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Prywer J, Torzewska A. Aggregation of poorly crystalline and amorphous components of infectious urinary stones is mediated by bacterial lipopolysaccharide. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17061. [PMID: 31745124 PMCID: PMC6863890 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53359-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Poorly crystalline and amorphous precipitate (PCaAP) is one of the components of the so-called infectious urinary stones, which are the result of the activity of urease-producing microorganisms, mainly from the Proteus species, in particular Proteus mirabilis. The main component of this kind of stones is crystalline struvite (MgNH4PO4∙6H2O). Bacteria can build into the structure of the urinary stone and, in this way, they are one of the components of the urinary stone. From these three components - PCaAP, struvite and Proteus mirabilis - PCaAP exhibits the greatest ability to aggregate. The present study focuses on the aggregation of PCaAP. In particular, an influence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) isolated from Proteus mirabilis on aggregation of PCaAP is presented. An aggregation of PCaAP is characterized by cross-sectional area of aggregates and zeta potential. The results demonstrate that, in artificial urine, the influence of freely suspended LPS on aggregation of PCaAP depends on the concentrations of LPS. Small concentrations of freely suspended LPS enhance the aggregation of PCaAP compared to the control test. For high concentrations of freely suspended LPS the formation of aggregates of PCaAP is inhibited. LPS, which is not freely suspended, but covers polystyrene latex beads, has no such properties. The investigations provide evidence for the importance of biological regulation in the PCaAP aggregation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Prywer
- Institute of Physics, Lodz University of Technology, ul. Wólczańska 219, 90-924, Łódź, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Torzewska
- Department of Biology of Bacteria, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, ul. Banacha 12/16, 90-237, Łódź, Poland
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Amornphimoltham P, Yuen PST, Star RA, Leelahavanichkul A. Gut Leakage of Fungal-Derived Inflammatory Mediators: Part of a Gut-Liver-Kidney Axis in Bacterial Sepsis. Dig Dis Sci 2019; 64:2416-2428. [PMID: 30863955 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-019-05581-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis is a life-threatening response to systemic infection. In addition to frank gastrointestinal (GI) rupture/puncture, sepsis can also be exacerbated by translocation of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) from the GI tract to the systemic circulation (gut origin of sepsis). In the human gut, Gram-negative bacteria and Candida albicans are abundant, along with their major PAMP components, endotoxin (LPS) and (1 → 3)-β-D-glucan (BG). Whereas the influence of LPS in bacterial sepsis has been studied extensively, exploration of the role of BG in bacterial sepsis is limited. Post-translocation, PAMPs enter the circulation through lymphatics and the portal vein, and are detoxified and then excreted via the liver and the kidney. Sepsis-induced liver and kidney injury might therefore affect the kinetics and increase circulating PAMPs. In this article, we discuss the current knowledge of the impact of PAMPs from both gut mycobiota and microbiota, including epithelial barrier function and the "gut-liver-kidney axis," on bacterial sepsis severity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter S T Yuen
- Renal Diagnostics and Therapeutics Unit, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Robert A Star
- Renal Diagnostics and Therapeutics Unit, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Asada Leelahavanichkul
- Immunology Unit, Department of Microbiology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand. .,Center of Excellence in Immunology and Immune-mediated Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Kubicek-Sutherland JZ, Vu DM, Mendez HM, Jakhar S, Mukundan H. Detection of Lipid and Amphiphilic Biomarkers for Disease Diagnostics. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2017; 7:bios7030025. [PMID: 28677660 PMCID: PMC5618031 DOI: 10.3390/bios7030025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Rapid diagnosis is crucial to effectively treating any disease. Biological markers, or biomarkers, have been widely used to diagnose a variety of infectious and non-infectious diseases. The detection of biomarkers in patient samples can also provide valuable information regarding progression and prognosis. Interestingly, many such biomarkers are composed of lipids, and are amphiphilic in biochemistry, which leads them to be often sequestered by host carriers. Such sequestration enhances the difficulty of developing sensitive and accurate sensors for these targets. Many of the physiologically relevant molecules involved in pathogenesis and disease are indeed amphiphilic. This chemical property is likely essential for their biological function, but also makes them challenging to detect and quantify in vitro. In order to understand pathogenesis and disease progression while developing effective diagnostics, it is important to account for the biochemistry of lipid and amphiphilic biomarkers when creating novel techniques for the quantitative measurement of these targets. Here, we review techniques and methods used to detect lipid and amphiphilic biomarkers associated with disease, as well as their feasibility for use as diagnostic targets, highlighting the significance of their biochemical properties in the design and execution of laboratory and diagnostic strategies. The biochemistry of biological molecules is clearly relevant to their physiological function, and calling out the need for consideration of this feature in their study, and use as vaccine, diagnostic and therapeutic targets is the overarching motivation for this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Z Kubicek-Sutherland
- Physical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA.
| | - Dung M Vu
- Physical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA.
| | - Heather M Mendez
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
- The New Mexico Consortium, Los Alamos, NM 87544, USA.
| | - Shailja Jakhar
- Physical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA.
| | - Harshini Mukundan
- Physical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA.
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Jiang G, Wang J, Yang Y, Zhang G, Liu Y, Lin H, Zhang G, Li Y, Fan X. Fluorescent turn-on sensing of bacterial lipopolysaccharide in artificial urine sample with sensitivity down to nanomolar by tetraphenylethylene based aggregation induced emission molecule. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 85:62-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.04.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Dimitrov S, Besedovsky L, Born J, Lange T. Differential acute effects of sleep on spontaneous and stimulated production of tumor necrosis factor in men. Brain Behav Immun 2015; 47:201-10. [PMID: 25500219 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2014.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is considered a key molecule in the regulation of sleep in health and disease. Conversely, sleep compared to sleep deprivation can modulate TNF release, but overall results are conflicting. In this study we focused on the influence of sleep on spontaneous, i.e., unstimulated TNF production, which might be involved in sleep regulation under normal non-infectious conditions, and on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated TNF production, which reflects the capacity of the immune system to respond to a pathogen. To this end, we monitored 10 healthy men during a regular sleep-wake cycle and during 24h of wakefulness while blood was sampled repeatedly to analyze circulating TNF levels in serum as well as intracellular TNF production in monocytes spontaneously and after stimulation with LPS employing whole blood cell cultures. In addition we assessed numbers of monocyte subsets and levels of various hormones in blood. In comparison with nocturnal wakefulness, sleep acutely decreased serum TNF levels, with no parallel decrease in spontaneous monocytic TNF production, but was associated with a striking nighttime increase in the percentage of TNF producing monocytes after stimulation with LPS. The following day circulating TNF showed a reverse pattern with higher levels after regular sleep than after the nocturnal vigil. The mechanisms mediating the differential effects of sleep on circulating TNF (acutely decreased) vs. stimulated monocytic TNF production (acutely increased) remain unclear, although explorative correlational analyses pointed to a regulatory involvement of cortisol, norepinephrine and prolactin. The acute enhancing effect of sleep on LPS stimulated monocytic TNF production adds to the notion that nocturnal sleep favors immune defense to a microbial challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stoyan Dimitrov
- Department of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Luciana Besedovsky
- Department of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jan Born
- Department of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Center for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany; Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen (IDM), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tanja Lange
- Department of Neuroendocrinology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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McIntyre CW, Harrison LEA, Eldehni MT, Jefferies HJ, Szeto CC, John SG, Sigrist MK, Burton JO, Hothi D, Korsheed S, Owen PJ, Lai KB, Li PKT. Circulating endotoxemia: a novel factor in systemic inflammation and cardiovascular disease in chronic kidney disease. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2010; 6:133-41. [PMID: 20876680 DOI: 10.2215/cjn.04610510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 333] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Translocated endotoxin derived from intestinal bacteria has a wide range of adverse effects on cardiovascular (CV) structure and function, driving systemic inflammation, atherosclerosis and oxidative stress. This study's aim was to investigate endotoxemia across the spectrum of chronic kidney disease (CKD). DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS Circulating endotoxin was measured in 249 patients comprising CKD stage 3 to 5 and a comparator cohort of hypertensive patients without significant renal impairment. Patients underwent extended CV assessment, including pulse wave velocity and vascular calcification. Hemodialysis (HD) patients also received detailed echocardiographic-based intradialytic assessments. Patients were followed up for 1 year to assess survival. RESULTS Circulating endotoxemia was most notable in those with the highest CV disease burden (increasing with CKD stage), and a sharp increase was observed after initiation of HD. In HD patients, predialysis endotoxin correlated with dialysis-induced hemodynamic stress (ultrafiltration volume, relative hypotension), myocardial stunning, serum cardiac troponin T, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. Endotoxemia was associated with risk of mortality. CONCLUSIONS CKD patients are characteristically exposed to significant endotoxemia. In particular, HD-induced systemic circulatory stress and recurrent regional ischemia may lead to increased endotoxin translocation from the gut. Resultant endotoxemia is associated with systemic inflammation, markers of malnutrition, cardiac injury, and reduced survival. This represents a crucial missing link in understanding the pathophysiology of the grossly elevated CV disease risk in CKD patients, highlighting the potential toxicity of conventional HD and providing a novel set of potential therapeutic strategies to reduce CV mortality in CKD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher W McIntyre
- Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Derby Hospital, Uttoxeter Road, Derby, DE22 3NE, United Kingdom.
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Boelke E, Storck M, Orth K, Schams S, Abendroth D, Jehle PM. Urinary endotoxin excretion and urinary tract infection following kidney transplantation. Transpl Int 2001. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-2277.2001.tb00064.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Pirnay JP, De Vos D, Duinslaeger L, Reper P, Vandenvelde C, Cornelis P, Vanderkelen A. Quantitation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in wound biopsy samples: from bacterial culture to rapid 'real-time' polymerase chain reaction. Crit Care 2000; 4:255-61. [PMID: 11056755 PMCID: PMC29046 DOI: 10.1186/cc702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2000] [Revised: 06/08/2000] [Accepted: 06/14/2000] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
STATEMENT OF FINDINGS: We developed a real-time detection (RTD) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with rapid thermal cycling to detect and quantify Pseudomonas aeruginosa in wound biopsy samples. This method produced a linear quantitative detection range of 7 logs, with a lower detection limit of 103 colony-forming units (CFU)/g tissue or a few copies per reaction. The time from sample collection to result was less than 1h. RTD-PCR has potential for rapid quantitative detection of pathogens in critical care patients, enabling early and individualized treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Pirnay
- Queen Astrid Military Hospital, Neder-Over-Heembeek, Belgium.
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Berger D, Boelke E, Seidelmann M, Beger HG. Evaluation of endotoxiuria for diagnosis of urinary tract infection after major surgical procedures. Clin Chim Acta 1996; 244:155-61. [PMID: 8714433 DOI: 10.1016/0009-8981(95)06190-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In 148 patients after major surgical procedures urinary endotoxin levels were determined and compared with bacteriological results. The study was designed as a screening study. Urine samples were collected once by suprapubic or transurethral catheters. In a first series of 49 patients urine bacteriology was positive (mainly, Gram-negative rods were found) in 3 cases. However, endotoxin determination was positive in these 3 patients and in a further 10 patients receiving antibiotic therapy for other reasons. Therefore, the following 99 patients were studied also by urinalysis by reagent strips for leukocytes and nitrite. In the second series, 12 urine cultures positive for bacteria were observed. Eleven samples were also endotoxin positive. Five more patients were endotoxin positive and had pathological but unspecific reagent strip results. These patients were treated with antibiotics for other reasons. Patients with candida found in the urine culture (n = 5) were endotoxin negative. Thus, endotoxin determination in urine obtained by suprapubic or transurethral catheters proved to be a very sensitive method for diagnosis of bacterial contamination, even during antibiotic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Berger
- Department of General Surgery, University of Ulm, Germany
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Matsumoto T, Haraoka M, Kubo S, Takahashi K, Tanaka M, Ogata N, Kumazawa J. Beta-D-glucan concentrations detected by Toxicolor and Endospecy tests in the urine of patients with urinary fungal infections. UROLOGICAL RESEARCH 1993; 21:117-20. [PMID: 8503147 DOI: 10.1007/bf01788829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Beta-D-glucan is an essential component of the cell wall of fungi. We measured its concentration in the urine of patients with funguria using the chromogenic endotoxin assay kits, Toxicolor and Endospecy. These assay systems use the same Limulus coagulation enzymes. Since the Endospecy test detects endotoxin but not factor G, which is activated by beta-D-glucan, the beta-D-glucan concentration can be calculated by subtracting the Endospecy value from the Toxicolor value. Concentrations of beta-D-glucan were found to be significantly higher in urine samples from patients with funguria (> or = 10(3) colony-forming units/ml) than in non-infected samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Matsumoto
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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