5.89 and -7.22, respectively, at a recombination fraction of theta = 0.01, thus excluding them from being the ty-pos OCA locus. In the candidate chromosomal region, 11p, four loci (probes) were tested, SAA (pSAA82), CALC (pHC36), HBB (Gamma-globin haplotype) and an AC repeat polymorphism at the Wilm's Tumour locus (WT1). A portion of 11p was excluded with the following lod scores: pSAA82 lod = -2.05 at theta = 0.10; pHC36 lod = -3.87 at theta = 0.05; gamma-globin haplotype lod = -2.80 at theta = 0.10; and WT1 lod = -2.34 at theta = 0.10. Thirty-three polymorphic markers randomly distributed on 13 different chromosomes were all excluded from close linkage to ty-pos OCA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M A Colman
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Pathology, South African Institute for Medical Research, Johannesburg
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Coppes MJ, Bonetta L, Huang A, Hoban P, Chilton-MacNeill S, Campbell CE, Weksberg R, Yeger H, Reeve AE, Williams BR. Loss of heterozygosity mapping in Wilms tumor indicates the involvement of three distinct regions and a limited role for nondisjunction or mitotic recombination. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 1992; 5:326-34. [PMID: 1283321 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.2870050408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) for polymorphic markers is a frequently occurring event in some tumors, reflecting the role of allele loss in the development of these tumors. We have determined LOH in 38 cases of Wilms tumor for the 2 known loci on chromosome arm 11p and for a newly detected locus on chromosome arm 16q. Only 7 of the 38 tumors studied showed reduction to homozygosity of 11p13 markers. In 4 of these tumors, reduced expression of WT1 and WIT1, genes located at 11p13 and implicated in Wilms tumorigenesis, was noted. However, this was also found in 2 of 7 tumors showing LOH exclusively of 11p15 markers and in 15 of the remaining 24 tumors in which there was no LOH for 11p markers. This suggests that events not involving mitotic recombination or chromosome nondisjunction are the most common mechanisms for mutations at the 11p Wilms tumor locus. We also noted that mitotic recombination involving 11p15 loci occurred in addition to reduced expression of the 11p13 locus genes in 2 tumors, suggesting a possible interaction between these 2 loci. In addition, LOH for 16q markers was observed in 6 tumors. In one case this was coincident with reduction of WT1 and WIT1 gene expression, and in 3 other cases it occurred in addition to 11p LOH. This indicates that an additional locus on 16q is likely to be involved in Wilms tumorigenesis.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Aniridia/complications
- Aniridia/genetics
- Base Sequence
- Bloom Syndrome/complications
- Bloom Syndrome/genetics
- Blotting, Southern
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11/ultrastructure
- DNA Mutational Analysis
- DNA, Neoplasm/analysis
- Female
- Genes, Wilms Tumor
- Genetic Markers
- Humans
- Infant
- Kidney Neoplasms/complications
- Kidney Neoplasms/genetics
- Male
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Neoplasms, Multiple Primary/genetics
- Nondisjunction, Genetic
- Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length
- Recombination, Genetic
- Wilms Tumor/complications
- Wilms Tumor/genetics
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M J Coppes
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Nadeau JH, Davisson MT, Doolittle DP, Grant P, Hillyard AL, Kosowsky MR, Roderick TH. Comparative map for mice and humans. Mamm Genome 1992; 3:480-536. [PMID: 1392257 DOI: 10.1007/bf00778825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J H Nadeau
- Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine 04609
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Brown KW, Gardner A, Williams JC, Mott MG, McDermott A, Maitland NJ. Paternal origin of 11p15 duplications in the Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome. A new case and review of the literature. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 1992; 58:66-70. [PMID: 1728953 DOI: 10.1016/0165-4608(92)90136-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A boy suffering from the Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) was found to have partial trisomy of the short arm of chromosome 11 [46,XY,der(5)t(5;11)(p15.2;p14)]. Both his parents were phenotypically normal, but his father carried a balanced translocation between chromosomes 5 and 11 [46,XY,t(5;11)(p15.2;p14)]. DNA analysis of polymorphic markers on 11p15 confirmed the paternal origin of the duplicated material in the child. This case is the sixth report of paternal duplication of 11p15 in BWS. These results are discussed in relation to the possible role of genomic imprinting in BWS and in Wilms' tumor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K W Brown
- CLIC Research Unit, Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Bristol, U.K
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ludwig CU, Raefle G, Dalquen P, Stulz P, Stahel R, Obrecht JP. Allelic loss on the short arm of chromosome 11 in non-small-cell lung cancer. Int J Cancer 1991; 49:661-5. [PMID: 1682278 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910490506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Forty-eight samples of primary non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and normal tissue from the same patients were analyzed for allelic deletions on chromosome 11p. Five polymorphic loci were assessed to determine the incidence of 11p sequence deletions and to define hot-spots of deletions. Information was obtained from all patients in at least one locus. Our data show that the deletions observed were not randomly scattered over the short arm of chromosome 11. Rather, 2 hot-spots of deletions were observed: one in the area of the genes for catalase and beta-FSH corresponding to band 11p13, the other close to the IGF-II locus corresponding to band 11p15. A high incidence of loss of heterozygosity (LOH) was found with the probe for catalase (21/29), a locus flanking the centromeric region of the Wilms' tumor locus. Most of the samples exhibiting LOH of one or more of the alleles analyzed remained heterozygous for at least one other chromosome 11p allele. Furthermore, duplication of the intensity of the remaining allele was rarely observed. Our results indicate that LOH on the short arm of chromosome 11 is a common event in NSCLC and that the chromosomal region containing the Wilms' tumor locus is most commonly involved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C U Ludwig
- Department of Research, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Russo AF, Chamany K, Klemish SW, Hall TM, Murray JC. Characterization of the calcitonin/CGRP gene in Williams syndrome. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1991; 39:28-33. [PMID: 1867260 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320390108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the possibility of mutations in the calcitonin/calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) gene in children with Williams syndrome. Involvement of the calcitonin/CGRP gene in Williams syndrome is postulated on the basis that Williams syndrome children often have infantile hypercalcemia and deficient expression of calcitonin, a hormone that lowers serum calcium levels. To test the hypothesis that mutations in the calcitonin/CGRP gene might be responsible for the reduced calcitonin levels, we examined the calcitonin/CGRP gene structure in Williams syndrome children. Analysis of white blood cell DNA by Southern blot hybridizations in 5 individuals did not show any detectable large deletions or rearrangements in the calcitonin/CGRP gene locus. The possibility of small deletions or point mutations within the exon encoding the mature calcitonin hormone is unlikely based on ribonuclease protection assays with patient DNA amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. These findings suggest that the calcitonin deficiency might be due either to mutations elsewhere in the gene or to defects in the cellular machinery needed for calcitonin synthesis and/or secretion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A F Russo
- Department of Physiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Nadeau JH, Davisson MT, Doolittle DP, Grant P, Hillyard AL, Kosowsky M, Roderick TH. Comparative map for mice and humans. Mamm Genome 1991; 1 Spec No:S461-515. [PMID: 1799811 DOI: 10.1007/bf00656504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J H Nadeau
- Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zajchowski DA, Band V, Trask DK, Kling D, Connolly JL, Sager R. Suppression of tumor-forming ability and related traits in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells by fusion with immortal mammary epithelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1990; 87:2314-8. [PMID: 1690427 PMCID: PMC53677 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.87.6.2314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatic cell hybrids between MCF-7 human breast cancer cells and normal immortalized human mammary epithelial cells have been obtained by polyethylene glycol-mediated cell fusion. The hybrid cells are suppressed in their ability to form tumors in nude mice, as well as in traits specific to the tumorigenic MCF-7 parent: growth factor independence, tumor necrosis factor sensitivity, and pS2 gene expression. In addition, they display other characteristics of the "normal" parent, including increased expression relative to the MCF-7 cells of the genes for the extracellular matrix component fibronectin, the intermediate filament keratin 5, and the angiogenesis inhibitor thrombospondin. The levels of keratins 8 and 18 also resemble those of the nontumorigenic parent. These results provide evidence for the existence of tumor suppressor gene products in immortal mammary epithelial cells. We propose a characteristic "suppressed" tumor cell phenotype, which encompasses altered cytoarchitecture, angiogenesis capabilities, and growth factor requirements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D A Zajchowski
- Division of Cancer Genetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Hitman GA, Garde L, Daoud W, Snodgrass GJ. The calcitonin-CGRP gene in the infantile hypercalcaemia/Williams-Beuren syndrome. J Med Genet 1989; 26:609-13. [PMID: 2486208 PMCID: PMC1015710 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.26.10.609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated 13 families, each of which have one member with infantile hypercalcaemia/Williams-Beuren syndrome (IHWBS), for either a germ cell mutation of, or an association with, the calcitonin-CGRP gene. Restriction fragment mapping studies of the calcitonin-CGRP gene using five restriction enzymes (TaqI, Bg/II, PvuII, PstI, and SacI) and region specific probes failed to show any abnormalities of this gene complex. NO association of IHWBS with polymorphism of the calcitonin-CGRP/parathormone locus was found. Therefore, although the aetiology of IHWBS may be caused by a new dominant mutation, there is no evidence to implicate major rearrangements of the calcitonin-CGRP and parathormone genes.
Collapse
|
20
|
Scrable H, Cavenee W, Ghavimi F, Lovell M, Morgan K, Sapienza C. A model for embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma tumorigenesis that involves genome imprinting. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1989; 86:7480-4. [PMID: 2798419 PMCID: PMC298088 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.86.19.7480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Embryonal rhabdomyosarcomas (malignant pediatric tumors of striated muscle origin) have been shown to arise from cells that are clonally isodisomic for loci on chromosome 11p. We determined the parental origin of alleles in this genomic region in familial and sporadic cases of this disease and found that isodisomic chromosome 11p alleles in each tumor were of paternal origin. We have developed a modification of Knudson's two-hit model from these data that is capable of explaining the preferential allele retention and of resolving the apparent contradiction between such specific and early events in several embryonal tumors and discrepancies in the inheritance of predisposition in some of these diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Scrable
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Montreal, PQ, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Broad PM, Symes AJ, Thakker RV, Craig RK. Structure and methylation of the human calcitonin/alpha-CGRP gene. Nucleic Acids Res 1989; 17:6999-7011. [PMID: 2571128 PMCID: PMC318429 DOI: 10.1093/nar/17.17.6999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We report a detailed analysis of the human calcitonin/alpha-CGRP gene locus. About 39kb of DNA containing the gene has been mapped and a common Pvu II RFLP identified downstream of the gene. DNA sequence analysis revealed an extensive CpG island containing several rare restriction enzyme sites at the 5' end of the gene. The structure of this island is unusual in that it contains two distinct CpG-rich regions, one located around exon 1 and the other about 1.5kb further upstream. Msp I sites within both CpG-rich regions were found to be unmethylated, regardless of whether the calcitonin/alpha-CGRP gene was being expressed. However, a correlation was found between demethylation of Msp I sites in intron 2, downstream of the CpG island, and calcitonin/alpha-CGRP gene expression. DNA sequence analysis also revealed the presence of several binding sites for constitutive and regulatory transcription factors in the promoter of the gene. These results suggest that both unmethylated CpG islands and specific demethylation of internal sequences may play a role in the activation of calcitonin/alpha-CGRP gene transcription.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P M Broad
- Department of Biochemistry, University College and Middlesex School of Medicine, London, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Scrable H, Witte D, Shimada H, Seemayer T, Sheng WW, Soukup S, Koufos A, Houghton P, Lampkin B, Cavenee W. Molecular differential pathology of rhabdomyosarcoma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 1989; 1:23-35. [PMID: 2487144 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.2870010106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumors of the soft tissues are classified histogenetically according to their phenotypic resemblance to normal adult tissue. Here we describe molecular approaches that make it possible to distinguish between one class of these tumors, rhabdomyosarcoma, and other small-, round-cell tumors. We show that the ascertainment of specific genotypic changes can be used to distinguish further between the embryonal and alveolar subtypes of rhabdomyosarcoma. We tested our model in two ways: first, in a retrospective analysis of diagnostically problematic cases of undifferentiated, small-cell tumors and, second, in a blind study of pediatric tumors. Rhabdomyosarcoma was correctly identified in all cases using this strategy alone. The underlying simplicity of the strategy used to define rhabdomyosarcoma subtypes with molecular markers suggests a model by which tumors can be unequivocally identified, which may apply equally well to other human solid tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Scrable
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Brown KW, Shaw AP, Poirier V, Tyler SJ, Berry PJ, Mott MG, Maitland NJ. Loss of chromosome 11p alleles in cultured cells derived from Wilms' tumours. Br J Cancer 1989; 60:25-9. [PMID: 2553087 PMCID: PMC2247355 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1989.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell cultures have been produced from five Wilms' tumours. All cultures had a finite lifespan and a pattern of antigen expression which indicated that the cells were derived from the differentiated components of the tumours. No cells showed any of the expected characteristics of the putative Wilms' tumour stem cell. Nevertheless, in both cases where the original tumours showed a loss of heterozygosity at chromosome 11p alleles, the cultured cells also demonstrated a loss of heterozygosity. Thus these cell cultures definitely originated from Wilms' tumour tissue. The results demonstrate that cell cultures can be produced from the differentiated tissues present in Wilms' tumours and that these non-immortal cells show no 'transformed' phenotype, even though they possess the genetic changes present in the original tumour.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K W Brown
- Department of Pathology, Medical School, University Walk, Bristol, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Poirier V, Tyler SJ, Brown KW, Shaw AP, Maitland NJ. SV40 transfection of human kidney epithelial cells and stability of chromosome 11. Int J Cancer 1988; 42:887-94. [PMID: 2903852 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910420617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Simian virus 40 (SV40) transformation has been used in a variety of mammalian cells and has been shown to extend their life span. We therefore decided to apply these results to normal kidney and tumoral cells derived from Wilms' patients. Wilms' tumour, a nephroblastoma which presents in early childhood, has been linked to deletions and rearrangements in chromosome 11. Analysis of gene structure in the 11p13 locus involved in the development of the tumour has been restricted by the very short life-span of the tumoral cells in vitro. We transfected normal kidney WT/NK, tumoral WT/T cells and human foetal kidney HFK cells with 2 SV40-derived plasmids SV3neo (pBR322-SV40-containing neomycin bacterial gene) and SVori- (pMK-origin mutated SV40). We isolated a high number of SV40-transfected cell lines. The efficiency of transfection appeared to be extremely low in WT/T cells compared with HFK and even WT/NK. The life span of the cell lines was increased in relation to their untransfected homologues. However, in all of the cell lines except 3, senescence occurred, after crisis step or not. We looked at different markers associated with SV40 transformation of mammalian cells and specifically with the presence of SV40 T antigen in the cells and its consequences: AIG, tumorigenicity, expression and insertion in genomic DNA of SV40 T antigen. Genetic studies involving karyotypic and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis demonstrated that, despite a frequent pseudo-diploidy, the cell lines derived have conserved the 11p13 locus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Poirier
- Department of Pathology, Medical School, Bristol, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Mackay J, Elder PA, Porteous DJ, Steel CM, Hawkins RA, Going JJ, Chetty U. Partial deletion of chromosome 11p in breast cancer correlates with size of primary tumour and oestrogen receptor level. Br J Cancer 1988; 58:710-4. [PMID: 3066395 PMCID: PMC2246883 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1988.295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In a study of DNAs from 100 breast cancer patients and 100 controls, there were no differences in the frequencies of common or rare alleles at the Harvey ras (c-Ha-ras) locus on chromosome 11. However, one Ha-ras allele was deleted from the tumour DNA in 14 of 65 informative patients. Loss of a Ha-ras allele correlates with paucity of oestrogen receptor protein and with increased tumour size at presentation, but is not associated with microscopic evidence of lymph node invasion. The findings on Ha-ras and other informative loci are consistent with the possibility that a tumour suppressor gene involved in the early stages of breast cancer is located on the short arm of chromosome 11.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Mackay
- MRC Clinical and Population Cytogenetics Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Mannens M, Slater RM, Heyting C, Bliek J, de Kraker J, Coad N, de Pagter-Holthuizen P, Pearson PL. Molecular nature of genetic changes resulting in loss of heterozygosity of chromosome 11 in Wilms' tumours. Hum Genet 1988; 81:41-8. [PMID: 2848758 DOI: 10.1007/bf00283727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In this paper we describe the analysis of genetic changes in chromosome 11 in Wilms' tumours. Using a range of probes for regions 11p15, 11p13 and 11q we have screened DNA from 14 Wilms' tumours together with control DNA obtained from the patients' lymphocytes and their parents. We have been able to demonstrate loss of heterozygosity in 5 of the 14 different Wilms' tumours. In three of these five tumours, loss of heterozygosity did not involve markers for 11p13, 11p15.4 or the proximal region of 11p15.5, but only some markers assigned to the most distal part of 11p15.5. In two of these tumours we could demonstrate unequal mitotic recombination in 11p with breakpoints in the hypervariable regions 5' of the insulin gene and/or 3' of the HRASI proto-oncogene. In one tumour, from a Beckwith-Wiedemann patient, all markers for the region 11q13-pter became hemizygous; the region 11q13-qter remained heterozygous. These results demonstrate that loss of heterozygosity in Wilms' tumours may not necessarily involve the proposed Wilms' tumours locus at 11p13 but may be limited to 11p15.5. This suggests that not only the 11p13 region, but also the 11p15.5 region is involved in Wilms' tumour development. The possible role of both regions in the development of Wilms' tumour is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Mannens
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Fisher RA, Lawler SD, Povey S, Bagshawe KD. Genetically homozygous choriocarcinoma following pregnancy with hydatidiform mole. Br J Cancer 1988; 58:788-92. [PMID: 2906253 PMCID: PMC2246880 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1988.310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic studies have been made in two cases of primary choriocarcinoma from patients in whom the antecedent pregnancy was a hydatidiform mole. Restriction fragment length polymorphisms of the DNA from the tumour, the patient and her partner were examined and in both cases the tumours were shown to be androgenetic in origin, having only paternal polymorphisms. While one tumour was shown to be heterozygous, two different paternal alleles being demonstrated with some probes, the other tumour was shown to be homozygous for all informative polymorphisms examined. Thus choriocarcinoma can follow complete hydatidiform mole which may be either heterozygous or homozygous.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R A Fisher
- Institute of Cancer Research, Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Grundy P, Koufos A, Morgan K, Li FP, Meadows AT, Cavenee WK. Familial predisposition to Wilms' tumour does not map to the short arm of chromosome 11. Nature 1988; 336:374-6. [PMID: 2848199 DOI: 10.1038/336374a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Wilms' tumour of the kidney usually occurs sporadically, but can also segregate as an autosomal dominant trait with incomplete penetrance. Patients with the WAGR syndrome of aniridia, genitourinary anomalies, mental retardation and high risk of Wilms' tumour have overlapping deletions of chromosome 11p13 which has suggested a possible location for a Wilms' tumour locus. Moreover, many sporadic tumours have lost a portion of chromosome 11p. A second locus at 11p15 is implicated by association of the tumour with the Wiedemann-Beckwith syndrome and by tumour-specific losses of chromosome 11 confined to 11p15. Here we report a multipoint linkage analysis of a family segregating for Wilms' tumour, using polymorphic DNA markers mapped to chromosome 11p. The results exclude the predisposing mutation from both locations. In a second family, the 11p15 alleles lost in the tumour were derived from the affected parent, thus precluding this region as the location of the inherited mutation. These findings imply an aetiological heterogeneity for Wilms' tumour and raise questions concerning the general applicability of the carcinogenesis model that has been useful in the understanding of retinoblastoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Grundy
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Mosselman S, Höppener JW, Zandberg J, van Mansfeld AD, Geurts van Kessel AH, Lips CJ, Jansz HS. Islet amyloid polypeptide: identification and chromosomal localization of the human gene. FEBS Lett 1988; 239:227-32. [PMID: 3181427 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(88)80922-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Islet or insulinoma amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) is a 37 amino acid polypeptide isolated from pancreatic amyloid. Here, we describe the isolation and partial characterization of the human gene encoding IAPP. The DNA sequence predicts that IAPP is excised from a larger precursor protein and that its carboxy-terminus is probably amidated. The predicted normally occurring IAPP is identical to the reported polypeptides isolated from pancreatic amyloid, except for the amidated carboxy-terminus. IAPP specific polyadenylated RNAs of 1.6 kb and 2.1 kb are present in human insulinoma RNA. The human IAPP gene is located on chromosome 12.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Mosselman
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
de Bustros A, Nelkin BD, Silverman A, Ehrlich G, Poiesz B, Baylin SB. The short arm of chromosome 11 is a "hot spot" for hypermethylation in human neoplasia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1988; 85:5693-7. [PMID: 2840671 PMCID: PMC281826 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.85.15.5693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Inactivation of normally expressed genes may play a role in the formation and/or progression of human cancers. Methylation of cytosine in DNA could potentially participate in such alterations of gene expression. Abnormalities in DNA methylation are a consistent feature of human neoplasms, and we now show that these include not only previously recognized widespread genomic hypomethylation, but also regional increases in gene methylation. A hot spot for abnormal methylation of C + G-rich areas has been detected on the short arm of chromosome 11 in an area known to harbor tumor suppressor genes. This change occurs consistently in common forms of human cancer and appears early during the transformation of cells with viruses including members of the human T-cell leukemia (HTLV) family. Furthermore, in one chromosome 11 gene examined, calcitonin, the increased methylation in somatic tumor cells coincides with the presence of an "inactive" chromatin pattern in the transcriptional regulatory area. The increased regional DNA methylation demonstrated may then participate in or mark chromosomal changes associated with gene inactivation events that are central to the genesis and/or progression of human cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A de Bustros
- Oncology Center, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21215
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Lidereau R, Mathieu-Mahul D, Escot C, Theillet C, Champeme MH, Cole S, Mauchauffe M, Ali I, Amione J, Callahan R. Genetic variability of proto-oncogenes for breast cancer risk and prognosis. Biochimie 1988; 70:951-9. [PMID: 2905174 DOI: 10.1016/0300-9084(88)90237-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
This paper summarizes the results of a study on human breast cancers performed mainly at the Centre René Huguenin in collaboration with other American and French groups, and supported in part by a Grant from the Association pour la Recherche sur le Cancer (ARC) Villejuif. During this work, the following conclusions emerged: c-myc proto-oncogene amplification is a common alteration in ductal invasive tumors, more frequently found in recurrent and metastatic tumors, suggesting a role for c-myc in tumor progression. However, in the current state of our study, it does not appear to be linked to prognosis; parts of the short arm of chromosome 11 are deleted in 20% of tumors resulting in hemizygosity for several genes (c-ha-ras, beta globin, pTH, calcitonin, catalase). These deletions seem to be linked with aggressiveness of tumors; a restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) study of c-ha-ras has shown a significant association of the frequency of rare ha-ras alleles in cancer patients compared to that of normal individuals. Although this result is currently a matter of controversy, further studies must be independently repeated to be conclusive; -- another RFLP was found in c-mos proto-oncogene, which is detected only in patients with breast cancers or other types of tumors. The molecular basis for this RFLP has been elucidated. The significance of this association is unknown.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Lidereau
- Centre René Huguenin, Saint-Cloud, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
We have described some of the cardiological findings in 66 patients with Williams-Beuren syndrome and analysed the two dimensional cross sectional echocardiograms in 61 of them in comparison with normal controls. Supravalvar aortic narrowing was shown in all patients examined echocardiographically and may be a useful diagnostic sign. We documented a 7.8% incidence of systemic hypertension, a 15% clinical and echocardiographic incidence of mitral valve prolapse, and a 11.6% incidence of bicuspid aortic valve.
Collapse
|
33
|
Höppener JW, Steenbergh PH, Zandberg J, Adema GJ, Geurts van Kessel AH, Lips CJ, Jansz HS. A third human CALC (pseudo)gene on chromosome 11. FEBS Lett 1988; 233:57-63. [PMID: 2898385 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(88)81355-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A genomic locus in man (CALC-III) containing nucleotide sequences highly homologous to both exon 2 and exon 3 of the CALC-I and -II genes, is described in this paper. The CALC-I gene produces calcitonin (CT) (encoded by exon 4) or calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) (encoded by exon 5) in a tissue-specific fashion. The CALC-II gene produces a second human CGRP, but probably not a second CT. The CALC-III gene does not seem to encode a CT- or CGRP-related polypeptide hormone and is probably a pseudogene. Like the other two CALC genes, the CALC-III gene is located on human chromosome 11.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J W Höppener
- Institute of Molecular Biology, State University of Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Little MH, Thomson DB, Hayward NK, Smith PJ. Loss of alleles on the short arm of chromosome 11 in a hepatoblastoma from a child with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome. Hum Genet 1988; 79:186-9. [PMID: 2839410 DOI: 10.1007/bf00280564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) is characterised by multiple congenital abnormalities, including exomphalos, macroglossia, and gigantism. It is also associated with an elevated risk of embryonal neoplasia and occasionally with constitutional anomalies of chromosome band 11p15. A common pathogenetic mechanism for the development of several embryonal tumours has been proposed involving the loss of somatic heterozygosity for a locus on the short arm of chromosome 11. In support of this hypothesis, we have recently reported generation of homozygosity for the c-Ha-ras-1 protooncogene in an adrenal adenoma from an adult BWS patient. In this study we report the generation of homozygosity for a region on the short arm of chromosome 11 defined by the calcitonin (11p13-15) and insulin (11p15-15.1) genes in a hepatoblastoma from a child with BWS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M H Little
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Bennett CP, Burn J, Moore GE, Chambers J, Williamson R, Wilkinson J. Exclusion of calcitonin as a candidate gene for the basic defect in a family with autosomal dominant supravalvular aortic stenosis. J Med Genet 1988; 25:311-2. [PMID: 3164411 PMCID: PMC1050456 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.25.5.311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Supravalvular aortic stenosis (SVAS) may occur as an isolated autosomal dominant trait or as a feature of Williams syndrome. It has been suggested that a defect in calcitonin function may play a role in Williams syndrome. We have excluded calcitonin as a candidate gene for SVAS using a gene specific probe.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C P Bennett
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Newcastle upon Tyne
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Hayward NK, Little MH, Mortimer RH, Clouston WM, Smith PJ. Generation of homozygosity at the c-Ha-ras-1 locus on chromosome 11p in an adrenal adenoma from an adult with Wiedemann-Beckwith syndrome. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 1988; 30:127-32. [PMID: 3275489 DOI: 10.1016/0165-4608(88)90100-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Generation of homozygosity for the human c-Ha-ras-1 locus on the short arm of chromosome #11 (11p) has been demonstrated for an adrenal adenoma from an adult with Wiedemann-Beckwith syndrome (WBS). This is the first demonstration of loss of somatic heterozygosity for a locus on 11p in an adrenal neoplasm and is the first instance where a tumor of any type, from a patient with WBS, shows loss of heterozygosity in this region of the genome. Generation of homozygosity in an adenoma, rather than a carcinoma, demonstrates that this mechanism is an early event in tumorigenesis rather than a late event associated with tumor progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N K Hayward
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Brissenden JE, Caras I, Thelander L, Francke U. The structural gene for the M1 subunit of ribonucleotide reductase maps to chromosome 11, band p15, in human and to chromosome 7 in mouse. Exp Cell Res 1988; 174:302-8. [PMID: 3275546 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(88)90165-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The genes for the M1 subunit of the enzyme ribonucleotide reductase have been mapped in the human and the murine species by use of two independently derived mouse cDNA clones. Southern blot analysis of rodent x human somatic cell hybrid DNAs confirmed the assignment of RRM1 to the short arm of human chromosome 11. In situ hybridization to human metaphase chromosomes revealed a peak of silver grains over the distal third of band 11p15, a region corresponding to subbands p15.4----p15.5. The mouse Rrml locus was assigned to chromosome 7, where it forms part of a conserved syntenic group of at least seven other genes assigned to human chromosome band 11p15.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J E Brissenden
- Department of Human Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
|
39
|
Scrable HJ, Witte DP, Lampkin BC, Cavenee WK. Chromosomal localization of the human rhabdomyosarcoma locus by mitotic recombination mapping. Nature 1987; 329:645-7. [PMID: 3657988 DOI: 10.1038/329645a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A genetic description of the human genome requires maps of three types. The first shows the frequency of chromosomal interchange during meiosis, relying on many equally spaced markers, and is limited to interchanges that do not unmask defects lethal to the conceptus, whose every cell will contain such abnormalities. The second is the physical description of genomic regions defined by karyotypic rearrangements, DNA segments, genes, or their products. A third description of somatic chromosomal interchanges at mitosis is also required. Because mitotic exchanges occur in a single postembryonic somatic progenitor cell, lethal effects on the organism are reduced. These events have been important in genetic mapping in Drosophila melanogaster and fungi, but they have rarely been detected in mammals. Here we report a significant frequency of mitotic recombination in human tumours and the first application of this information in localizing their predisposing locus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H J Scrable
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Royal Victoria Hospital, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Ali IU, Lidereau R, Theillet C, Callahan R. Reduction to homozygosity of genes on chromosome 11 in human breast neoplasia. Science 1987; 238:185-8. [PMID: 3659909 DOI: 10.1126/science.3659909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The somatic loss of heterozygosity for normal alleles occurring in human tumors has suggested the presence of recessive oncogenes. The results presented here demonstrate a loss of heterozygosity of several genes on chromosome 11 in primary breast tumors. Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of these DNAs further suggests that the most frequent loss of sequences in breast tumors occurs between the beta-globin and parathyroid hormone loci on the short arm of chromosome 11. The loss of heterozygosity for chromosome 11 loci has a significant association with tumors that lack estrogen and progesterone receptors, grade III tumors, and distal metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I U Ali
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Tanaka K, Baylin SB, Nelkin BD, Testa JR. Cytogenetic studies of a human medullary thyroid carcinoma cell line. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 1987; 25:27-35. [PMID: 3467830 DOI: 10.1016/0165-4608(87)90156-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Detailed karyotypic analyses were performed on early and late passages of the TT cell line derived from malignant cells of a patient with the sporadic form of medullary thyroid carcinoma. Most of the cells examined were hypodiploid with a modal chromosome number of 43. The cells have a complex karyotype with ten rearranged chromosomes found in early passages and 12 rearranged chromosomes in late passages. The karyotypic pattern was relatively stable with continued in vitro culture, and consistent alterations involved chromosomes X, #1, #3, #5, #7, #8, #9, #10, #11, #12, and #14. Rearrangements of chromosome #11 are of particular interest, because the gene for calcitonin, the polypeptide hormone marker for medullary thyroid carcinoma resides on this chromosome. In early passages, one #11 contained an insertion within band q13, and this abnormality was retained in late passages. In late passage cells the other #11 homolog developed a deletion of part of the short arm, which involves the calcitonin gene region. We were unable to detect any deletion of chromosome band 20p12, previously reported by other investigators to occur in the germ line of patients with the hereditary form of medullary thyroid carcinoma.
Collapse
|
42
|
Broad PM, Schifter S, Craig RK. The development of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid does not involve the loss of alleles on the short arm of chromosome 11. Br J Cancer 1987; 55:175-7. [PMID: 3814486 PMCID: PMC2002083 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1987.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
|
43
|
Mannens M, Slater RM, Heyting C, Geurts van Kessel A, Goedde-Salz E, Frants RR, Van Ommen GJ, Pearson PL. Regional localization of DNA probes on the short arm of chromosome 11 using aniridia-Wilms' tumor-associated deletions. Hum Genet 1987; 75:180-7. [PMID: 3028933 DOI: 10.1007/bf00591083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We are interested in the precise localization of various DNA probes on the short arm of chromosome 11 for our research on the aniridia-Wilms' tumor association (AWTA), assigned to region 11p13 (Knudson and Strong 1972; Riccardi et al. 1978). For this purpose we have screened lymphocyte DNA and material derived from somatic cell hybrids from individuals with constitutional 11p deletions with a range of available probes: D11S12; calcitonin/CGRP (CALC1/CALC2); insulin (INS); Harvey ras 1 (HRAS 1); beta-globin gene cluster (HBBC); human insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF-2); parathyroid hormone (PTH); human pepsinogen A (PGA). Using this material, it has been possible to map all probes used, except insulin, outside the region 11p111-p15.1, resulting in an SRO (same regional overlap) of 11p15.1-p15.5 for most probes. We found an SRO for PGA of 11p111-q12 and an SRO for CALC2 of 11p15.1-p15.5 or 11p111-q12. We have localised the insulin gene to band 11p15.1.
Collapse
|
44
|
Steenbergh PH, Höppener JW, Zandberg J, Visser A, Lips CJ, Jansz HS. Structure and expression of the human calcitonin/CGRP genes. FEBS Lett 1986; 209:97-103. [PMID: 3492393 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(86)81091-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Recently, we have reported the isolation of cDNA encoding a second human calcitonin gene-related peptide (hCGRP-II) [(1985) FEBS Lett. 183, 403-407]. In this report we describe the isolation and characterization of the gene encoding hCGRP-II. This gene, designated CALC-II, is structurally closely related to the known CALC-I gene encoding human calcitonin (hCT) and hCGRP-I. In contrast to CALC-I, CALC-II does not seem to be alternatively expressed. The formation of a second, hCT-like mRNA by differential splicing of CALC-II transcripts is unlikely in view of the structure of CALC-II, and could not be demonstrated in tissues known to express CALC-I and CALC-II.
Collapse
|
45
|
|
46
|
Höppener JW, Steenbergh PH, Moonen PJ, Wagenaar SS, Jansz HS, Lips CJ. Detection of mRNA encoding calcitonin, calcitonin gene related peptide and proopiomelanocortin in human tumors. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1986; 47:125-30. [PMID: 3488930 DOI: 10.1016/0303-7207(86)90023-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Expression of the calcitonin (CT)/calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) gene and the proopiomelanocortin (POMC) gene has been demonstrated by Northern blot hybridization analysis of RNA extracted from human medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC), pheochromocytoma and lung carcinoma. CT mRNA in these tumors could not be distinguished in size from CT mRNA isolated from normal human thyroid tissue. CGRP mRNA (previously demonstrated in 12 out of 12 lung tumor cell lines investigated) could not be detected in 13 primary lung tumors or 10 metastases thereof. The length of POMC mRNA in MTCs (present in all 4 metastases investigated but not in 7 primary tumors) and pheochromocytomas is about 100 nucleotides more than pituitary POMC RNA. In lung tumors 2 POMC RNA species can be detected, one of the same size as in pituitary tissue and one about 100 nucleotides larger.
Collapse
|
47
|
Kluve-Beckerman B, Naylor SL, Marshall A, Gardner JC, Shows TB, Benson MD. Localization of human SAA gene(s) to chromosome 11 and detection of DNA polymorphisms. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1986; 137:1196-204. [PMID: 3015139 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(86)90352-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A human serum amyloid A (SAA) cDNA was used as a probe in chromosome mapping studies to detect human SAA gene sequences in DNA isolated from human/mouse somatic cell hybrids. Southern analysis of DNA from 20 hybrid cell lines, including some with translocations of human chromosomes, placed the SAA gene(s) in the p11----pter region of chromosome 11. Screening of human DNA from unrelated individuals by Southern analysis using the SAA cDNA probe revealed restriction fragment polymorphisms for HindIII and PstI. An analysis of the segregation of these polymorphisms with other markers on the short arm of chromosome 11 should more precisely map the SAA gene(s).
Collapse
|
48
|
van Heyningen V, Boyd PA, Seawright A, Fletcher JM, Fantes JA, Buckton KE, Spowart G, Porteous DJ, Hill RE, Newton MS. Molecular analysis of chromosome 11 deletions in aniridia-Wilms tumor syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1985; 82:8592-6. [PMID: 3001710 PMCID: PMC390963 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.82.24.8592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe five individuals who have constitutional deletions of the short arm of one chromosome 11, including all or part of the band p13. All of these individuals suffer from aniridia; two have had a Wilms tumor removed. We have established lymphoblastoid cell lines from these and in three cases constructed somatic cell hybrids containing the deleted chromosome 11. Analysis of DNA from the cell lines and hybrids with a cloned cDNA probe has shown that the catalase gene is deleted in four of five patients. The catalase locus must be proximal to the Wilms and aniridia-related loci. We have not detected a deletion of the beta-globin or calcitonin genes in any of these individuals; we conclude these genes are likely to be outside the region 11p12-11p15.4. In addition, we have used monoclonal antibodies in fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis to measure expression in the hybrids of two cell surface markers encoded by genes that map to the short arm of chromosome 11. The genes for both of these are deleted in two individuals but are present in the individual with the smallest deletion.
Collapse
|
49
|
Lewis WH, Goguen JM, Powers VE, Willard HF, Michalopoulos EE. Gene order on the short arm of human chromosome 11: regional assignment of the LDH A gene distal to catalase in two translocations. Hum Genet 1985; 71:249-53. [PMID: 3877676 DOI: 10.1007/bf00284584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Leukemic cells with reciprocal translocations involving 11p13 and 14q13 were obtained from two patients with T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia and fused with mouse Ltk- cells. DNA from independent hybrid clones was screened by Southern blot and hybridization to molecular probes for the human catalase and Ha-ras-1 genes. Several clones showed segregation of these two genes, indicating the presence of either the der11 or der14 human chromosomes. When DNA from these hybrid clones was examined for the presence of the human genes for calcitonin and gamma-globin, both genes were found to segregate with the Ha-ras-1 gene and the der14 chromosome indicating that they lie distal to catalase. When the hybrid clones were examined for the presence of human lactate dehydrogenase A (LDH A) activity, only those clones containing the der14 chromosome expressed activity indicating that the LDH A gene is also distal to catalase on the short arm of chromosome 11.
Collapse
|
50
|
Scott J, Cowell J, Robertson ME, Priestley LM, Wadey R, Hopkins B, Pritchard J, Bell GI, Rall LB, Graham CF. Insulin-like growth factor-II gene expression in Wilms' tumour and embryonic tissues. Nature 1985; 317:260-2. [PMID: 2995818 DOI: 10.1038/317260a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 291] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Wilms' tumour (nephroblastoma) is an embryonal neoplasm occurring in hereditary and spontaneous forms. Both types show rearrangements of the short arm of chromosome 11. The germ line of children with the rare inherited triad of aniridia, genito-urinary abnormality and mental retardation carry a chromosome 11 that has a deletion in its short arm (band 11p13) and these children are at increased risk of developing Wilms' tumour. Neonates with the Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, in which there may be duplication of the 11p13-11p15 region, are similarly predisposed. In the spontaneous form of the tumour a deletion of the 11p14 band in tumour cells, but not in normal cells, has been reported, and the development of homozygosity for recessive mutations in the 11p region is implicated in the aetiology of Wilms' tumour. In view of these chromosomal rearrangements and because Wilms' tumour is histologically indistinguishable from the early stages of kidney development, we have now examined the expression of genes localized to 11p in Wilms' tumour and human embryonic tissue. In 12 sporadic tumours examined, the expression of the gene coding for insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II), localized to the 11p15 region, was markedly increased relative to adult tissues, but was comparable to the level of expression in several fetal tissues including kidney, liver, adrenals and striated muscle. This may reflect the stage of tumour differentiation, but could also contribute to the malignant process, as IGF-II is an embryonal mitogen.
Collapse
|