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Martínez-Albert E, Lutz ND, Hübener R, Dimitrov S, Lange T, Born J, Besedovsky L. Sleep promotes T-cell migration towards CCL19 via growth hormone and prolactin signaling in humans. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 118:69-77. [PMID: 38369248 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2024.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Sleep strongly supports the formation of adaptive immunity, e.g., after vaccination. However, the underlying mechanisms remain largely obscure. Here we show in healthy humans that sleep compared to nocturnal wakefulness specifically promotes the migration of various T-cell subsets towards the chemokine CCL19, which is essential for lymph-node homing and, thus, for the initiation and maintenance of adaptive immune responses. Migration towards the inflammatory chemokine CCL5 remained unaffected. Incubating the cells with plasma from sleeping participants likewise increased CCL19-directed migration, an effect that was dependent on growth hormone and prolactin signaling. These findings show that sleep selectively promotes the lymph node homing potential of T cells by increasing hormonal release, and thus reveal a causal mechanism underlying the supporting effect of sleep on adaptive immunity in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefanía Martínez-Albert
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Nicolas D Lutz
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Robert Hübener
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stoyan Dimitrov
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tanja Lange
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany; Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jan Born
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Luciana Besedovsky
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80336 Munich, Germany.
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Lutz ND, Martínez-Albert E, Friedrich H, Born J, Besedovsky L. Sleep shapes the associative structure underlying pattern completion in multielement event memory. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2314423121. [PMID: 38377208 PMCID: PMC10907255 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2314423121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Sleep supports the consolidation of episodic memory. It is, however, a matter of ongoing debate how this effect is established, because, so far, it has been demonstrated almost exclusively for simple associations, which lack the complex associative structure of real-life events, typically comprising multiple elements with different association strengths. Because of this associative structure interlinking the individual elements, a partial cue (e.g., a single element) can recover an entire multielement event. This process, referred to as pattern completion, is a fundamental property of episodic memory. Yet, it is currently unknown how sleep affects the associative structure within multielement events and subsequent processes of pattern completion. Here, we investigated the effects of post-encoding sleep, compared with a period of nocturnal wakefulness (followed by a recovery night), on multielement associative structures in healthy humans using a verbal associative learning task including strongly, weakly, and not directly encoded associations. We demonstrate that sleep selectively benefits memory for weakly associated elements as well as for associations that were not directly encoded but not for strongly associated elements within a multielement event structure. Crucially, these effects were accompanied by a beneficial effect of sleep on the ability to recall multiple elements of an event based on a single common cue. In addition, retrieval performance was predicted by sleep spindle activity during post-encoding sleep. Together, these results indicate that sleep plays a fundamental role in shaping associative structures, thereby supporting pattern completion in complex multielement events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas D Lutz
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
- Institute of Medical Psychology, LMU Munich, Munich 80336, Germany
| | - Estefanía Martínez-Albert
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
- Institute of Medical Psychology, LMU Munich, Munich 80336, Germany
| | - Hannah Friedrich
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Jan Born
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
- Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Luciana Besedovsky
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
- Institute of Medical Psychology, LMU Munich, Munich 80336, Germany
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3
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Wilantri S, Grasshoff H, Lange T, Gaber T, Besedovsky L, Buttgereit F. Detecting and exploiting the circadian clock in rheumatoid arthritis. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2023; 239:e14028. [PMID: 37609862 DOI: 10.1111/apha.14028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Over the past four decades, research on 24-h rhythms has yielded numerous remarkable findings, revealing their genetic, molecular, and physiological significance for immunity and various diseases. Thus, circadian rhythms are of fundamental importance to mammals, as their disruption and misalignment have been associated with many diseases and the abnormal functioning of many physiological processes. In this article, we provide a brief overview of the molecular regulation of 24-h rhythms, their importance for immunity, the deleterious effects of misalignment, the link between such pathological rhythms and rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and the potential exploitation of chronobiological rhythms for the chronotherapy of inflammatory autoimmune diseases, using RA as an example.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siska Wilantri
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hanna Grasshoff
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Tanja Lange
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Timo Gaber
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Frank Buttgereit
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
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4
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Haack M, Engert LC, Besedovsky L, Goldstein MR, Devine JK, Dang R, Olia K, Molina V, Bertisch SM, Sethna N, Simpson N. Alterations of pain pathways by experimental sleep disturbances in humans: central pain-inhibitory, cyclooxygenase, and endocannabinoid pathways. Sleep 2023; 46:zsad061. [PMID: 36881901 PMCID: PMC10262178 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsad061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES There is strong evidence that sleep disturbances are an independent risk factor for the development of chronic pain conditions. The mechanisms underlying this association, however, are still not well understood. We examined the effect of experimental sleep disturbances (ESDs) on three pathways involved in pain initiation/resolution: (1) the central pain-inhibitory pathway, (2) the cyclooxygenase (COX) pathway, and (3) the endocannabinoid (eCB) pathway. METHODS Twenty-four healthy participants (50% females) underwent two 19-day long in-laboratory protocols in randomized order: (1) an ESD protocol consisting of repeated nights of short and disrupted sleep with intermittent recovery sleep; and (2) a sleep control protocol consisting of nights with an 8-hour sleep opportunity. Pain inhibition (conditioned pain modulation, habituation to repeated pain), COX-2 expression at monocyte level (lipopolysaccharide [LPS]-stimulated and spontaneous), and eCBs (arachidonoylethanolamine, 2-arachidonoylglycerol, docosahexaenoylethanolamide [DHEA], eicosapentaenoylethanolamide, docosatetraenoylethanolamide) were measured every other day throughout the protocol. RESULTS The central pain-inhibitory pathway was compromised by sleep disturbances in females, but not in males (p < 0.05 condition × sex effect). The COX-2 pathway (LPS-stimulated) was activated by sleep disturbances (p < 0.05 condition effect), and this effect was exclusively driven by males (p < 0.05 condition × sex effect). With respect to the eCB pathway, DHEA was higher (p < 0.05 condition effect) in the sleep disturbance compared to the control condition, without sex-differential effects on any eCBs. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that central pain-inhibitory and COX mechanisms through which sleep disturbances may contribute to chronic pain risk are sex specific, implicating the need for sex-differential therapeutic targets to effectively reduce chronic pain associated with sleep disturbances in both sexes. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION NCT02484742: Pain Sensitization and Habituation in a Model of Experimentally-induced Insomnia Symptoms. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02484742.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Haack
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Larissa C Engert
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Luciana Besedovsky
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Jaime K Devine
- Institutes for Behavior Resources, Inc., Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rammy Dang
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Keeyon Olia
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Victoria Molina
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Suzanne M Bertisch
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Navil Sethna
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Children’s Hospital Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Norah Simpson
- Stanford Sleep Heath & Insomnia Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
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Besedovsky L, Cordi M, Wißlicen L, Martínez-Albert E, Born J, Rasch B. Hypnotic enhancement of slow-wave sleep increases sleep-associated hormone secretion and reduces sympathetic predominance in healthy humans. Commun Biol 2022; 5:747. [PMID: 35882899 PMCID: PMC9325885 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03643-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep is important for normal brain and body functioning, and for this, slow-wave sleep (SWS), the deepest stage of sleep, is assumed to be especially relevant. Previous studies employing methods to enhance SWS have focused on central nervous components of this sleep stage. However, SWS is also characterized by specific changes in the body periphery, which are essential mediators of the health-benefitting effects of sleep. Here we show that enhancing SWS in healthy humans using hypnotic suggestions profoundly affects the two major systems linking the brain with peripheral body functions, i.e., the endocrine and the autonomic nervous systems (ANS). Specifically, hypnotic suggestions presented at the beginning of a 90-min afternoon nap to promote subsequent SWS strongly increased the release of growth hormone (GH) and, to a lesser extent, of prolactin and aldosterone, and shifted the sympathovagal balance towards reduced sympathetic predominance. Thus, the hypnotic suggestions induced a whole-body pattern characteristic of natural SWS. Given that the affected parameters regulate fundamental physiological functions like metabolism, cardiovascular activity, and immunity, our findings open up a wide range of potential applications of hypnotic SWS enhancement, in addition to advancing our knowledge on the physiology of human SWS. The hypnotic enhancement of slow wave sleep, the deepest stage of sleep, goes beyond the central nervous system, causing changes at the level of the endocrine and the autonomic nervous systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Besedovsky
- Institute of Medical Psychology, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany. .,Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Maren Cordi
- Department of Psychology, Division of Biopsychology and Methods, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Laura Wißlicen
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Estefanía Martínez-Albert
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jan Born
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Björn Rasch
- Department of Psychology, Division of Biopsychology and Methods, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.
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6
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Besedovsky L, Dang R, Engert LC, Goldstein MR, Devine JK, Bertisch SM, Mullington JM, Simpson N, Haack M. Differential effects of an experimental model of prolonged sleep disturbance on inflammation in healthy females and males. PNAS Nexus 2022; 1:pgac004. [PMID: 36380854 PMCID: PMC9648610 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgac004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sleep disturbances, including disrupted sleep and short sleep duration, are highly prevalent and are prospectively associated with an increased risk for various widespread diseases, including cardiometabolic, neurodegenerative, chronic pain, and autoimmune diseases. Systemic inflammation, which has been observed in populations experiencing sleep disturbances, may mechanistically link disturbed sleep with increased disease risks. To determine whether sleep disturbances are causally responsible for the inflammatory changes reported in population-based studies, we developed a 19-day in-hospital experimental model of prolonged sleep disturbance inducing disrupted and shortened sleep. The model included delayed sleep onset, frequent nighttime awakenings, and advanced sleep offset, interspersed with intermittent nights of undisturbed sleep. This pattern aimed at providing an ecologically highly valid experimental model of the typical sleep disturbances often reported in the general and patient populations. Unexpectedly, the experimental sleep disturbance model reduced several of the assessed proinflammatory markers, namely interleukin(IL)-6 production by monocytes and plasma levels of IL-6 and C-reactive protein (CRP), presumably due to intermittent increases in the counterinflammatory hormone cortisol. Striking sex differences were observed with females presenting a reduction in proinflammatory markers and males showing a predominantly proinflammatory response and reductions of cortisol levels. Our findings indicate that sleep disturbances causally dysregulate inflammatory pathways, with opposing effects in females and males. These results have the potential to advance our mechanistic understanding of the pronounced sexual dimorphism in the many diseases for which sleep disturbances are a risk factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Besedovsky
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Ave, Dana 779, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Rammy Dang
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Ave, Dana 779, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Larissa C Engert
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Ave, Dana 779, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Michael R Goldstein
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Ave, Dana 779, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jaime K Devine
- Institutes for Behavior Resources, Inc., Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Suzanne M Bertisch
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Janet M Mullington
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Ave, Dana 779, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Norah Simpson
- Stanford Sleep Heath and Insomnia Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Monika Haack
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Ave, Dana 779, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Lange T, Luebber F, Grasshoff H, Besedovsky L. The contribution of sleep to the neuroendocrine regulation of rhythms in human leukocyte traffic. Semin Immunopathol 2022; 44:239-254. [PMID: 35041075 PMCID: PMC8901522 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-021-00904-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-four-hour rhythms in immune parameters and functions are robustly observed phenomena in biomedicine. Here, we summarize the important role of sleep and associated parameters on the neuroendocrine regulation of rhythmic immune cell traffic to different compartments, with a focus on human leukocyte subsets. Blood counts of "stress leukocytes" such as neutrophils, natural killer cells, and highly differentiated cytotoxic T cells present a rhythm with a daytime peak. It is mediated by morning increases in epinephrine, leading to a mobilization of these cells out of the marginal pool into the circulation following a fast, beta2-adrenoceptor-dependent inhibition of adhesive integrin signaling. In contrast, other subsets such as eosinophils and less differentiated T cells are redirected out of the circulation during daytime. This is mediated by stimulation of the glucocorticoid receptor following morning increases in cortisol, which promotes CXCR4-driven leukocyte traffic, presumably to the bone marrow. Hence, these cells show highest numbers in blood at night when cortisol levels are lowest. Sleep adds to these rhythms by actively suppressing epinephrine and cortisol levels. In addition, sleep increases levels of immunosupportive mediators, such as aldosterone and growth hormone, which are assumed to promote T-cell homing to lymph nodes, thus facilitating the initiation of adaptive immune responses during sleep. Taken together, sleep-wake behavior with its unique neuroendocrine changes regulates human leukocyte traffic with overall immunosupportive effects during nocturnal sleep. In contrast, integrin de-activation and redistribution of certain leukocytes to the bone marrow during daytime activity presumably serves immune regulation and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Lange
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany. .,Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
| | - Finn Luebber
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Social Neuroscience Lab, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Hanna Grasshoff
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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Schöllhorn A, Schuhmacher J, Besedovsky L, Fendel R, Jensen ATR, Stevanović S, Lange T, Rammensee HG, Born J, Gouttefangeas C, Dimitrov S. Integrin Activation Enables Sensitive Detection of Functional CD4 + and CD8 + T Cells: Application to Characterize SARS-CoV-2 Immunity. Front Immunol 2021; 12:626308. [PMID: 33854501 PMCID: PMC8040333 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.626308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that conformational change in the β2-integrin is a very early activation marker that can be detected with fluorescent multimers of its ligand intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 for rapid assessment of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells. In this study, we describe a modified protocol of this assay for sensitive detection of functional antigen-specific CD4+ T cells using a monoclonal antibody (clone m24 Ab) specific for the open, high-affinity conformation of the β2-integrin. The kinetics of β2-integrin activation was different on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells (several hours vs. few minutes, respectively); however, m24 Ab readily stained both cell types 4–6 h after antigen stimulation. With this protocol, we were able to monitor ex vivo effector and memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells specific for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), and hepatitis B virus (HBV) in whole blood or cryopreserved peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of infected or vaccinated individuals. By costaining β2-integrin with m24 and CD154 Abs, we assessed extremely low frequencies of polyfunctional CD4+ T cell responses. The novel assay used in this study allows very sensitive and simultaneous screening of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cell reactivities, with versatile applicability in clinical and vaccination studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Schöllhorn
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Juliane Schuhmacher
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Luciana Besedovsky
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rolf Fendel
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anja T R Jensen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stefan Stevanović
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Partner Site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies, " University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tanja Lange
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Rammensee
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Partner Site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies, " University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jan Born
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany.,Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen (IDM), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Cécile Gouttefangeas
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Partner Site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies, " University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stoyan Dimitrov
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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9
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Abstract
Sleep and immunity are bidirectionally linked. Immune system activation alters sleep, and sleep in turn affects the innate and adaptive arm of our body's defense system. Stimulation of the immune system by microbial challenges triggers an inflammatory response, which, depending on its magnitude and time course, can induce an increase in sleep duration and intensity, but also a disruption of sleep. Enhancement of sleep during an infection is assumed to feedback to the immune system to promote host defense. Indeed, sleep affects various immune parameters, is associated with a reduced infection risk, and can improve infection outcome and vaccination responses. The induction of a hormonal constellation that supports immune functions is one likely mechanism underlying the immune-supporting effects of sleep. In the absence of an infectious challenge, sleep appears to promote inflammatory homeostasis through effects on several inflammatory mediators, such as cytokines. This notion is supported by findings that prolonged sleep deficiency (e.g., short sleep duration, sleep disturbance) can lead to chronic, systemic low-grade inflammation and is associated with various diseases that have an inflammatory component, like diabetes, atherosclerosis, and neurodegeneration. Here, we review available data on this regulatory sleep-immune crosstalk, point out methodological challenges, and suggest questions open for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Besedovsky
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen , Tübingen , Germany ; Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts ; and Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Lübeck , Lübeck , Germany
| | - Tanja Lange
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen , Tübingen , Germany ; Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts ; and Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Lübeck , Lübeck , Germany
| | - Monika Haack
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen , Tübingen , Germany ; Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts ; and Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Lübeck , Lübeck , Germany
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10
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Dimitrov S, Lange T, Gouttefangeas C, Jensen ATR, Szczepanski M, Lehnnolz J, Soekadar S, Rammensee HG, Born J, Besedovsky L. Gα s-coupled receptor signaling and sleep regulate integrin activation of human antigen-specific T cells. J Exp Med 2019; 216:517-526. [PMID: 30755455 PMCID: PMC6400544 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20181169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This study demonstrates a regulatory role of Gαs-coupled receptor agonists (catecholamines, prostaglandins, and adenosine) and sleep on integrin activation on T cells in humans. The findings point to a mechanism by which T cell responses are altered in several conditions characterized by aberrant levels of these substances. Efficient T cell responses require the firm adhesion of T cells to their targets, e.g., virus-infected cells, which depends on T cell receptor (TCR)–mediated activation of β2-integrins. Gαs-coupled receptor agonists are known to have immunosuppressive effects, but their impact on TCR-mediated integrin activation is unknown. Using multimers of peptide major histocompatibility complex molecules (pMHC) and of ICAM-1—the ligand of β2-integrins—we show that the Gαs-coupled receptor agonists isoproterenol, epinephrine, norepinephrine, prostaglandin (PG) E2, PGD2, and adenosine strongly inhibit integrin activation on human CMV- and EBV-specific CD8+ T cells in a dose-dependent manner. In contrast, sleep, a natural condition of low levels of Gαs-coupled receptor agonists, up-regulates integrin activation compared with nocturnal wakefulness, a mechanism possibly underlying some of the immune-supportive effects of sleep. The findings are also relevant for several pathologies associated with increased levels of Gαs-coupled receptor agonists (e.g., tumor growth, malaria, hypoxia, stress, and sleep disturbances).
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Affiliation(s)
- Stoyan Dimitrov
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany .,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany.,Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tanja Lange
- Clinic for Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Cécile Gouttefangeas
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anja T R Jensen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Szczepanski
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jannik Lehnnolz
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Surjo Soekadar
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Clinical Neurotechnology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Neuroscience Research Center, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Rammensee
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Partner Site Tübingen, German Cancer Consortium, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jan Born
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany.,Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Luciana Besedovsky
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Besedovsky L, Yang H, Ciulla M, Jeffery M, Mullington J, Haack M. 0240 Inflammatory Response to Experimentally-Induced Insomnia Symptoms in Healthy Participants. Sleep 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsy061.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- L Besedovsky
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - H Yang
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - M Ciulla
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - M Jeffery
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - J Mullington
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - M Haack
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Besedovsky L, Schmidt EM, Linz B, Diekelmann S, Lange T, Born J. Signs of enhanced sleep and sleep-associated memory processing following the anti-inflammatory antibiotic minocycline in men. J Psychopharmacol 2017; 31:204-210. [PMID: 27436232 DOI: 10.1177/0269881116658991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Pro-inflammatory cytokines can promote sleep and neuronal processes underlying memory formation. However, this has mainly been revealed in animal studies. In this double-blind, placebo-controlled within-subject designed study, we examined how changes in the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory signalling affect sleep and sleep-associated memory consolidation in humans. After learning declarative memory tasks (word pairs, texts) and a procedural memory task (finger tapping) in the evening, 21 healthy young men orally received either 200 mg of the anti-inflammatory antibiotic minocycline or placebo shortly before nocturnal sleep. Sleep was allowed between 23:00 and 07:00 h and recorded polysomnographically. Retrieval of memories was tested two days later. Because of outliers or missing data, final sample size was reduced to n = 14-19. Our data suggest that rather than weakening sleep as expected based on animal studies, the anti-inflammatory agent promoted sleep and memory consolidation. Specifically, minocycline increased slow-wave activity (0.68-4.0 Hz) during non-rapid eye movement sleep stage 2 and selectively enhanced episodic aspects in memory (i.e. memory for the temporal order of events in the texts). In combination with previous results, our findings indicate that, in humans, reducing pro-inflammatory signalling can act towards deepening non-rapid eye movement sleep and enhancing its memory forming efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Besedovsky
- 1 Department of Medical Psychology and Behavioural Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Eva-Maria Schmidt
- 1 Department of Medical Psychology and Behavioural Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Barbara Linz
- 2 Department of Neuroendocrinology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Susanne Diekelmann
- 1 Department of Medical Psychology and Behavioural Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tanja Lange
- 2 Department of Neuroendocrinology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,3 Department of Rheumatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jan Born
- 1 Department of Medical Psychology and Behavioural Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,4 Centre for Integrative Neuroscience (CIN), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,5 German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany.,6 Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Centre Munich at the University of Tübingen (IDM), Tübingen, Germany
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Besedovsky L, Dimitrov S, Born J, Lange T. Nocturnal sleep uniformly reduces numbers of different T-cell subsets in the blood of healthy men. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2016; 311:R637-R642. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00149.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In humans, numbers of circulating T cells show a circadian rhythm with peak counts during the night and a steep decline in the morning. Sleep per se appears to counter this rhythm by acutely reducing the total number of T cells. The T-cell population, however, is rather heterogeneous, comprising various subpopulations with different features and functions and also different circadian rhythms. Therefore, we examined here whether sleep likewise differentially affects these subsets. We measured eight different T-cell subsets (naïve, central memory, effector memory, and effector CD4+ and CD8+ T cells) over a 24-h period under conditions of sustained wakefulness compared with a regular sleep-wake cycle in 14 healthy young men. Sleep reduced the number of all T-cell subsets during nighttime with this effect reaching the P < 0.05 level of significance in all but one subpopulation, i.e., effector CD4+ T cells, where it only approached significance. Furthermore, sleep was associated with an increase in growth hormone, prolactin, and aldosterone levels, whereas concentrations of catecholamines tended to be lower than during nocturnal wakefulness. The effect of sleep uniformly decreasing the different T-cell subsets is surprising considering their differential function and circadian rhythms, and even more so, since the sleep-induced decreases in these subsets are probably conveyed by different hormonal mediators. Although the reductions in cell numbers are rather small, they are comparable to changes seen, for example, after vaccination and are, therefore, likely to be of physiological relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Besedovsky
- Department of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stoyan Dimitrov
- Department of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Neuroendocrinology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jan Born
- Department of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Center for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; and
| | - Tanja Lange
- Department of Neuroendocrinology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Clinic for Rheumatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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Dimitrov SI, Besedovsky L, Jensen ATR, Born J, Gouttefangeas C, Rammensee HG, Lange T. A fast live-cell assay to detect antigen-specific CD8+ T cells based on upregulation of integrin-mediated adhesion. The Journal of Immunology 2016. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.196.supp.209.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Antigen stimulation of T-cell receptors on T cells induces an immediate increase in ligand-binding affinity and clustering in the plasma membrane of beta2-integrins, resulting in a strong binding to intercellular adhesion molecules (ICAMs) on target cells. This firm adhesion, e.g. of cytotoxic T cells to virus-infected or tumor cells with formation of cytotoxic synapses is required for target cell lysis. Therefore, upregulation of integrin-mediated adhesion after stimulation identifies functional effector T cells. Here we present a novel flow cytometry assay to enumerate antigen-specific CD8+ T cells using soluble multimeric ICAM1-Fc-F(ab’)2 fluorescent complexes to identify integrin activation induced after short-term stimulation in vitro. By optimizing and validating this assay we were able to identify pathogen-, tumor- or vaccine-induced CD8+T cells, and show its feasibility for assessing and isolating live, functional antigen-specific CD8+T cells. Performing coexpression analyses, we found that antigen-stimulated cells that expressed cytokines and mobilized CD107a were predominantly highly adherent CD8+T cells. Finally, CD8+ T cells that upregulated integrins were shown to mediate cytolytic activity in an antigen-specific manner. The most striking advantage of this method is the short-time incubation (several minutes) that is necessary to identify and isolate viable antigen-specific cytotoxic T cells by assessing upregulation of T cell adhesiveness, a critical step for elaborating multiple effector functions, including cytotoxicity and cytokine production.
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Dimitrov SI, Besedovsky L, Jensen ATR, Born J, Gouttefangeas C, Rammensee HG, Lange T. G-alpha-s-coupled receptor signaling controls circadian rhythm in integrin-mediated cell adhesion of virus-specific human CD8+ T cells. The Journal of Immunology 2016. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.196.supp.119.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Beta2-integrin activation in response to inside-out signaling by chemokines plays a major role in T-cell adhesion to the endothelium and the following extravasation into the inflamed tissue. We and others have previously shown that daytime increase in G-alpha-s-coupled receptor (GαsPCR) signaling, such as via beta2-adrenergic receptors counteracts integrin activation and promotes mobilization of effector CD8+ T cells from the marginal pool into the recirculation. In T cells, integrin activation is also rapidly induced by stimulation of antigen-specific T-cell receptors (TCR), resulting in the formation of stable immunological synapses. Therefore, we asked whether daytime increase in GαsPCR signaling inhibits integrin activation induced by TCR stimulation of human virus-specific T cells. Using ligand-complex-based adhesion assay to measure beta2-integrin activation, we show that affinity of integrins, which were activated by soluble cytomegalovirus virus peptide-major histocompatibility complex class I HLA-multimers is minimal during daytime. Additional in vitro experiments with GαsPCR agonists showed that epinephrine, norepinephrine, histamine, adenosine, and prostaglandins E2/D2 down-modulate the beta2-integrin activation; however, only epinephrine did so in physiological daytime concentrations, suggesting its mayor role in circadian regulation of T-cell adhesion. This active down-modulation of integrin activation through GαsPCR might be an essential mechanism of circadian immune defense regulation.
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Besedovsky L, Born J. Sleep, Don't Sneeze: Longer Sleep Reduces the Risk of Catching a Cold. Sleep 2015; 38:1341-2. [PMID: 26285007 DOI: 10.5665/sleep.4958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Besedovsky
- Department of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jan Born
- Department of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Center for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany.,Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen (IDM), Tübingen, Germany
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Schmidt EM, Linz B, Diekelmann S, Besedovsky L, Lange T, Born J. Effects of an interleukin-1 receptor antagonist on human sleep, sleep-associated memory consolidation, and blood monocytes. Brain Behav Immun 2015; 47:178-85. [PMID: 25535859 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2014.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pro-inflammatory cytokines like interleukin-1 beta (IL-1) are major players in the interaction between the immune system and the central nervous system. Various animal studies report a sleep-promoting effect of IL-1 leading to enhanced slow wave sleep (SWS). Moreover, this cytokine was shown to affect hippocampus-dependent memory. However, the role of IL-1 in human sleep and memory is not yet understood. We administered the synthetic IL-1 receptor antagonist anakinra (IL-1ra) in healthy humans (100mg, subcutaneously, before sleep; n=16) to investigate the role of IL-1 signaling in sleep regulation and sleep-dependent declarative memory consolidation. Inasmuch monocytes have been considered a model for central nervous microglia, we monitored cytokine production in classical and non-classical blood monocytes to gain clues about how central nervous effects of IL-1ra are conveyed. Contrary to our expectation, IL-1ra increased EEG slow wave activity during SWS and non-rapid eye movement (NonREM) sleep, indicating a deepening of sleep, while sleep-associated memory consolidation remained unchanged. Moreover, IL-1ra slightly increased prolactin and reduced cortisol levels during sleep. Production of IL-1 by classical monocytes was diminished after IL-1ra. The discrepancy to findings in animal studies might reflect species differences and underlines the importance of studying cytokine effects in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria Schmidt
- Department of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Barbara Linz
- Department of Neuroendocrinology, University of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Susanne Diekelmann
- Department of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Luciana Besedovsky
- Department of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tanja Lange
- Department of Neuroendocrinology, University of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jan Born
- Department of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Center for Integrative Neuroscience (CIN), University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD) and Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Centre Munich at the University of Tübingen (IDM), 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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Dimitrov S, Besedovsky L, Born J, Lange T. Differential acute effects of sleep on spontaneous and stimulated production of tumor necrosis factor in men. Brain Behav Immun 2015; 47:201-10. [PMID: 25500219 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2014.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is considered a key molecule in the regulation of sleep in health and disease. Conversely, sleep compared to sleep deprivation can modulate TNF release, but overall results are conflicting. In this study we focused on the influence of sleep on spontaneous, i.e., unstimulated TNF production, which might be involved in sleep regulation under normal non-infectious conditions, and on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated TNF production, which reflects the capacity of the immune system to respond to a pathogen. To this end, we monitored 10 healthy men during a regular sleep-wake cycle and during 24h of wakefulness while blood was sampled repeatedly to analyze circulating TNF levels in serum as well as intracellular TNF production in monocytes spontaneously and after stimulation with LPS employing whole blood cell cultures. In addition we assessed numbers of monocyte subsets and levels of various hormones in blood. In comparison with nocturnal wakefulness, sleep acutely decreased serum TNF levels, with no parallel decrease in spontaneous monocytic TNF production, but was associated with a striking nighttime increase in the percentage of TNF producing monocytes after stimulation with LPS. The following day circulating TNF showed a reverse pattern with higher levels after regular sleep than after the nocturnal vigil. The mechanisms mediating the differential effects of sleep on circulating TNF (acutely decreased) vs. stimulated monocytic TNF production (acutely increased) remain unclear, although explorative correlational analyses pointed to a regulatory involvement of cortisol, norepinephrine and prolactin. The acute enhancing effect of sleep on LPS stimulated monocytic TNF production adds to the notion that nocturnal sleep favors immune defense to a microbial challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stoyan Dimitrov
- Department of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Luciana Besedovsky
- Department of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jan Born
- Department of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Center for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany; Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen (IDM), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tanja Lange
- Department of Neuroendocrinology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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Rimmele U, Besedovsky L, Lange T, Born J. Emotional memory can be persistently weakened by suppressing cortisol during retrieval. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2015; 119:102-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2015.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 01/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Feld GB, Besedovsky L, Kaida K, Münte TF, Born J. Dopamine D2-like Receptor Activation Wipes Out Preferential Consolidation of High over Low Reward Memories during Human Sleep. J Cogn Neurosci 2014; 26:2310-20. [DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_00629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Memory formation is a selective process in which reward contingencies determine which memory is maintained and which is forgotten. Sleep plays a pivotal role in maintaining information for the long term and has been shown to specifically benefit memories that are associated with reward. Key to memory consolidation during sleep is a neuronal reactivation of newly encoded representations. However, it is unclear whether preferential consolidation of memories associated with reward requires the reactivation of dopaminergic circuitry known to mediate reward effects at encoding. In a placebo-controlled, double-blind, balanced crossover experiment, we show that the dopamine D2-like receptor agonist pramipexole given during sleep wipes out reward contingencies. Before sleep, 16 men learned 160 pictures of landscapes and interiors that were associated with high or low rewards, if they were identified between new stimuli at retrieval 24 hr later. In the placebo condition, the participants retained significantly more pictures that promised a high reward. In the pramipexole condition, this difference was wiped out, and performance for the low reward pictures was as high as that for high reward pictures. Pramipexole did not generally enhance memory consolidation probably because of the fact that the dopaminergic agonist concurrently suppressed both SWS and REM sleep. These results are consistent with the concept that preferential consolidation of reward-associated memories relies on hippocampus-driven reactivation within the dopaminergic reward system during sleep, whereby during sleep reward contingencies are fed back to the hippocampus to strengthen specific memories, possibly, through dopaminergic facilitation of long-term potentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kosuke Kaida
- 3National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Japan
| | | | - Jan Born
- 1University of Tübingen
- 2University of Lübeck
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Besedovsky L, Linz B, Dimitrov S, Groch S, Born J, Lange T. Cortisol increases CXCR4 expression but does not affect CD62L and CCR7 levels on specific T cell subsets in humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2014; 306:E1322-9. [PMID: 24760986 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00678.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are well known to affect T cell migration, leading to a redistribution of the cells from blood to the bone marrow, accompanied by a concurrent suppression of lymph node homing. Despite numerous studies in this context, with most of them employing synthetic glucocorticoids in nonphysiological doses, the mechanisms of this redistribution are not well understood. Here, we investigated in healthy men the impact of cortisol at physiological concentrations on the expression of different migration molecules on eight T cell subpopulations in vivo and in vitro. Hydrocortisone (cortisol, 22 mg) infused during nocturnal rest when endogenous cortisol levels are low, compared with placebo, differentially reduced numbers of T cell subsets, with naive CD4(+) and CD8(+) subsets exhibiting the strongest reduction. Hydrocortisone in vivo and in vitro increased CXCR4 expression, which presumably mediates the recruitment of T cells to the bone marrow. Expression of the lymph node homing receptor CD62L on total CD3(+) and CD8(+) T cells appeared reduced following hydrocortisone infusion. However, this was due to a selective extravasation of CD62L(+) T cell subsets, as hydrocortisone affected neither CD62L expression on a subpopulation level nor CD62L expression in vitro. Corresponding results in the opposite direction were observed after blocking of endogenous cortisol synthesis by metyrapone. CCR7, another lymph node homing receptor, was also unaffected by hydrocortisone in vitro. Thus, cortisol seems to redirect T cells to the bone marrow by upregulating their CXCR4 expression, whereas its inhibiting effect on T cell homing to lymph nodes is apparently regulated independently of the expression of classical homing receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Besedovsky
- Department of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neuroendocrinology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Barbara Linz
- Department of Neuroendocrinology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Stoyan Dimitrov
- Department of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Sabine Groch
- Department of Neuroendocrinology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jan Born
- Department of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Center for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, Tübingen, Germany; Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; and
| | - Tanja Lange
- Department of Neuroendocrinology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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Besedovsky L, Linz B, Born J, Lange T. Mineralocorticoid receptor signaling reduces numbers of circulating human naïve T cells and increases their CD62L, CCR7, and CXCR4 expression. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:1759-69. [PMID: 24595810 PMCID: PMC4298762 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201344265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The role of mineralocorticoid receptors (MRs) in human T-cell migration is not yet understood. We have recently shown that the MR antagonist spironolactone selectively increases the numbers of circulating naïve and central memory T cells during early sleep, which is the time period in the 24 h cycle hallmarked by predominant MR activation. To investigate whether this effect is specific to spironolactone's blockade of MRs and to study the underlying molecular mechanisms, healthy humans were given the selective MR-agonist fludrocortisone or placebo and numbers of eight T-cell subsets and their CD62L and CXCR4 expression were analyzed. Fludrocortisone selectively reduced counts of naïve CD4+, central memory CD4+, and naïve CD8+ T cells and increased CXCR4 expression on the naïve subsets. In complementing in vitro studies, fludrocortisone enhanced CXCR4 and CD62L expression, which was counteracted by spironolactone. Incubation of naïve T cells with spironolactone alone reduced CD62L and CCR7 expression. Our results indicate a regulatory influence of MR signaling on human T-cell migration and suggest a role for endogenous aldosterone in the redistribution of T-cell subsets to lymph nodes, involving CD62L, CCR7, and CXCR4. Facilitation of T-cell homing following sleep-dependent aldosterone release might thus essentially contribute to sleep's well-known role in supporting adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Besedovsky
- Department of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Besedovsky L, Born J, Lange T. Endogenous glucocorticoid receptor signaling drives rhythmic changes in human T-cell subset numbers and the expression of the chemokine receptor CXCR4. FASEB J 2013; 28:67-75. [PMID: 24051033 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-237958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In humans, numbers of circulating naive T cells strongly decline in the morning, which was suggested to be mediated by cortisol, inducing a CXCR4 up-regulation with a subsequent extravasation of the cells. As a systematic evaluation of this assumption is lacking, we investigated in two human placebo-controlled studies the effects of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) antagonist mifepristone (200 mg orally at 23:00) and of suppressing endogenous cortisol with metyrapone (1 g orally at 04:00) on temporal changes in CXCR4 expression and numbers of different T-cell subsets using flow cytometry. Mifepristone attenuated, and metyrapone completely blocked, the morning increase in CXCR4 expression on naive T cells. In parallel, both substances also hindered the decline in naive T-cell numbers with this effect, however, being less apparent after mifepristone. We identified, and confirmed in additional in vitro studies, a partial agonistic GR effect of mifepristone at night (i.e., between 02:00 and 03:30) that could explain the lower antagonistic efficacy of the substance on CXCR4 expression and naive T-cell counts. CXCR4 expression emerged to be a most sensitive marker of GR signaling. Our studies jointly show that endogenous cortisol, specifically via GR activation, causes the morning increase in CXCR4 expression and the subsequent extravasation of naive T cells, thus revealing an important immunological function of the morning cortisol rise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Besedovsky
- 1Department of Neuroendocrinology, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, Lübeck 23538, Germany.
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Abstract
Sleep and the circadian system exert a strong regulatory influence on immune functions. Investigations of the normal sleep–wake cycle showed that immune parameters like numbers of undifferentiated naïve T cells and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines exhibit peaks during early nocturnal sleep whereas circulating numbers of immune cells with immediate effector functions, like cytotoxic natural killer cells, as well as anti-inflammatory cytokine activity peak during daytime wakefulness. Although it is difficult to entirely dissect the influence of sleep from that of the circadian rhythm, comparisons of the effects of nocturnal sleep with those of 24-h periods of wakefulness suggest that sleep facilitates the extravasation of T cells and their possible redistribution to lymph nodes. Moreover, such studies revealed a selectively enhancing influence of sleep on cytokines promoting the interaction between antigen presenting cells and T helper cells, like interleukin-12. Sleep on the night after experimental vaccinations against hepatitis A produced a strong and persistent increase in the number of antigen-specific Th cells and antibody titres. Together these findings indicate a specific role of sleep in the formation of immunological memory. This role appears to be associated in particular with the stage of slow wave sleep and the accompanying pro-inflammatory endocrine milieu that is hallmarked by high growth hormone and prolactin levels and low cortisol and catecholamine concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Besedovsky
- Department of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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