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Lyakhovich A. Damaged mitochondria and overproduction of ROS in Fanconi anemia cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 1:e24048. [PMID: 25002988 PMCID: PMC3915560 DOI: 10.4161/rdis.24048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a heterogeneous disease associated with a bone marrow failure, cancer predisposition and hypersensitivity to DNA crosslinking agents. To date, 15 different genes have been shown to cause FA, all of which have some role in repair of defective DNA interstrand crosslinks. On a biochemical level, many FA individuals display insufficient growth hormone production, abnormal glucose or insulin metabolism. Clinical phenotype may include hydrocephalia, the erythrophagocytosis and diabetes mellitus, thus linking FA with metabolic disorders that involve impaired oxygen metabolism and mitochondrial alterations. Our recent study demonstrates the decrease of FA mitochondrial membrane potential, low ATP production, impaired oxygen uptake and pathological changes in the morphology of FA mitochondria. This is accompanied by inactivation of the enzymes responsible for energy production and detoxification of ROS. We also propose that FA oversensitivity to DNA crosslinkers may be caused by the overproduction of mitochondrial ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Lyakhovich
- Cancer and Stem Cell Research Program; DUKE-NUS Graduate Medical School; Singapore, Singapore
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2
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Evidence of mitochondrial dysfunction and impaired ROS detoxifying machinery in Fanconi anemia cells. Oncogene 2013; 33:165-72. [PMID: 23318445 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Revised: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Fanconi Anemia (FA) is a rare genetic disorder associated with a bone-marrow failure, cancer predisposition and hypersensitivity to DNA crosslinking agents. Majority of the 15 FA genes and encoded proteins characterized so far are integrated into DNA repair pathways, however, other important functions cannot be excluded. FA cells are sensitive to oxidants, and accumulation of oxidized proteins has been characterized for several FA subgroups. Clinical phenotypes of both FA and other closely related diseases suggest altered functions of mitochondria, organelles responsible for cellular energetic metabolism, and also serving as an important producer and the most susceptible target from reactive oxidative species (ROS). In this study, we have shown that elevated level of mitochondrial ROS in FA cells is in parallel with the decrease of mitochondrial membrane potential, the decrease of ATP production, impaired oxygen uptake and pathological changes in the morphology of mitochondria. This is accompanied by inactivation of enzymes that are essential for the energy production (F1F0ATPase and cytochrome C oxidase) and detoxification of ROS (superoxide dismutase, SOD1). In turn, overexpression of SOD1 could rescue oxygen consumption rate in FA-deficient cells. Importantly, the depletion of mitochondria improved survival rate of mitomycin C treated FA cells suggesting that hypersensitivity of FA cells to chemotherapeutic drugs could be in part due to the mitochondria-mediated oxidative stress. On the basis of our results, we propose that deficiency in FA genes lead to disabling mitochondrial ROS-scavenging machinery further affecting mitochondrial functions and suppressing cell respiration.
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Ponte F, Sousa R, Fernandes AP, Gonçalves C, Barbot J, Carvalho F, Porto B. Improvement of genetic stability in lymphocytes from Fanconi anemia patients through the combined effect of α-lipoic acid and N-acetylcysteine. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2012; 7:28. [PMID: 22591656 PMCID: PMC3407801 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1172-7-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fanconi Anemia (FA) is a rare genetic disorder, characterized by progressive bone marrow failure and increased predisposition to cancer. Despite being highly heterogeneous, all FA patients are hypersensitive to alkylating agents, in particular to 1,2:3,4-diepoxybutane (DEB), and to oxidative damage. Recent studies point to defective mitochondria in FA cells, which is closely related with increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and concomitant depletion of antioxidant defenses, of which glutathione is a well-known biomarker.The objective of the present work is to evaluate the putative protective effect of α-lipoic acid (α-LA), a mitochondrial protective agent, and N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a direct antioxidant and a known precursor for glutathione synthesis, in spontaneous and DEB-induced chromosome instability (CI) in lymphocyte cultures from FA patients.For that purpose, lymphocyte cultures from 15 FA patients and 24 healthy controls were pre-treated with 20 μM α-LA, 500 μM NAC and α-LA plus NAC at the same concentrations, and some of them were exposed to DEB (0.05 μg/ml). A hundred metaphases per treatment were scored to estimate the relative frequency of spontaneous and DEB-induced chromosome breakage.The obtained results revealed that a cocktail of α-LA and NAC can drastically improve the genetic stability in FA lymphocytes in vitro, decreasing CI by 60% and 80% in cultures from FA patients and FA mosaic/chimera patients, respectively. These results suggest that the studied cocktail can be used as a prophylactic approach to delay progressive clinical symptoms in FA patients caused by CI, which can culminate in the delay of the progressive bone marrow failure and early cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa Ponte
- Chemistry and Technology Network (REQUIMTE), Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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Fanconi anemia proteins and their interacting partners: a molecular puzzle. Anemia 2012; 2012:425814. [PMID: 22737580 PMCID: PMC3378961 DOI: 10.1155/2012/425814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, Fanconi anemia (FA) has been the subject of intense investigations, primarily in the DNA repair research field. Many discoveries have led to the notion of a canonical pathway, termed the FA pathway, where all FA proteins function sequentially in different protein complexes to repair DNA cross-link damages. Although a detailed architecture of this DNA cross-link repair pathway is emerging, the question of how a defective DNA cross-link repair process translates into the disease phenotype is unresolved. Other areas of research including oxidative metabolism, cell cycle progression, apoptosis, and transcriptional regulation have been studied in the context of FA, and some of these areas were investigated before the fervent enthusiasm in the DNA repair field. These other molecular mechanisms may also play an important role in the pathogenesis of this disease. In addition, several FA-interacting proteins have been identified with roles in these “other” nonrepair molecular functions. Thus, the goal of this paper is to revisit old ideas and to discuss protein-protein interactions related to other FA-related molecular functions to try to give the reader a wider perspective of the FA molecular puzzle.
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Cirkovic S, Guc-Scekic M, Vujic D, Ilic N, Micic D, Skoric D, Jovanovic A. Diagnosis of Fanconi's Anemia by Diepoxybutane Analysis in Children from Serbia. Balkan J Med Genet 2011; 14:65-70. [PMID: 24052713 PMCID: PMC3776704 DOI: 10.2478/v10034-011-0048-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The high sensitivity of Fanconi's anemia (FA) cells to drug induced DNA interstrand crosslinks (ICL) such as diepoxybutane (DEB) was used as a part of FA screening in the children with clinical suspicion of FA. The study considered a total of 66 children with the hematological and/or congenital phenotypic symptoms reminiscent of FA. Blood samples from patients with clinical suspicion of FA and controls were collected for chromosome fragility evaluation by the DEB test. According to the results of DEB test, the patients were divided into two subgroups: FA displaying typical DEB sensitive cellular response and non FA. In this study, 10 out of 66 patients were found to have a FA cellular phenotype. The percentage of DEB-induced aberrant cells was increased more than 26 times in FA patients (range 22.00-82.00% with a mean of 48.32%) when compared to non FA patients (range 0.00-12.00% with a mean of 1.84%). The number of DEB-induced breaks/cells was more than 68 times higher in FA patients (range 0.26-4.39 with a mean of 1.37 breaks/cell) when compared to non FA patients (range 0.00-0.20 with a mean of 0.02 breaks/cell). The spontaneous chromosome fragility values in FA patients were overlapping those in non FA patients. Our results indicate that the DEB sensitivity test is the most reliable in vitro method for verification of the FA cellular phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Cirkovic
- Department of Medical Genetics, Mother and Child Health Care Institute of Serbia “Dr. Vukan Cupic,” Belgrade, Serbia
| | - M Guc-Scekic
- Department of Medical Genetics, Mother and Child Health Care Institute of Serbia “Dr. Vukan Cupic,” Belgrade, Serbia
- Chair of Genetics and Evolution, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - D Vujic
- Chair of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgra-de, Serbia
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation with Laboratory for Cryobiology, Mother and Child Health Care Institute of Serbia “Dr. Vukan Cupic,” Belgrade, Serbia
| | - N Ilic
- Department of Medical Genetics, Mother and Child Health Care Institute of Serbia “Dr. Vukan Cupic,” Belgrade, Serbia
| | - D Micic
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Mother and Child Health Care Institute of Serbia “Dr. Vukan Cupic,” Belgrade, Serbia
| | - D Skoric
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, University Children’s Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - A Jovanovic
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Mother and Child Health Care Institute of Serbia “Dr. Vukan Cupic,” Belgrade, Serbia
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Ponte F, Carvalho F, Porto B. Protective effect of acetyl-l-carnitine and α-lipoic acid against the acute toxicity of diepoxybutane to human lymphocytes. Toxicology 2011; 289:52-8. [PMID: 21807063 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2011.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Revised: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 07/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The biotransformation and oxidative stress may contribute to 1,2:3,4-diepoxybutane (DEB)-induced toxicity to human lymphocytes of Fanconi Anemia (FA) patients. Thus, the identification of putative inhibitors of bioactivation, as well as the determination of the protective role of oxidant defenses, on DEB-induced toxicity, can help to understand what is failing in FA cells. In the present work we studied the contribution of several biochemical pathways for DEB-induced acute toxicity in human lymphocyte suspensions, by using inhibitors of epoxide hydrolases, inhibitors of protective enzymes as glutathione S-transferase and catalase, the depletion of glutathione (GSH), and the inhibition of protein synthesis; and a variety of putative protective compounds, including antioxidants, and mitochondrial protective agents. The present study reports two novel findings: (i) it was clearly evidenced, for the first time, that the acute exposure of freshly isolated human lymphocytes to DEB results in severe GSH depletion and loss of ATP, followed by cell death; (ii) acetyl-l-carnitine elicits a significant protective effect on DEB induced toxicity, which was potentiated by α-lipoic acid. Collectively, these findings contribute to increase our knowledge of DEB-induce toxicity and will be very useful when applied in studies with lymphocytes from FA patients, in order to find out a protective agent against spontaneous and DEB-induced chromosome instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa Ponte
- REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Anibal Cunha, 164, 4099-030 Porto, Portugal.
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Abstract
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are a heterogeneous group of molecules that are generated by mature myeloid cells during innate immune responses, and are also implicated in normal intracellular signaling. Excessive production of ROS (and/or a deficiency in antioxidant pathways) can lead to oxidative stress, a state that has been observed in several hematopoietic malignancies including acute and chronic myeloid leukemias (AML and CML). Currently it is unclear what the cause of oxidative stress might be and whether oxidative stress contributes to the development, progression, or maintenance of these diseases. This article reviews the current evidence suggesting a role for ROS both in normal hematopoiesis and in myeloid leukemogenesis, and discusses the usefulness of therapeutically targeting oxidative stress in myeloid malignancy.
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Influence of catalase on the radiosensitivity of Fanconi anemia lymphocytes in vitro. ARCH BIOL SCI 2009. [DOI: 10.2298/abs0902195p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a genetic disease characterized by progressive pancytopenia and cancer susceptibil?ity. The clinical and cellular phenotypes of Fanconi anemia are associated with a set of redox abnormalities, indicating that FA is an oxidative stress-related disorder. Fanconi anemia cells are highly sensitive to DNA clastogen agents, but their response to ionizing radiation is still unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro radiosensitivity of Fanconi anemia homozygotes and heterozygotes, and to assess the contribution of catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) to the overall radiobiological response of the cells. The incidence of radiation-induced lymphocyte micronuclei was used as the indicator of radiation sensitivity in vitro, whereas the activity of antioxidant enzymes was determined in erythrocytes. Patients with FA exhibited a two-fold decrease in catalase activity, accompanied by lowered activity of SOD, and increased incidence of baseline micronuclei. In the entire group of patients (with one exception), a reduced yield of radiation-induced micronuclei in lymphocytes was observed, and this was categorized as a radioresistant response. A mild radioresistant in vitro response was also observed in carrier-mothers, accompanied by reduced activity of catalase. The radiosensitivity of carrier-fathers was normal. The results of this study suggest that reduced activity of catalase is an important contributor to the radiobiological response of cells.
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Biomarkers and mechanisms of FANCD2 function. J Biomed Biotechnol 2008; 2008:821529. [PMID: 18483568 PMCID: PMC2375970 DOI: 10.1155/2008/821529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2007] [Accepted: 02/25/2008] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic or epigenetic inactivation of the pathway formed by the Fanconi anemia (FA) and BRCA1 proteins occurs in several cancer types, making the affected tumors potentially hypersensitive to DNA cross-linkers and other chemotherapeutic agents. It has been proposed that the inability of FA/BRCA-defective cells to form subnuclear foci of effector proteins, such as FANCD2, can be used as a biomarker to aid individualization of chemotherapy. We show that FANCD2 inactivation not only renders cells sensitive to cross-links, but also oxidative stress, a common effect of cancer therapeutics. Oxidative stress sensitivity does not correlate with FANCD2 or RAD51 foci formation, but associates with increased γH2AX foci levels and apoptosis. Therefore, FANCD2 may protect cells against cross-links and oxidative stress through distinct mechanisms, consistent with the growing notion that the pathway is not linear. Our data emphasize the need for multiple biomarkers, such as γH2AX, FANCD2, and RAD51, to capture all pathway activities.
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Zhang QS, Eaton L, Snyder ER, Houghtaling S, Mitchell JB, Finegold M, Van Waes C, Grompe M. Tempol Protects against Oxidative Damage and Delays Epithelial Tumor Onset in Fanconi Anemia Mice. Cancer Res 2008; 68:1601-8. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-5186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Macé G, Briot D, Guervilly JH, Rosselli F. L'anémie de Fanconi : aspects cellulaires et moléculaires. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 55:19-28. [PMID: 16904272 DOI: 10.1016/j.patbio.2006.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2006] [Accepted: 04/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a recessive human cancer prone syndrome featuring bone marrow failure, developmental abnormalities and hypersensitivity to DNA crosslinking agents exposure. 11 among 12 FA gene have been isolated. The biochemical functions of the FANC proteins remain poorly understood. Anyhow, to cope with DNA crosslinks a cell needs a functional FANC pathway. Moreover, the FANC proteins appear to be involved in cell protection against oxidative damage and in the control of TNF-alpha activity. In this review, we describe the current understanding of the FANC pathway and we present how it may be integrated in the complex networks of proteins involved in maintaining the cellular homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Macé
- Equipe Voie FANC/BRCA et Cancer FRE 2939 CNRS, Institut Gustave-Roussy, 39, rue Camille-Desmoulins, 94805 Villejuif, France
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Gallmeier E, Calhoun ES, Rago C, Brody JR, Cunningham SC, Hucl T, Gorospe M, Kohli M, Lengauer C, Kern SE. Targeted disruption of FANCC and FANCG in human cancer provides a preclinical model for specific therapeutic options. Gastroenterology 2006; 130:2145-54. [PMID: 16762635 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2006.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2005] [Accepted: 03/01/2006] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS How specifically to treat pancreatic and other cancers harboring Fanconi anemia gene mutations has raised great interest recently, yet preclinical studies have been hampered by the lack of well-controlled human cancer models. METHODS We endogenously disrupted FANCC and FANCG in a human adenocarcinoma cell line and determined the impact of these genes on drug sensitivity, irradiation sensitivity, and genome maintenance. RESULTS FANCC and FANCG disruption abrogated FANCD2 monoubiquitination, confirming an impaired Fanconi anemia pathway function. On treatment with DNA interstrand-cross-linking agents, FANCC and FANCG disruption caused increased clastogenic damage, G2/M arrest, and decreased proliferation. The extent of hypersensitivity varied among agents, with ratios of inhibitory concentration 50% ranging from 2-fold for oxaliplatin to 14-fold for melphalan, a drug infrequently used in solid tumors. No hypersensitivity was observed on gemcitabine, etoposide, 3-aminobenzamide, NU1025, or hydrogen peroxide. FANCC and FANCG disruption also resulted in increased clastogenic damage on irradiation, but only FANCG disruption caused a subsequent decrease in relative survival. Finally, FANCC and FANCG disruption increased spontaneous chromosomal breakage, supporting the role of these genes in genome maintenance and likely explaining why they are mutated in sporadic cancer. CONCLUSIONS Our human cancer cell model provides optimal controls to elucidate fundamental biologic features of individual Fanconi anemia gene defects and facilitates preclinical studies of therapeutic options. The impact of Fanconi gene defects on drug and irradiation sensitivity renders these genes promising targets for a specific, genotype-based therapy for individual cancer patients, providing a strong rationale for clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eike Gallmeier
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Pagano G, Degan P, d'Ischia M, Kelly FJ, Nobili B, Pallardó FV, Youssoufian H, Zatterale A. Oxidative stress as a multiple effector in Fanconi anaemia clinical phenotype. Eur J Haematol 2005; 75:93-100. [PMID: 16000125 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.2005.00507.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Fanconi anaemia (FA) is a genetic disease characterised by bone marrow failure with excess risk of myelogenous leukaemia and solid tumours. A widely accepted notion in FA research invokes a deficiency of response to DNA damage as the fundamental basis of the 'crosslinker sensitivity' observed in this disorder. However, such an isolated defect cannot readily account for the full cellular and clinical phenotype, which includes a number of other abnormalities, such as malformations, endocrinopathies, and typical skin spots. An extensive body of evidence pointing toward an involvement of oxidative stress in the FA phenotype includes the following: (i) In vitro and ex vivo abnormalities in a number of redox status endpoints; (ii) the functions of several FA proteins in protecting cells from oxidative stress; (iii) redox-related toxicity mechanisms of the xenobiotics evoking excess toxicity in FA cells. The clinical features in FA and the in vivo abnormalities of redox parameters are here reconsidered in view of the pleiotropic clinical phenotype and known biochemical and molecular links to an in vivo prooxidant state, which causes oxidative damage to biomolecules, resulting in an excessive number of acquired abnormalities that may overwhelm the cellular repair capacity rather than a primary deficiency in DNA repair. FA may thus represent a unique model disease in testing the integration between the acquisition of macromolecular damage as a result of oxidative stress and the ability of the mammalian cell to respond effectively to such damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Pagano
- Centre for Research, Innovation and Technological Transfer in Oncology and Life Sciences, Mercogliano (AV), Italy.
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Pearl-Yafe M, Halperin D, Halevy A, Kalir H, Bielorai B, Fabian I. An oxidative mechanism of interferon induced priming of the Fas pathway in Fanconi anemia cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2003; 65:833-42. [PMID: 12628494 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(02)01620-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic progenitor cells from children with Fanconi anemia of the C complementation group (FA-C) are excessively apoptotic and hypersensitive to various extracellular cues including Fas-ligand, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and double-stranded RNA. Interferon (IFN)-gamma is known to augment apoptotic responses of these factors. The "priming" effect of IFN-gamma is not fully explained. In view of the strong evidence that FA cells are intolerant of oxidative stress, we tested the notion that IFN-priming involves the induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in two FA-C B-lymphocyte cell lines and in peripheral blood neutrophils and mononuclear cells of FA patients. We also investigated whether the combination of IFN-gamma and Fas created an intracellular environment that promoted apoptosis. Significantly lower doses of IFN-gamma induced ROS accumulation in neutrophils and mononuclear cell of FA patients compared to cells of normal individuals. Enhanced ROS accumulation and decreased intracellular glutathione levels were observed in FA-C B-cell lines primed with IFN-gamma and treated with agonistic anti-Fas antibody than in isogenic control cells corrected with FANCC. The above treatment also induced caspase-3 and -8 activation as well as apoptosis. That antioxidants reduced the priming effect of IFN-gamma in Fas and IFN-gamma-treated FA lymphoblast cells, demonstrates that ROS represent a critical effector mechanism for the exaggerated responses to IFN-gamma characteristic of FA-C cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Pearl-Yafe
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
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15
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Ahmad SI, Hanaoka F, Kirk SH. Molecular biology of Fanconi anaemia--an old problem, a new insight. Bioessays 2002; 24:439-48. [PMID: 12001267 DOI: 10.1002/bies.10082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Fanconi anaemia (FA) comprises a group of autosomal recessive disorders resulting from mutations in one of eight genes (FANCA, FANCB, FANCC, FANCD1, FANCD2, FANCE, FANCF and FANCG). Although caused by relatively simple mutations, the disease shows a complex phenotype, with a variety of features including developmental abnormalities and ultimately severe anaemia and/or leukemia leading to death in the mid teens. Since 1992 all but two of the genes have been identified, and molecular analysis of their products has revealed a complex mode of action. Many of the proteins form a nuclear multisubunit complex that appears to be involved in the repair of double-strand DNA breaks. Additionally, at least one of the proteins, FANCC, influences apoptotic pathways in response to oxidative damage. Further analysis of the FANC proteins will provide vital information on normal cell responses to damage and allow therapeutic strategies to be developed that will hopefully supplant bone marrow transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamim I Ahmad
- Department of Life Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, UK.
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Kontou M, Adelfalk C, Ramirez MH, Ruppitsch W, Hirsch-Kauffmann M, Schweiger M. Overexpressed thioredoxin compensates Fanconi anemia related chromosomal instability. Oncogene 2002; 21:2406-12. [PMID: 11948424 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1205299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2000] [Revised: 01/03/2002] [Accepted: 01/08/2002] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The cause of the molecular defect of Fanconi anemia (FA) remains unknown. Cells from patients with FA exert an elevated spontaneous chromosomal instability which is further triggered by mitomycin C. The induced lability is reduced by overexpression of thioredoxin which is not the case for spontaneous instability. However, both are eliminated by overexpression of thioredoxin cDNA with an added nuclear localization signal. This implies that thioredoxin is lacking in the nuclei of FA cells. The total thioredoxin content in all FA cells tested is reduced. The resultant lack of nuclear thioredoxin can be the explanation for the major symptomatology in FA. Since thioredoxin is known to be the reactive cofactor of ribonucleotid reductase its shortcoming reduces the supply of deoxyribonucleotides thus hindering the DNA and replication repair with resultant chromosomal breaks. Furthermore, depression of tyrosine hydroxylase, the key enzyme of melanine synthesis, could be the basis for the pathognomotic 'café au lait' spots of FA. The observation of thioredoxin reduction in FA cells permits insight into the molecular phathophysiology of FA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Kontou
- Institut für Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Thielallee 63, D14195 Berlin, Germany
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Nefic H. Anticlastogenic effect of Vitamin C on cisplatin induced chromosome aberrations in human lymphocyte cultures. Mutat Res 2001; 498:89-98. [PMID: 11673074 DOI: 10.1016/s1383-5718(01)00269-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is an antioxidant that can scavenge free radicals and protect cellular macromolecules, including DNA, from oxidative damage induced by different agents. The protective effect of Vitamin C on cisplatin induced chromosome aberrations has been determined in the human peripheral lymphocyte chromosome aberration test in vitro. The results of treatments with Vitamin C indicated that it statistically significantly decreases the number of chromosome aberrations and number of metaphases with aberrations induced with cisplatin, but it can not completely protect cells from damage. The test concentrations of Vitamin C (10 and 100 microg/ml) had a limited antimutagen effect on cisplatin (0.5 microg/ml), which can cause genetic damage through free radical mechanisms. The antimutagen effect included the anticlastogenic effect of Vitamin C and its ability to decrease the number of aneuploid mitoses. Vitamin C showed the most efficient anticlastogenic effect during simultaneous treatment with cisplatin. Also, Vitamin C reduced cell toxicity of cisplatin during simultaneous treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Nefic
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science Sarajevo, Zmaja od Bosne 33-35, Sarajevo 71000, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
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Pincheira J, Bravo M, Santos MJ, López-Sáez JF. Fanconi anemia lymphocytes: effect of DL-alpha-tocopherol (Vitamin E) on chromatid breaks and on G2 repair efficiency. Mutat Res 2001; 461:265-71. [PMID: 11104902 DOI: 10.1016/s0921-8777(00)00058-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The high frequency of chromosomal breaks in Fanconi anemia (FA) lymphocytes has been related to the increased oxidative damage shown by these cells. The effect of 100 microM DL-alpha-tocopherol (Vitamin E) on the level of chromosomal damage in mitosis was studied in lymphocytes from five FA patients and from age matched controls, both under basal conditions and when G2 repair was prevented by 2.5 mM caffeine (G2 unrepaired damage). In addition, the effect of this antioxidant on G2 duration and the efficiency of G2 repair was also evaluated in the sample. alpha-Tocopherol (AT) decreased the frequency of chromosomal damage (under basal and inhibited G2 repair conditions) and the duration of G2 in FA cells. This antioxidant protective effect, expressed as the decrease in chromatid breaks, was greater in FA cells (50.8%) than in controls (25%). The efficiency of the G2 repair process (G2 R rate) defined as the ratio between the percentage of chromatid breaks repaired in G2 and the duration of this cell cycle phase was lesser in FA cells (10.6) than in controls (22.6). AT treatment slightly increased this G2 R rate, both in FA cells and controls. These results suggest that an increased oxidative damage and a lower G2 repair rate may be simultaneously involved in the high frequency of chromatid damage detected in FA cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Pincheira
- Programa de Genética Humana, y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 70061, Santiago 7, Chile
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19
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Kruyt FAE, Youssoufian H. Do Fanconi anemia genes control cell response to cross-linking agents by modulating cytochrome P-450 reductase activity? Drug Resist Updat 2000; 3:211-215. [PMID: 11498388 DOI: 10.1054/drup.2000.0159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The Fanconi anemia (FA) genes play an important role in maintaining chromosomal stability and the defense of mammalian cells against cross-linking agents, such as cisplatin and mitomycin C (MMC). Cells derived from FA patients display a characteristic hypersensitivity toward cross-linking agents. Despite great progression in our understanding of the mechanisms that protect cells against these potent anti-cancer drugs, the specific roles of FA gene products in these processes have not been delineated. Recent studies have shown that the FA group C gene product, FANCC, can bind to and regulate the activity of cytochrome P450-reductase (P450R), an enzyme involved in the bioactivation of MMC. In this mini-review, this finding is placed in the context of complex mechanisms involved in the bioreductive activation of MMC and the hypersensitivity of FA cells to MMC. Although it would be premature to attribute the FA phenotype wholly to an abnormal activation of MMC, the regulation of P450R by FANCC suggests a novel link between one or more FA gene products, the cellular oxidative state, and the response to chemotherapeutic agents. Copyright 2000 Harcourt Publishers Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank A. E. Kruyt
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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20
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Ramirez MH, Ruppitsch W, Hirsch-Kauffmann M, Schweiger M. Chromosomal instability of fanconi anemia cells is not the consequence of a defective repair activity of the ribosomal protein S3. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1999; 264:518-24. [PMID: 10529395 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1999.1482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is an autosomal recessive chromosomal breakage disorder characterized by developmental defects, hypersensitivity toward oxygen and DNA crosslinking agents, and susceptibility to cancer. An increased level of reactive oxygen intermediates and an increased level of 8-oxoguanine in FA cells point to a defective oxygen metabolism. Recent investigations showed that FA cells from several complementation groups have a reduced capacity to repair oxidatively damaged DNA. One major enzyme involved in the repair of oxidative DNA lesions is the ribosomal protein S3. Previous reports implied a role for the ribosomal protein S3 in DNA repair in FA cells. However, a more detailed analysis of the ribosomal protein S3 in FA cells from complementation groups A-E could not confirm this. DNA analysis and Western blot analysis did not show significant differences in ribosomal protein S3 between FA cells and cells from healthy individuals. Furthermore, even the overexpression of the ribosomal protein S3 did not reduce the chromosomal instability of FA cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Ramirez
- Institute of Biochemistry, Free University Berlin, Thielallee 63, Berlin, D-14195, Germany
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21
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22
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Lackinger D, Ruppitsch W, Ramirez MH, Hirsch-Kauffmann M, Schweiger M. Involvement of the Fanconi anemia protein FA-C in repair processes of oxidative DNA damages. FEBS Lett 1998; 440:103-6. [PMID: 9862435 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(98)01442-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by skeletal abnormalities, pancytopenia and a marked predisposition to cancer. FA cells exhibit chromosomal instability and hypersensitivity towards oxygen and cross-linking agents such as diepoxybutane and mitomycin C. An increased level of reactive oxygen intermediates and an elevation of 8-oxoguanine in FA cells point to a defective oxygen metabolism in FA cells. We investigated the repair activity of oxidatively damaged DNA in lymphoblastoid cells from FA patients of complementation groups A-E. The repair activity for oxidatively damaged DNA was significantly reduced in lymphoblastoid cell lines of complementation groups B-E. Complementation of the FA-C cell line with the wild type FA-C gene restored the repair activity to normal. This indicates that the FA-C protein participates in the repair of oxidatively damaged DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Lackinger
- Institute of Biochemistry, Free University Berlin, Germany
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23
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Clarke AA, Marsh JC, Gordon-Smith EC, Rutherford TR. Molecular genetics and Fanconi anaemia: new insights into old problems. Br J Haematol 1998; 103:287-96. [PMID: 9827894 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.1998.01018.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A A Clarke
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Sciences, St George's Hospital Medical School, London
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24
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Abnormal Microsomal Detoxification Implicated in Fanconi Anemia Group C by Interaction of the FAC Protein With NADPH Cytochrome P450 Reductase. Blood 1998. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v92.9.3050.421k56_3050_3056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The FAC protein encoded by the Fanconi anemia (FA) complementation group C gene is thought to function in the cytoplasm at a step before DNA repair. Because FA cells are susceptible to mitomycin C, we considered the possibility that FAC might interact with enzymes involved in the bioreductive activation of this drug. Here we report that FAC binds to NADPH cytochrome-P450 reductase (RED), a microsomal membrane protein involved in electron transfer, in both transfected COS-1 and normal murine liver cells. FAC-RED interaction requires the amino-terminal region of FAC and the cytosolic, membrane-proximal domain of the reductase. The latter contains a known binding site for flavin mononucleotide (FMN). Addition of FMN to cytosolic lysates disrupts FAC-reductase complexes, while flavin dinucleotide, which binds to a distinct carboxy-terminal domain, fails to alter FAC-RED complexes at concentrations similar to FMN. FAC is also functionally coupled to this enzyme as its expression in COS-1 cells suppresses the ability of RED to reduce cytochrome c in the presence of NADPH. We propose that FAC plays a fundamental role in vivo by attenuating the activity of RED, thereby regulating a major detoxification pathway in mammalian cells.© 1998 by The American Society of Hematology.
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25
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Abnormal Microsomal Detoxification Implicated in Fanconi Anemia Group C by Interaction of the FAC Protein With NADPH Cytochrome P450 Reductase. Blood 1998. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v92.9.3050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe FAC protein encoded by the Fanconi anemia (FA) complementation group C gene is thought to function in the cytoplasm at a step before DNA repair. Because FA cells are susceptible to mitomycin C, we considered the possibility that FAC might interact with enzymes involved in the bioreductive activation of this drug. Here we report that FAC binds to NADPH cytochrome-P450 reductase (RED), a microsomal membrane protein involved in electron transfer, in both transfected COS-1 and normal murine liver cells. FAC-RED interaction requires the amino-terminal region of FAC and the cytosolic, membrane-proximal domain of the reductase. The latter contains a known binding site for flavin mononucleotide (FMN). Addition of FMN to cytosolic lysates disrupts FAC-reductase complexes, while flavin dinucleotide, which binds to a distinct carboxy-terminal domain, fails to alter FAC-RED complexes at concentrations similar to FMN. FAC is also functionally coupled to this enzyme as its expression in COS-1 cells suppresses the ability of RED to reduce cytochrome c in the presence of NADPH. We propose that FAC plays a fundamental role in vivo by attenuating the activity of RED, thereby regulating a major detoxification pathway in mammalian cells.© 1998 by The American Society of Hematology.
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26
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Pagano G, Korkina LG, Brunk UT, Chessa L, Degan P, del Principe D, Kelly FJ, Malorni W, Pallardó F, Pasquier C, Scovassi I, Zatterale A, Franceschi C. Congenital disorders sharing oxidative stress and cancer proneness as phenotypic hallmarks: prospects for joint research in pharmacology. Med Hypotheses 1998; 51:253-66. [PMID: 9792204 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-9877(98)90084-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In spite of very distinct genotypic assets, a number of congenital conditions include oxidative stress as a phenotypic hallmark. These disorders include Fanconi's anaemia, ataxia telangiectasia, xeroderma pigmentosum and Bloom's syndrome, as well as two frequent congenital conditions: Down's syndrome and cystic fibrosis. Cancer proneness is a clinical feature shared by these disorders, while other manifestations include early ageing, neurological symptoms or congenital malformations. The onset of oxidative stress has been related to excess formation, or defective detoxification, of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This can arise from either the abnormal expression or inducibility of ROS-detoxifying enzymes, or by defective absorption of nutrient antioxidants. Resulting oxidative injury has been characterized through: (i) DNA, protein or lipid oxidative damage; (ii) excess ROS formation (in vitro and ex vivo); (iii) sensitivity to oxygen-related toxicity; (iv) improvement of cellular defects by either hypoxia or antioxidants; and (v) circumstantial evidence for in vivo oxidative stress (as e.g. clastogenic factors). Investigations conducted so far have been confined to individual disorders. Comparative studies of selected indicators for oxidative stress could provide further insights into the pathogenesis of each individual condition. Such a unified approach may have wide-ranging consequences for studies of ageing and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Pagano
- Italian National Cancer Institute, Fondazione G. Pascale, Naples, Italy.
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27
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Ruppitsch W, Meisslitzer C, Hirsch-Kauffmann M, Schweiger M. Overexpression of thioredoxin in Fanconi anemia fibroblasts prevents the cytotoxic and DNA damaging effect of mitomycin C and diepoxybutane. FEBS Lett 1998; 422:99-102. [PMID: 9475178 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(97)01608-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Adult T cell leukemia derived factor (ADF)/thioredoxin (Trx) is known to be an important intracellular antioxidant involved in a number of redox reactions such as ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) as well as of tyrosinase. Since RNR is a key enzyme of nucleotide metabolism and DNA synthesis, a reduced Trx level would result in reduced enzymatic activity and cause DNA damage. Furthermore, Trx is considered to be an effective regulator of redox sensitive gene expression. The role of Trx in nucleotide metabolism and gene expression may be an explanation for increased chromosomal instability as well as hypersensitivity towards oxygen, ROI and ROI generating agents. The activity of tyrosinase, the key enzyme of melanin biosynthesis, is influenced by the thioredoxin level and by superoxide radicals. Low thioredoxin levels and high superoxide concentrations activate tyrosinase causing hyperpigmentation of the skin. In addition to the observed high superoxide concentration in Fanconi anemia (FA) patients, a low thioredoxin level might be responsible for the hyperpigmentation (café-au-lait spots) in this disease. We observed that overexpression of the thioredoxin cDNA in FA fibroblasts completely abolished the DNA damaging effects of mitomycin C and diepoxybutane and inhibited the constitutive activity of the nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) in SV40 transformed FA fibroblasts. However, spontaneous chromosomal breakage was not affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Ruppitsch
- Institut für Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin-Dahlem, Germany.
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28
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Rubinstein WS, Wenger SL, Hoffman RM, Auerbach AD, Mulvihill JJ. Interstitial lung disease in an adult with Fanconi anemia: clues to the pathogenesis. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1997; 69:315-9. [PMID: 9096763 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19970331)69:3<315::aid-ajmg18>3.0.co;2-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We have studied a 38-year-old man with a prior diagnosis of Holt-Oram syndrome, who presented with diabetes mellitus. He had recently taken prednisone for idiopathic interstitial lung disease and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for sinusitis. Thrombocytopenia progressed to pancytopenia. The patient had skeletal, cardiac, renal, cutaneous, endocrine, hepatic, neurologic, and hematologic manifestations of Fanconi anemia (FA). Chest radiographs showed increased interstitial markings at age 25, dyspnea began in his late 20s, and he stopped smoking at age 32. At age 38, computerized tomography showed bilateral upper lobe fibrosis, lower lobe honeycombing, and bronchiectasis. Pulmonary function tests, compromised at age 29, showed a moderately severe obstructive and restrictive pattern by age 38. Serum alpha-1 antitrypsin level was 224 (normal 85-213) mg/dL and PI phenotype was M1. Karyotype was 46,XY with a marked increase in chromosome aberrations induced in vitro by diepoxybutane. The early onset and degree of pulmonary disease in this patient cannot be fully explained by environmental or known genetic causes. The International Fanconi Anemia Registry (IFAR) contains no example of a similar pulmonary presentation. Gene-environment (ecogenetic) interactions in FA seem evident in the final phenotype. The pathogenic mechanism of lung involvement in FA may relate to oxidative injury and cytokine anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
- W S Rubinstein
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
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29
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In Vitro Hypersensitivity to Oxygen of Fanconi Anemia (FA) Cells Is Linked to Ex Vivo Evidence for Oxidative Stress in FA Homozygotes and Heterozygotes. Blood 1997. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v89.3.1111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Meyn
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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31
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Frias S, Gómez L, Molina B, Rojas E, Ostrosky-Wegman P, Carnevale A. Effect of hydroxyurea and normal plasma on DNA synthesis in lymphocytes from Fanconi anemia patients. Mutat Res 1996; 357:115-21. [PMID: 8876687 DOI: 10.1016/0027-5107(96)00091-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is characterized at the cellular level by a high frequency of spontaneous chromosomal aberrations; crosslinking agents cause an abnormal increase in the frequency of chromosomal damage, and semiconservative DNA synthesis is severely inhibited. Deoxyribonucleotides are needed in both semiconservative and repair DNA synthesis. To investigate the involvement of deoxyribonucleotide pools in the inhibition of DNA synthesis in FA, we evaluated the effect on FA lymphocytes of hydroxyurea (HU), an inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase which is known to alter the intracellular levels of deoxyribonucleotides. To achieve this goal, lymphocyte cultures of 4 FA patients and 4 normal individuals were used. Cultures were treated with HU and/or mitomycin C and normal human plasma. All cultures were processed to detect the number of DNA synthesizing nuclei by autoradiography. Scoring of 2000 nuclei for each kind of culture every 6 h in the last 24 h of incubation showed that, in long incubation periods, DNA synthesis in FA is largely inhibited by HU and this hypersensitivity may be partially decreased by addition of normal human plasma. It is known that recovery from damage induced by HU involves several enzymes such as flavin oxido-reductase, superoxide dismutase and catalase which are involved in the production or scavenging of O2 radicals; FA cells are deficient in the detoxification of oxygen and this could explain the response of FA cells to HU.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Frias
- Genetics Department, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, México D.F., Mexico
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32
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Landi S, Ponzanelli I, Hirvonen A, Norppa H, Barale R. Repeated analysis of sister chromatid exchange induction by diepoxybutane in cultured human lymphocytes: effect of glutathione S-transferase T1 and M1 genotype. Mutat Res 1996; 351:79-85. [PMID: 8602177 DOI: 10.1016/0027-5107(95)00215-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Spontaneous and diepoxybutane (DEB)-induced sister-chromatid exchanges (SCEs) were examined in whole-blood lymphocyte cultures of 3 men and 4 women. A strong increase in mean number of SCEs per cell with increasing DEB concentrations (0, 2, and 4 microM) was observed in cultures of all subjects, but 3 of the donors were clearly more sensitive than the others. The SCE measurements were repeated 2-6 times per donor over a period of 55 months to assess the stability of the individual SCE response. The results showed that SCE induction by DEB was steady in the individuals during the follow-up at each DEB dose, with no significant differences among the repeated experiments. At 4 microM DEB, the DEB-sensitive and -resistant donors could be reliably be differentiated from each other in all trials. As DEB-sensitivity has been suggested to be due to the lack of glutathione S-transferase (GST) T1, the donors were genotyped for the presence of GSTT1 and GSTM1 genes. The 3 individuals found to be DEB-sensitive were all of the GSTT1 null genotype, whereas the 4 DEB-resistant donors were GSTT1 positive, which supported the role of the GSTT1 gene in determining DEB-sensitivity. Three of the DEB-resistant and none of the DEB-sensitive had the GSTM1 null genotype. Thus, the lack of the GSTM1 gene was not associated with the DEB-sensitivity trait. In conclusion, the present findings show that individual SCE responses to treatment of cultured human lymphocytes with DEB can reliably be reproduced in repeated trials. The results confirm that the GSTT1 gene but not the GSTM1 gene is important in determining individual sensitivity to the in vitro genotoxicity of DEB.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Landi
- Dpt. of Scienze dell'Ambiente e del Territorio, Pisa University, Italy
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33
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Emerit I, Levy A, Pagano G, Pinto L, Calzone R, Zatterale A. Transferable clastogenic activity in plasma from patients with Fanconi anemia. Hum Genet 1995; 96:14-20. [PMID: 7607648 DOI: 10.1007/bf00214180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The present study was conducted on 13 patients with Fanconi anemia. 25 parents and 12 siblings. The chromosomal instability characteristic of this congenital breakage syndrome was associated with the presence of transferable clastogenic material in the plasma, as also reported previously for ataxia telangiectasia and Bloom's syndrome. While all plasma ultrafiltrates from homozygotes had chromosome damaging properties, the clastogenic material had to be concentrated in most heterozygotes to reach detectable levels. The clastogenic effect was exerted via the intermediacy of superoxide radicals, since it was regularly inhibited by superoxide dismutase (SOD). This adds further evidence for a prooxidant state in this hereditary disease. The autosustained clastogenic activity possibly plays a role in the progressive impairment of blood cell-producing bone marrow and may predispose patients to develop cancer and leukemia. Prophylactic use of antioxidants may be recommended, using clastogenic plasma activity as a guide.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Emerit
- Centre de Recherches Biomédicales des Cordeliers, CNRS, Paris, France
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34
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Yamashita T, Barber DL, Zhu Y, Wu N, D'Andrea AD. The Fanconi anemia polypeptide FACC is localized to the cytoplasm. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994; 91:6712-6. [PMID: 7517562 PMCID: PMC44273 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.91.14.6712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is an autosomal recessive disease characterized by congenital anomalies, aplastic anemia, and chromosomal instability. A cDNA encoding the FA complementation group C (FACC) polypeptide was recently cloned [Strathdee, C. A., Gavish, H., Shannon, W. R. & Buchwald, M. (1992) Nature (London) 356, 763-767]. To further characterize this polypeptide, we generated a rabbit polyclonal antiserum against its carboxyl terminus. We used this antiserum to analyze the FACC polypeptide from normal or mutant (FA) lymphoblast cell lines. By immunoprecipitation, the wild-type FACC was a 60-kDa protein, consistent with its predicted molecular mass. FA group C cell lines expressed full-length FACC, truncated FACC, or no detectable FACC polypeptide. In addition, the antiserum specifically immunoprecipitated a 50-kDa and a 150-kDa FACC-related protein (FRP-50 and FRP-150). Unexpectedly, cell fractionation and immunofluorescence studies demonstrated that the FACC polypeptide localizes to the cytoplasm. In conclusion, we have generated an antiserum specific for the human FACC polypeptide. The antiserum should be useful for screening FA cells for mutant FACC polypeptides and for identifying and cloning FACC-related proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Yamashita
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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35
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Abstract
This review summarizes both historical and more recent data on the clinical, cellular and genetic features of Fanconi anemia (FA), a rare autosomal recessive disorder. FA patients are characterized by pancytopenia, congenital malformations, growth delay and an increased susceptibility to the development of malignancies, particularly acute myelogenous leukemia. FA cells show chromosomal fragility, slow growth and increased sensitivity to DNA crosslinking agents. FA can be caused by defects in any one of at least four genes. Two general hypotheses have been proposed to explain the underlying defect: loss of a DNA repair function or of a step in the defense toward oxygen toxicity. After many attempts to clone the FA genes, the first one, that defective in group C, has been cloned by complementation of the increased sensitivity of FA(C) cells to mitomycin C and diepoxybutane. This gene (FACC) codes for a novel protein and is ubiquitously expressed. Mutations in various FA(C) patients that cause loss of function have been identified. The review concludes by suggesting directions for future research in FA.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C dos Santos
- Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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36
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Emerit I. Reactive oxygen species, chromosome mutation, and cancer: possible role of clastogenic factors in carcinogenesis. Free Radic Biol Med 1994; 16:99-109. [PMID: 8300000 DOI: 10.1016/0891-5849(94)90246-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Superoxide radicals may induce genotoxic effects by indirect action mechanisms, implicating the formation of more long-lived, secondary clastogenic material called chromosome breakage factors or clastogenic factors (CF). CF are produced via the intermediacy of superoxide, and stimulate further superoxide production by competent cells. This results in a selfsustaining and longlasting process of clastogenesis, which may exceed the DNA repair system and ultimately lead to cancer. An increased cancer risk is indeed observed in conditions accompanied by CF formation. These include irradiated persons, asbestos workers, patients with chronic inflammatory diseases, HIV-infected persons, and the congenital breakage syndromes ataxia telangiectasia, Bloom's syndrome, and Fanconi's anemia. Because reactive oxygen species (ROS) are implicated in CF formation and CF action, antioxidants may be protective as anticlastogens and consequently as anticarcinogens. In persons at high risk because of their occupation, life style or place of residence, the presence of CF may represent an indication for chemoprevention of cancer by antioxidants. CF can be useful as biochemical markers and intermediate endpoints for the evaluation of promising drugs. They are therefore not only of interest as a mechanism by which ROS may exert genotoxic effects, but also have practical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Emerit
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France
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37
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Nocentini S. Cellular responses to hematoporphyrin-induced photooxidative damage in Fanconi anemia, xeroderma pigmentosum and normal human fibroblasts. Mutat Res 1992; 284:275-85. [PMID: 1281279 DOI: 10.1016/0027-5107(92)90012-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Several observations reported in the literature suggest that singlet oxygen (1O2) might play a role in the clastogenic process in Fanconi anemia (FA) cells, and that the antioxidant status of xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) may also be altered. In order to test the ability of FA and XP cells, relative to normal cells, to cope with 1O2 damage, the effects of photosensitization by hematoporphyrin (HP) have been determined (i) on host cell reactivation (HCR) of damaged infecting herpes simplex virus (HSV) or transfecting SV40 DNA, and (ii) on DNA template capability and clonogenicity of treated cells. Results showed no significant difference among the three types of cells, either for the survival of HP-photosensitized HSV, or for the yields of SV40 virus following transfection of cultures with damaged viral DNA. The treatment of cells with HP plus 365-nm light leads to a dose-dependent, homothetic reduction of 18S and 28S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis, presumably through a mechanism other than the formation of transcription termination sites. After a 24-h post-exposure incubation, the rate of rRNA synthesis was restored to higher than normal levels in all cell lines. Finally, two FA cell lines showed a higher survival to HP photosensitization than two normal cell lines. Another FA cell line and XP-A and XP-C cells were in the range of sensitivity of the two normal strains for this treatment. These results indicate that FA cells possess an antioxidant defense system at least as efficient as that of normal cells for processing 1O2-induced damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nocentini
- Institut Curie-Biologie, URA 1292 du CNRS, Paris, France
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38
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Kojima H, Konishi H, Kuroda Y. Effects of L-ascorbic acid on the mutagenicity of ethyl methanesulfonate in cultured mammalian cells. Mutat Res 1992; 266:85-91. [PMID: 1373842 DOI: 10.1016/0027-5107(92)90175-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The effects of L-ascorbic acid (AsA) on the mutations induced by ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) were examined by means of the 6-thioguanine (6TG)-resistant mutation assay and chromosome aberration assay in cultured Chinese hamster V79 cells. When cells were treated with EMS at various concentrations in the presence of 100 micrograms/ml AsA, EMS-induced 6TG-resistant mutations were reduced about one third or one fourth. EMS-induced chromosome aberrations were also reduced by AsA. These reductions in the mutagenicity of EMS were also found when cells were treated with mixtures of AsA and EMS which had previously been incubated at 37.0 degrees C for 2 h. In pre- and post-treatments with AsA, however, the frequencies of EMS-induced mutations were not reduced, but rather increased markedly.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kojima
- Biochemical Research Institute, Nippon Menard Cosmetic Co. Ltd., Gifu, Japan
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Lee KH, Abe S, Yanabe Y, Matsuda I, Yoshida MC. Superoxide dismutase activity and chromosome damage in cultured chromosome instability syndrome cells. Mutat Res 1990; 244:251-6. [PMID: 2366819 DOI: 10.1016/0165-7992(90)90137-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The basal levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and chromosome aberration (CA) and sister-chromatid exchange (SCE) frequencies were examined in cultured fibroblasts or Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs). These cells were derived from patients with chromosome instability syndromes (CISs) including Bloom's syndrome (BS), Fanconi's anemia (FA) and ataxia telangiectasia (AT). Embryonal fibroblasts and LCLs from normal subjects served as controls. Although LCLs tended to exhibit a higher SOD level than fibroblasts due to an elevation of Cu/Zn-SOD activity, BS and FA fibroblasts with increased frequencies of CAs and/or SCEs showed abnormally elevated SOD activity due to the manifold increase of Mn-SOD levels compared with control cells. However, BS and AT LCLs with almost control levels of CA and SCE frequencies showed no, or a slightly elevated, SOD activity, suggesting a possible selection of such cells during EBV transformation. The observed parallelism between the SOD activity and the cytogenetic manifestation may imply an involvement of active oxygen species, especially superoxide radicals, in the increased chromosome damage of CIS cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Lee
- Department of Biology, Korea University, Seoul
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Pohl H, Reidy JA. Vitamin C intake influences the bleomycin-induced chromosome damage assay: implications for detection of cancer susceptibility and chromosome breakage syndromes. Mutat Res 1989; 224:247-52. [PMID: 2477699 DOI: 10.1016/0165-1218(89)90163-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Supplementation with 1 g of vitamin C (ascorbic acid) per day decreased the amount of chromosome damage induced in lymphocytes by an exposure to bleomycin during the last 5 h of cell culture. We did not see such changes in lymphocytes from control individuals samples at the same time but not taking vitamin C supplements. This bleomycin assay has been proposed as a test for cancer susceptibility. A similar assay for genetic instability may be useful in detecting heterozygotes for chromosome-breakage syndromes (for example, Fanconi anemia or ataxia telangiectasia). Even though our sample size is small and our results should be interpreted cautiously, statistically significant effects were found with vitamin C supplementation. It would, therefore, be prudent to consider dietary and perhaps other lifestyle factors when interpreting of results from this bleomycin assay and related assays for genetic instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Pohl
- Genetics Branch, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, GA 30333
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Porfirio B, Ambroso G, Giannella G, Isacchi G, Dallapiccola B. Partial correction of chromosome instability in Fanconi anemia by desferrioxamine. Hum Genet 1989; 83:49-51. [PMID: 2767678 DOI: 10.1007/bf00274146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The action of the iron chelator desferrioxamine (DFO) on the cytogenetic pattern of cultured lymphocytes from Fanconi anemia (FA) patients was investigated. The addition of 10(-4) M DFO throughout the culture time resulted in a 50% reduction of the spontaneous chromosome breakage of FA cells. In addition, the clastogenic action of diepoxybutane on FA lymphocytes was also partly counteracted by DFO. The above findings support the assumption that one of the mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of FA might be an impaired capacity of the cells from such patients to remove active oxygen species. The relationship between intraleukocyte chelatable iron pool and free radical formation in FA subjects is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Porfirio
- Department of Public Health and Cell Biology, 2nd University of Rome, Italy
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Cohen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore
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Gordon-Smith EC, Rutherford TR. Fanconi anaemia--constitutional, familial aplastic anaemia. BAILLIERE'S CLINICAL HAEMATOLOGY 1989; 2:139-52. [PMID: 2645959 DOI: 10.1016/s0950-3536(89)80011-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Papadopoulo D, Averbeck D, Moustacchi E. The fate of 8-methoxypsoralen-photoinduced DNA interstrand crosslinks in Fanconi's anemia cells of defined genetic complementation groups. Mutat Res 1987; 184:271-80. [PMID: 3670329 DOI: 10.1016/0167-8817(87)90026-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The fate of 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP)-photoinduced DNA interstrand crosslinks was followed by alkaline elution in Fanconi's anemia (FA) fibroblasts belonging to complementation groups A (FA 150 and FA 402) and B (FA 145) in comparison to a normal (1 BR/3) and a heterozygote (F 311) cell line. Clonogenic cell survival to 8-MOP photoaddition was established in parallel for all cell lines. In comparison to normal cells, group A FA cells demonstrated a higher photosensitivity than group B cells (sensitivity index 2.3 and 1.5, respectively), the heterozygote cell line being only slightly more sensitive. FA cells from both groups A and B demonstrated an incision capacity of crosslinks, the kinetics and extent of which being, however, different from that of normal or heterozygote cells. The incision is slower in FA cells and, at 24 h of post-treatment incubation, the amount of crosslinks incised is clearly lower than that observed in normal cells for group A cells, whereas in group B cells incision approaches the level of normal cells. These results correlate with survival as well as with rates of DNA semi-conservative synthesis after 8-MOP photoaddition.
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Abstract
Several observations in the recent literature have indicated that Fanconi anemia (FA) cells may be primarily deficient in the detoxification of activated oxygen species. To evaluate the antioxidant status of FA fibroblasts, we measured Mn-containing superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD), CuZn-containing superoxide dismutase (CuZn-SOD), catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activities, as well as cellular glutathione contents and total nonenzymatic antioxidant potential in FA and control fibroblasts at multiple time points during a single passage. All parameters exhibited a characteristic pattern of changes during a period of 19 days following trypsinization. Unlike FA erythrocytes, which are known to be deficient in CuZn-SOD, FA fibroblasts exhibited normal CuZn-SOD activities. Also, the nonenzymatic "antioxidant potential" as well as glutathione levels were similar in FA and control fibroblasts. However, Mn-SOD, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activities were consistently higher in FA fibroblasts. We hypothesize that the elevation of these enzyme activities might reflect a cellular "prooxidant" state in FA resulting from an increased formation of endogenous oxidizing molecular species that trigger enhanced synthesis of certain enzymatic antioxidant defenses.
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Dallapiccola B. Cytogenetics of Mendelian mutations associated with cancer proneness. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 1987; 26:85-94. [PMID: 3828976 DOI: 10.1016/0165-4608(87)90136-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
About 5% of Mendelian mutations displaying neoplastic tendencies are associated with chromosomal aberrations. The best established examples are retinoblastoma and del(13)(q14) and aniridia-Wilms' tumor and del(11)(p13). Evidence suggests that both mutations behave as dominant traits in the individual and as recessive traits in the cells. DNA analysis indicates that tumorigenesis arises from homozygosisty for the mutant allele at these loci, as a consequence of mitotic nondisjunction or from a mitotic recombination event. An additional argument for this conclusion is provided by the demonstration of duplication of 11p15 in some patients with the Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, which is complicated often by Wilms' tumor and other embryonal tumors. Data obtained with molecular probes have shown that also rhabdomyosarcoma and hepatoblastoma arise by homozygosity for a mutant allele at a locus on 11p, suggesting ontogenic relatedness of these tumor types. Additional examples of Mendelian mutations associated with chromosome deletions and neoplasia include Langer-Giedion syndrome with multiple exostoses and del(8)(q24.1), multiple endocrine neoplasia and del(20)(p12.2). While the presence of specific chromosome changes in subjects with high susceptibility to neoplasia does pinpoint the location of DNA sequences involved in the predisposition to certain types of cancers, selected Mendelian mutations associated with chromosome instability and cancer proneness may elucidate biological principles of cell proliferation and transformation. However, our current knowledge of mechanisms resulting in increased frequency of chromosome breakage and cancer susceptibility in ataxia-teleangiectasia, Fanconi's anemia, Bloom's syndrome, and similar conditions are still very incomplete.
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Kahl R. The dual role of antioxidants in the modification of chemical carcinogenesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1080/10590508609373337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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