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Boff S, Ayasse M. Exposure to sublethal concentration of flupyradifurone alters sexual behavior and cuticular hydrocarbon profile in Heriades truncorum, an oligolectic solitary bee. INSECT SCIENCE 2024; 31:859-869. [PMID: 37602924 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
The aboveground oligolectic bee, Heriades truncorum, is a particularly good model for studying the impact of pesticides on sexual communication, since some aspects of its mating behavior have previously been described. We have tested (1) the interference of the pesticide flupyradifurone on male precopulatory behavior and male mating partner preferences, (2) the way that the pesticide interferes in male quality assessment by the female, and (3) the effects of the pesticide on the chemical compounds in the female cuticle. We exposed bees of both sexes to a sublethal concentration of flupyradifurone. Various behaviors were registered in a mating arena with two females (one unexposed and one exposed) and one male (either unexposed or exposed). Unexposed males were quicker to attempt to mate. Treatment also impacted precopulatory behavior and male quality assessment by females. Males approached unexposed females more quickly than insecticide-exposed ones. Females exposed to insecticide produced lower amounts of some cuticular hydrocarbons (sex pheromone candidates) and appeared less choosy than unexposed females. Our findings suggest that insecticide exposure affects sexual communication, playing a role both in male preference and in male quality assessment by the female.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Boff
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Manfred Ayasse
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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2
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Baguette M, Bertrand JAM, Stevens VM, Schatz B. Why are there so many bee-orchid species? Adaptive radiation by intra-specific competition for mnesic pollinators. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2020; 95:1630-1663. [PMID: 32954662 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Adaptive radiations occur mostly in response to environmental variation through the evolution of key innovations that allow emerging species to occupy new ecological niches. Such biological innovations may play a major role in niche divergence when emerging species are engaged in reciprocal ecological interactions. To demonstrate coevolution is a difficult task; only a few studies have confirmed coevolution as driver of speciation and diversification. Herein we review current knowledge about bee orchid (Ophrys spp.) reproductive biology. We propose that the adaptive radiation of the Mediterranean orchid genus Ophrys, comprising several hundred species, is due to coevolutionary dynamics between these plants and their pollinators. We suggest that pollination by sexual swindling used by Ophrys orchids is the main driver of this coevolution. Flowers of each Ophrys species mimic a sexually receptive female of one particular insect species, mainly bees. Male bees are first attracted by pseudo-pheromones emitted by Ophrys flowers that are similar to the sexual pheromones of their females. Males then are lured by the flower shape, colour and hairiness, and attempt to copulate with the flower, which glues pollen onto their bodies. Pollen is later transferred to the stigma of another flower of the same Ophrys species during similar copulation attempts. In contrast to rewarding pollination strategies, Ophrys pollinators appear to be parasitized. Here we propose that this apparent parasitism is in fact a coevolutionary relationship between Ophrys and their pollinators. For plants, pollination by sexual swindling could ensure pollination efficiency and specificity, and gene flow among populations. For pollinators, pollination by sexual swindling could allow habitat matching and inbreeding avoidance. Pollinators might use the pseudo-pheromones emitted by Ophrys to locate suitable habitats from a distance within complex landscapes. In small populations, male pollinators would disperse once they have memorized the local diversity of sexual pseudo-pheromone bouquets or if all Ophrys flowers are fertilized and thus repel pollinators via production of repulsive pheromones that mimic those produced by fertilized female bees. We propose the following evolutionary scenario: Ophrys radiation is driven by strong intra-specific competition among Ophrys individuals for the attraction of species-specific pollinators, which is a consequence of the high cognitive abilities of pollinators. Male bees record the pheromone signatures of kin or of previously courted partners to avoid further copulation attempts, thereby inducing strong selection on Ophrys for variation in odour bouquets emitted by individual flowers. The resulting odour bouquets could by chance correspond to pseudo-pheromones of the females of another bee species, and thus attract a new pollinator. If such pollinator shifts occur simultaneously in several indivuals, pollen exchanges might occur and initiate speciation. To reinforce the attraction of the new pollinator and secure prezygotic isolation, the following step is directional selection on flower phenotypes (shape, colour and hairiness) towards a better match with the body of the pollinator's female. Pollinator shift and the resulting prezygotic isolation is adaptive for new Ophrys species because they may benefit from competitor-free space for limited pollinators. We end our review by proritizing several critical research avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Baguette
- Institut Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), UMR 7205 Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, F-75005, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, SETE Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale, UMR 5321, F-09200, Moulis, France
| | - Joris A M Bertrand
- LGDP (Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes) UMR5096, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia -CNRS, F-66860, Perpignan, France
| | - Virginie M Stevens
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, SETE Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale, UMR 5321, F-09200, Moulis, France
| | - Bertrand Schatz
- CEFE (Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive) UMR 5175, CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul Valéry - EPHE, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier, France
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3
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Conrad T, Paxton RJ, Assum G, Ayasse M. Divergence in male sexual odor signal and genetics across populations of the red mason bee, Osmia bicornis, in Europe. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193153. [PMID: 29470539 PMCID: PMC5823451 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In some insect species, females may base their choice for a suitable mate on male odor. In the red mason bee, Osmia bicornis, female choice is based on a male’s odor bouquet as well as its thorax vibrations, and its relatedness to the female, a putative form of optimal outbreeding. Interestingly, O. bicornis can be found as two distinct color morphs in Europe, which are thought to represent subspecies and between which we hypothesize that female discrimination may be particularly marked. Here we investigated (i) if these two colors morphs do indeed represent distinct, reproductively differentiated populations, (ii) how odor bouquets of male O. bicornis vary within and between populations, and (iii) whether variation in male odor correlates with genetic distance, which might represent a cue by which females could optimally outbreed. Using GC and GC-MS analysis of male odors and microsatellite analysis of males and females from 9 populations, we show that, in Denmark, an area of subspecies sympatry, the two color morphs at any one site do not differ, either in odor bouquet or in population genetic differentiation. Yet populations across Europe are distinct in their odor profile as well as being genetically differentiated. Odor differences do not, however, mirror genetic differentiation between populations. We hypothesize that populations from Germany, England and Denmark may be under sexual selection through female choice for local odor profiles, which are not related to color morph though which could ultimately lead to population divergence and speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taina Conrad
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Robert J Paxton
- Institute of Biology/General Zoology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Günter Assum
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Manfred Ayasse
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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4
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Krohmaly KI, Martin ZW, Lattanzio MS. Male mate choice and the potential for complex mating dynamics in the tree lizard (Urosaurus ornatus). Ethology 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.12726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kylie I. Krohmaly
- Department of Organismal and Environmental Biology; Christopher Newport University; Newport News VA USA
| | - Zachary W. Martin
- Department of Organismal and Environmental Biology; Christopher Newport University; Newport News VA USA
| | - Matthew S. Lattanzio
- Department of Organismal and Environmental Biology; Christopher Newport University; Newport News VA USA
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5
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Polidori C, Giordani I, Wurdack M, Tormos J, Asís JD, Schmitt T. Post-mating shift towards longer-chain cuticular hydrocarbons drastically reduces female attractiveness to males in a digger wasp. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 100:119-127. [PMID: 28477982 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Females of most aculeate Hymenoptera mate only once and males are therefore under a strong competitive pressure which is expected to favour the evolution of rapid detection of virgin females. In several bee species, the cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC) profile exhibited by virgin females elicits male copulation attempts. However, it is still unknown how widespread this type of sexual communication is within Aculeata. Here, we investigated the use of CHCs as mating cues in the digger wasp Stizus continuus, which belongs to the family (Crabronidae) from within bees arose. In field experiments, unmanipulated, recently emerged virgin female dummies promptly elicit male copulation attempts, whereas 1-4days old mated females dummies were still attractive but to a much lesser extent. In contrast, old (10-15days) mated female dummies did not attract males at all. After hexane-washing, attractiveness almost disappeared but could be achieved by adding CHC extracts from virgin females even on hexane-washed old mated females. Thus, the chemical base of recognition of females as appropriate mating partner by males is coded in their CHC profile. Accordingly, differences in CHC profiles can be detected between sexes, with males having larger amounts of alkenes and exclusive long-chain alkanes, and within females specially according to their mating status. Shortly after mating, almost all of the major hydrocarbons found on the cuticle of females undergo significant changes in their abundance, with a clear shift from short-chain to long-chain linear and methyl-branched alkanes. The timely detection of virgin females by males in S. continuus could be advantageous within the narrow period of female emergence, when male-male competition is strongest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Polidori
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales (ICAM), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avenida Carlos III, s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain; Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, C2-P3 Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Irene Giordani
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Animal Ecology, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mareike Wurdack
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Animal Ecology, University of Freiburg, Germany; Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, University of Würzburg, Germany
| | - José Tormos
- Unidad de Zoología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, Spain
| | - Josep D Asís
- Unidad de Zoología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, Spain
| | - Thomas Schmitt
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Animal Ecology, University of Freiburg, Germany; Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, University of Würzburg, Germany
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Kukuk PF, May B. DIPLOID MALES IN A PRIMITIVELY EUSOCIAL BEE,
LASIOGLOSSUM
(
DIALICTUS
)
ZEPHYRUM
(HYMENOPTERA: HALICTIDAE). Evolution 2017; 44:1522-1528. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1990.tb03843.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/1989] [Accepted: 12/10/1989] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Bernie May
- Department of Natural Resources and Cornell Laboratory for Ecological and Evolutionary Genetics Cornell University Ithaca NY 14853 USA
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7
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Chuine A, Sauzet S, Debias F, Desouhant E. Consequences of genetic incompatibility on fitness and mate choice: the male point of view. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Chuine
- Université Lyon 1; Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive; F-69000 Lyon UMR CNRS 5558 F-69622 Villeurbanne France
| | - Sandrine Sauzet
- Université Lyon 1; Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive; F-69000 Lyon UMR CNRS 5558 F-69622 Villeurbanne France
| | - François Debias
- Université Lyon 1; Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive; F-69000 Lyon UMR CNRS 5558 F-69622 Villeurbanne France
| | - Emmanuel Desouhant
- Université Lyon 1; Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive; F-69000 Lyon UMR CNRS 5558 F-69622 Villeurbanne France
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8
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Inbreeding and the evolution of sociality in arthropods. Naturwissenschaften 2012; 99:779-88. [DOI: 10.1007/s00114-012-0961-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2012] [Revised: 08/04/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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9
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Darvill B, Lepais O, Woodall LC, Goulson D. Triploid bumblebees indicate a direct cost of inbreeding in fragmented populations. Mol Ecol 2012; 21:3988-95. [PMID: 22734895 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2012.05679.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hymenopteran species with single-locus complimentary sex-determination (sl-CSD) face an additional cost of inbreeding because of a loss of diversity at the sex-determining locus. Laboratory studies of a range of Hymenoptera have found that a small percentage of diploid males produce viable diploid sperm, and that if these males mate, then the resultant females produce triploid offspring that are sterile. Here, we use microsatellite markers to determine the frequency of triploid individuals of Bombus muscorum and B. jonellus in a model island system. Triploids were found in populations of both species. Observed triploid frequencies of up to 8% were detected, and estimated total frequencies peaked at 20% with respect to normal diploid workers. For both species, triploid frequency was negatively correlated with surrogates of population size, providing direct evidence for inbreeding in small populations. Populations limited to <∼15 km(2) of suitable habitat were particularly likely to harbour triploids. Estimated total triploid frequencies were higher in B. muscorum than in B. jonellus, perhaps due to the greater dispersal range of the latter species. Implications for the conservation of rare social hymenopterans are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Darvill
- University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland.
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10
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Tan CK, Løvlie H, Pizzari T, Wigby S. No evidence for precopulatory inbreeding avoidance in Drosophila melanogaster. Anim Behav 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2012.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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11
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Conrad T, Paxton RJ, Barth FG, Francke W, Ayasse M. Female choice in the red mason bee, Osmia rufa (L.) (Megachilidae). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 213:4065-73. [PMID: 21075948 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.038174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Females are often thought to use several cues and more than one modality in selection of a mate, possibly because they offer complementary information on a mate's suitability. In the red mason bee, Osmia rufa, we investigated the criteria a female uses to choose a mating partner. We hypothesized that the female uses male thorax vibrations and size as signs of male viability and male odor for kin discrimination and assessment of genetic relatedness. We therefore compared males that had been accepted by a female for copulation with those rejected, in terms of their size, their immediate precopulatory vibrations (using laser vibrometry), the genetic relatedness of unmated and mated pairs (using microsatellite markers) and emitted volatiles (using chemical analyses). Females showed a preference for intermediate-sized males that were slightly larger than the modal male size. Furthermore, male precopulatory vibration burst duration was significantly longer in males accepted for copulation compared with rejected males. Vibrations may indicate vigor and assure that males selected by females are metabolically active and healthy. Females preferentially copulated with males that were genetically more closely related, possibly to avoid outbreeding depression. Volatiles of the cuticular surface differed significantly between accepted and rejected males in the relative amounts of certain hydrocarbons, although the relationship between male odor and female preference was complex. Females may therefore also use differences in odor bouquet to select among males. Our investigations show that O. rufa females appear to use multiple cues in selecting a male. Future investigations are needed to demonstrate whether odor plays a role in kin recognition and how the multiple cues are integrated in mate choice by females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taina Conrad
- Department of Experimental Ecology, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89069 Ulm, Germany
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12
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Kin discriminators in the eusocial sweat bee Lasioglossum malachurum: the reliability of cuticular and Dufour’s gland odours. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-010-1066-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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13
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Metzger M, Bernstein C, Hoffmeister TS, Desouhant E. Does kin recognition and sib-mating avoidance limit the risk of genetic incompatibility in a parasitic wasp? PLoS One 2010; 5:e13505. [PMID: 20976063 PMCID: PMC2957437 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2010] [Accepted: 09/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND When some combinations of maternal and paternal alleles have a detrimental effect on offspring fitness, females should be able to choose mates on the basis of their genetic compatibility. In numerous Hymenoptera, the sex of an individual depends of the allelic combination at a specific locus (single-locus Complementary Sex Determination), and in most of these species individuals that are homozygous at this sexual locus develop into diploid males with zero fitness. METHODS AND FINDINGS In this paper, we tested the hypothesis of genetic incompatibility avoidance by investigating sib-mating avoidance in the solitary wasp parasitoid, Venturia canescens. In the context of mate choice we show, for the first time in a non-social hymenopteran species, that females can avoid mating with their brothers through kin recognition. In "no-choice" tests, the probability a female will mate with an unrelated male is twice as high as the chance of her mating with her brothers. In contrast, in choice tests in small test arenas, no kin discrimination effect was observed. Further experiments with male extracts demonstrate that chemical cues emanating from related males influence the acceptance rate of unrelated males. CONCLUSIONS Our results are compatible with the genetic incompatibility hypothesis. They suggest that the female wasps recognize sibs on the basis of a chemical signature carried or emitted by males possibly using a "self-referent phenotype matching" mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Metzger
- Université de Lyon; Université Lyon 1; CNRS; UMR 5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, Villeurbanne, France
- Institut für Oekologie, Universitaet Bremen, Fachbereich 2, Bremen, Germany
| | - Carlos Bernstein
- Université de Lyon; Université Lyon 1; CNRS; UMR 5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, Villeurbanne, France
| | | | - Emmanuel Desouhant
- Université de Lyon; Université Lyon 1; CNRS; UMR 5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, Villeurbanne, France
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14
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Shilpa M, Sen R, Gadagkar R. Nestmateship and body size do not influence mate choice in males and females: A laboratory study of a primitively eusocial wasp Ropalidia marginata. Behav Processes 2010; 85:42-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2010.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2009] [Revised: 05/09/2010] [Accepted: 06/03/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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15
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ULRICH YUKO, PERRIN NICOLAS, CHAPUISAT MICHEL. Flexible social organization and high incidence of drifting in the sweat bee,Halictus scabiosae. Mol Ecol 2009; 18:1791-800. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2009.04154.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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Stow A, Beattie A. Chemical and genetic defenses against disease in insect societies. Brain Behav Immun 2008; 22:1009-1013. [PMID: 18472394 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2008.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2008] [Revised: 03/20/2008] [Accepted: 03/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The colonies of ants, bees, wasps and termites, the social insects, consist of large numbers of closely related individuals; circumstances ideal for contagious diseases. Antimicrobial assays of these animals have demonstrated a wide variety of chemical defenses against both bacteria and fungi that can be broadly classified as either external antiseptic compounds or internal immune molecules. Reducing the disease risks inherent in colonies of social insects is also achieved by behaviors, such as multiple mating or dispersal, that lower genetic relatedness both within- and among colonies. The interactions between social insects and their pathogens are complex, as illustrated by some ants that require antimicrobial and behavioral defenses against highly specialized fungi, such as those in the genus Cordyceps that attack larvae and adults and species in the genus Escovopsis that attack their food supplies. Studies of these defenses, especially in ants, have revealed remarkably sophisticated immune systems, including peptides induced by, and specific to, individual bacterial strains. The latter may be the result of the recruitment by the ants of antibiotic-producing bacteria but the extent of such three-way interactions remains unknown. There is strong experimental evidence that the evolution of sociality required dramatic increases in antimicrobial defenses and that microbes have been powerful selective agents. The antimicrobial chemicals and the insect-killing fungi may be useful in medicine and agriculture, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Stow
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
| | - Andrew Beattie
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
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17
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Stökl J, Schlüter PM, Stuessy TF, Paulus HF, Assum G, Ayasse M. Scent variation and hybridization cause the displacement of a sexually deceptive orchid species. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2008; 95:472-481. [PMID: 21632372 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.95.4.472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In the sexually deceptive orchid genus Ophrys, reproductive isolation is based on the specific attraction of males of a single pollinator species, mostly bees, by mimicking the female sex pheromone of this species. Changes in the floral odor can lead to hybridization, introgression, and possibly speciation. We investigated hybrid swarms of O. lupercalis and O. iricolor on Sardinia using behavioral, electrophysiological (GC-EAD), chemical, morphological, and genetic methods (AFLPs). In behavioral experiments, approximately 20% of the flowers from both species and hybrids were attractive to the "wrong" or both pollinator species. Analysis of the EAD-active hydrocarbons in the floral odor showed an overlap in the two species, whereby hybrid individuals could not be separated from O. iricolor. The genetic analysis confirmed the hybridization of the species. Plants of O. iricolor and hybrids are genetically indistinguishable and form an O. iricolor × lupercalis hybrid population. Remaining plants of O. lupercalis will possibly be displaced by the O. iricolor × lupercalis hybrid population in the future. Our study showed that in deceptive orchids, variation in the pollinator attracting cues, in this case, scent, can be the first step for speciation and at the same time cause the displacement of a species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Stökl
- Institute for Experimental Ecology, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89069 Ulm, Germany
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18
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PAXTON RJ, THORÉN PA, GYLLENSTRAND N, TENGÖ J. Microsatellite DNA analysis reveals low diploid male production in a communal bee with inbreeding. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2000.tb01220.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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19
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Lihoreau M, Zimmer C, Rivault C. Kin recognition and incest avoidance in a group-living insect. Behav Ecol 2007. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arm046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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20
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Vereecken NJ, Mant J, Schiestl FP. Population differentiation in female sex pheromone and male preferences in a solitary bee. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-006-0312-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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21
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The role of cuticular hydrocarbons in male attraction and repulsion by female Dawson's burrowing bee, Amegilla dawsoni. Anim Behav 2003. [DOI: 10.1006/anbe.2003.2240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Ayasse M, Paxton RJ, Tengö J. Mating behavior and chemical communication in the order Hymenoptera. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2001; 46:31-78. [PMID: 11112163 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ento.46.1.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Insects of the order Hymenoptera are biologically and economically important members of natural and agro ecosystems and exhibit diverse biologies, mating systems, and sex pheromones. We review what is known of their sex pheromone chemistry and function, paying particular emphasis to the Hymenoptera Aculeata (primarily ants, bees, and sphecid and vespid wasps), and provide a framework for the functional classification of their sex pheromones. Sex pheromones often comprise multicomponent blends derived from numerous exocrine tissues, including the cuticle. However, very few sex pheromones have been definitively characterized using bioassays, in part because of the behavioral sophistication of many Aculeata. The relative importance of species isolation versus sexual selection in shaping sex pheromone evolution is still unclear. Many species appear to discriminate among mates at the level of individual or kin/colony, and they use antiaphrodisiacs. Some orchids use hymenopteran sex pheromones to dupe males into performing pseudocopulation, with extreme species specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ayasse
- Institute of Zoology, Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, A-1090 Austria.
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Ayasse M, Schiestl FP, Paulus HF, Löfstedt C, Hansson B, Ibarra F, Francke W. Evolution of reproductive strategies in the sexually deceptive orchid Ophrys sphegodes: how does flower-specific variation of odor signals influence reproductive success? Evolution 2000; 54:1995-2006. [PMID: 11209776 DOI: 10.1111/j.0014-3820.2000.tb01243.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The orchid Ophrys sphegodes Miller is pollinated by sexually excited males of the solitary bee Andrena nigroaenea, which are lured to the flowers by visual cues and volatile semiochemicals. In O. sphegodes, visits by pollinators are rare. Because of this low frequency of pollination, one would expect the evolution of strategies that increase the chance that males will visit more than one flower on the same plant; this would increase the number of pollination events on a plant and therefore the number of seeds produced. Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses, we identified more than 100 compounds in the odor bouquets of labellum extracts from O. sphegodes; 24 compounds were found to be biologically active in male olfactory receptors based on gas chromatography with electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD). Gas chromatography (GC) analyses of odors from individual flowers showed less intraspecific variation in the odor bouquets of the biologically active compounds as compared to nonactive compounds. This can be explained by a higher selective pressure on the pollinator-attracting communication signal. Furthermore, we found a characteristic variation in the GC-EAD active esters and aldehydes among flowers of different stem positions within an inflorescence and in the n-alkanes and n-alkenes among plants from different populations. In our behavioral field tests, we showed that male bees learn the odor bouquets of individual flowers during mating attempts and recognize them in later encounters. Bees thereby avoid trying to mate with flowers they have visited previously, but do not avoid other flowers either of a different or the same plant. By varying the relative proportions of saturated esters and aldehydes between flowers of different stem positions, we demonstrated that a plant may take advantage of the learning abilities of the pollinators and influence flower visitation behavior. Sixty-seven percent of the males that visited one flower in an inflorescence returned to visit a second flower of the same inflorescence. However, geitonogamy is prevented and the likelihood of cross-fertilization is enhanced by the time required for the pollinium deposited on the pollinator to complete its bending movement, which is necessary for pollination to occur. Cross-fertilization is furthermore enhanced by the high degree of odor variation between plants. This variation minimizes learned avoidance of the flowers and increases the likelihood that a given pollinator would visit several to many different plants within a population.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ayasse
- Institute of Zoology, University of Vienna, Austria.
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Ayasse M, Schiestl FP, Paulus HF, Löfstedt C, Hansson B, Ibarra F, Francke W. EVOLUTION OF REPRODUCTIVE STRATEGIES IN THE SEXUALLY DECEPTIVE ORCHID OPHRYS SPHEGODES: HOW DOES FLOWER-SPECIFIC VARIATION OF ODOR SIGNALS INFLUENCE REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS? Evolution 2000. [DOI: 10.1554/0014-3820(2000)054[1995:eorsit]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Wcislo WT. Attraction and learning in mate-finding by solitary bees, Lasioglossum (Dialictus) figueresi Wcislo and Nomia triangulifera Vachal (Hymenoptera : Halictidae). Behav Ecol Sociobiol 1992. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00166347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Tengö J, Sick M, Ayasse M, Engels W, Svensson BG, Lübke G, Francke W. Species specificity of Dufour's gland morphology and volatile secretions in kleptoparasitic Sphecodes bees (Hymenoptera: Halictidae). BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0305-1978(92)90048-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Ayasse A, Leys R, Pamilo P, Tengö J. Kinship in communally nesting Andrena (hymenoptera; andrenidae) bees is indicated by composition of dufour's gland secretions. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0305-1978(90)90092-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Simmons L. Kin recognition and its influence on mating preferences of the field cricket, Gryllus bimaculatus (de Geer). Anim Behav 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-3472(89)80066-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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