Doubled haploids for estimating genetic variances in presence of linkage and gene association

THE OCCURRENCE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF EPISTATIC VARIANCE FOR QUANTITATIVE CHARACTERS AND ITS MEASUREMENT IN HAPLOIDS

Epistatic genetic variance for quantitative traits may play an important role in evolution, but detecting epistasis in diploid organisms is difficult and requires complex breeding programs and very large sample sizes. We develop a model for detecting epistasis in organisms with a free-living haploid stage in their life cycles. We show that epistasis is indicated by greater variance among families of haploid progeny derived from individual diploids than among clonally replicated haploid sibs from the same sporophyte. Simulations show that the power to detect epistasis is linearly related to the number of sporophytes and the number of haploids per sporophyte in the dataset. We illustrate the model with data from growth variation among gametophytes of the moss, Ceratodon purpureus. The experiment failed to detect epistatic variance for biomass production, although there was evidence of additive variance.

Methods to predict transgressive segregation in barley and other self-pollinated crops

Most of agronomically important characters are biometric traits. An improvement of these traits in cultivated plants by deriving segregants superior to parents, which could be developed as cultivars, is a main goal in breeding of self-pollinated crops. Two problems need to be solved: when will the progeny be better than its parents and how can a genetic potential of a given pair of parental genotypes be predicted? In this paper, transgressive segregation in homozygous barley populations is shortly reviewed. Various approaches to choosing parental forms are shown, and a theoretical method for predicting the frequency of transgressive segregants in a homozygous population is presented. Additionally, relationships between parental diversity estimated with molecular markers and the progeny performance are discussed. Although the prediction of transgressive segregation is still a problem, it seems promising to apply an approach measuring the performance of the parental genotypes and estimating their genetic distance by molecular markers.

Inheritance patterns of erucic acid content in populations of Brassica napus microspore-derived spontaneous diploids

The levels of erucic acid and other fatty acids in seeds of microspore-derived spontaneous diploid plants from crosses between low and high erucic acid parents were examined. The analysis confirmed that erucic acid is simply inherited and is determined by two genes that act in an additive manner. The effects of the genes for erucic acid on the levels of the other fatty acids was also determined and many significant correlations were found. In particular, erucic acid levels were negatively correlated with oleic acid and linoleic acid levels. The study also illustrates several advantages of using haploidy to analyze the inheritance of agronomically important traits. In particular, the number of phenotypic classes is smaller in androgenic populations and differences between classes are greater than in an F2 population.

The genetical expectations of doubled haploid lines derived from different filial generations

The genetical expectations of the means, variances and covariances of populations of doubled haploid lines derived from f1, F2, F3 and intermated F2 (S3) generations are presented. These expectations are identical, regardless of genetical architecture, providing there is no linkage disequilibrium. In the presence of linkage disequilibrium differences will occur whose magnitude and direction will depend on the degree of disequilibrium, recombination frequency and the presence or absence of epistasis.Data from an experiment to detect linkage disequilibrium in a cross between two spring barley varieties are presented. This involved a comparison of means, variances and covariances of doubled haploid populations derived from the F1 and F2 generations using the H. bulbosum system. Linkage disequilibrium was detected for important agronomic characters and the effect of this disequilibrium on the choice of generation for doubled haploid production is discussed.