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Wade JB, Stanton BA, Brown D. Structural Correlates of Transport in Distal Tubule and Collecting Duct Segments. Compr Physiol 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.cp080104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Katz U, Gabbay S. Mitochondria-rich cells in amphibian skin epithelium: Relationship of immuno- and peanut lectin labeling pattern and transport functions. Acta Histochem 2010; 112:345-54. [PMID: 19324399 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2009.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2008] [Revised: 02/16/2009] [Accepted: 02/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria-rich cells are an integral component of the epidermis of amphibian skin and play a functional role. Whereas the principal cell compartment of the epithelium is specialized almost exclusively for active uptake of sodium, the mitochondria-rich cells perform other diverse ion-transport functions, including transport of Cl(-), H(+), HCO(3)(-) and organic molecules. These transporting functions differ in different species. Antibodies, such as those directed against band 3, H(+)-ATPase, and also peanut lectin (PNA), bind specifically to the mitochondria-rich cells, but do so differently in various species. Examination of these immunolocalizations and lectin labeling in the skin of over 10 amphibian species, including both Anurans and Urodeles, illustrate species-specific differences. The binding pattern and the transport capabilities of the skin in the various species do not show a universal correlation, they appear to be species specific and do not permit construction of a general scheme common to all the species studied. The mitochondria-rich cells of heterocellular epithelia and their roles in ion transport remain a subject that requires further studies to elucidate their particular functions within the framework of the whole epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uri Katz
- Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel.
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Bellantuono V, Cassano G, Lippe C. The adrenergic receptor subtypes present in frog (Rana esculenta) skin. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2008; 148:160-4. [PMID: 18544474 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2008.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2008] [Revised: 05/02/2008] [Accepted: 05/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Frog skin transports ions and water under hormonal control. In spite of the fundamental role played by adrenergic stimulation in maintaining the water balance of the organism, the receptor subtype(s) present in the skin have not been identified yet. We measured the increase in short-circuit current (ISC, an estimate of ion transport) induced by cirazoline, clonidine, xamoterol, formoterol, or BRL 37344, in order to verify the presence of alpha1, alpha2, beta1, beta2, or beta3 receptor subtypes, respectively. Only after treatment with formoterol, BRL 37344 and, to a lesser extent, cirazoline was measured a significant increase in ISC (57%, 33.2%, and 4.7%, respectively). The formoterol and BRL 37344 concentrations producing half-maximal effect (EC50) were 1.12 and 70.1 nM, respectively. Moreover, the formoterol effect was inhibited by treatment with ICI 118551 (antagonist of beta2 receptors) while SR 59230A (antagonist of beta3 receptors) had no effect; opposite findings were obtained when the BRL 37344 stimulation was investigated. Finally, by measuring the transepithelial fluxes of 22Na+ and 36Cl-, we demonstrated that Na+ absorption is increased by activation of beta2 and beta3 and is cAMP-sensitive, whereas the Cl- secretion is only increased by activation of beta2 receptors and is cAMP- and calmodulin-sensitive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vito Bellantuono
- Department of General and Environmental Physiology, University of Bari, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy
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Kubota M, Hasegawa T, Nakakura T, Tanii H, Suzuki M, Tanaka S. Molecular and cellular characterization of a new aquaporin, AQP-x5,specifically expressed in the small granular glands of Xenopusskin. J Exp Biol 2006; 209:3199-208. [PMID: 16888067 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.02351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY
A new toad aquaporin (AQP) cDNA was cloned from a cDNA library constructed from the ventral skin of Xenopus laevis. This AQP (XenopusAQP-x5) consisted of 273 amino acid residues with a high sequence homology to mammalian AQP5. The predicted amino acid sequence contained the two conserved Asn-Pro-Ala motifs found in all major intrinsic protein (MIP) family members and six putative transmembrane domains. The sequence also contained a mercurial-sensitive cysteine and a putative phosphorylation motif site for protein kinase A at Ser-257. The swelling assay using Xenopus oocytes revealed that AQP-x5 facilitated water permeability. Expression of AQP-x5 mRNA was restricted to the skin, brain, lungs and testes. Immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopical studies using an anti-peptide antibody (ST-156)against the C-terminal region of the AQP-x5 protein revealed the presence of immunopositive cells in the skin, with the label predominately localized in the apical plasma membrane of the secretory cells of the small granular glands. These glands are unique both in being close to the epidermal layer of the skin and in containing mitochondria-rich cells with vacuolar H+-ATPase dispersed among its secretory cells. Results from immunohistochemical experiments on the mucous or seromucous glands of several other anurans verified this result. We conclude that the presence of AQP-x5 in the apical plasma membrane of the small granular glands suggests its involvement in water secretion from the skins. The physiological roles of the AQP-x5 protein in the small or mucous glands are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Kubota
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shizuoka University, Ohya 836, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
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Rozman A, Gabbay S, Katz U. Chloride conductance across toad skin: effects of ionic acclimations and cyclic AMP and relationship to mitochondria-rich cell density. J Exp Biol 2000; 203:2039-45. [PMID: 10851120 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.203.13.2039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The anionic conductance across toad (Bufo viridis) skin was studied using the voltage-clamp technique following long-term (more than 10 days) acclimation to NaCl and KCl solutions. The non-specific baseline conductance was approximately 0.6 mS cm(−)(2) and was similar in skins from all acclimation conditions. The voltage-activated Cl(−) conductance (G(Cl)) was maximal in skins from distilled-water- and KCl-acclimated toads (>3 mS cm(−)(2)) and was greatly reduced following acclimation to NaCl solutions. Cyclic AMP (EC(50)=13 micromol l(−)(1)) and isobutylmethyl xanthine (IBMX) (EC(50)=69 micromol l(−)(1)) exerted different effects on the activated conductance. IBMX only sensitized the activated conductance, whereas cyclic AMP (CPTcAMP) at high concentrations induced an increase in anionic conductance that was insensitive to electrical potential. Furthermore, external Cl(−) was not required for the stimulatory effect of cyclic AMP, and the conductive pathway had low selectivity. The effects of the two agonists were reversible and depended on the acclimation conditions. Following electrical measurements, the skin of the toads was removed and stained with silver to measure mitochondria-rich cell density (D(mrc)). There was no correlation between D(mrc) and Cl(−) conductance in the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rozman
- Department of Biology, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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Katz U, Rozman A, Zaccone G, Fasulo S, Gabbay S. Mitochondria-rich cells in anuran amphibia: chloride conductance and regional distribution over the body surface. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2000; 125:131-9. [PMID: 10779739 DOI: 10.1016/s1095-6433(99)00168-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The distribution and density (D(mrc)) of mitochondria-rich cells (MR cells) in skin epithelium, were determined over the whole body surface in nine species of anuran Amphibia that live in a variety of habitats. It was found that the more terrestrial species (beginning with Hyla arborea) have a higher density of MR cells in their pelvic region. In the skin of aquatic (Xenopus laevis) or fossorial (Pelobates syriacus) species, D(mrc) is evenly distributed over the whole body surface. In dorsal skin pieces of H. arborea that lack detectable MR cells, transepithelial voltage activation did not induce Cl(-) conductance as it did in ventral pieces. Skins from Bufo viridis and X. laevis, both have MR cells in their skin, differ markedly in their biophysical properties: a Cl(-) specific current conductance is predominant in the skin epithelium of B. viridis, and is absent in X. laevis. In the latter, anionic conductance is due to glandular secretion. The biophysical properties cannot therefore be related solely to the presence or density of MR cells. Mitochondria-rich cells are sites of Cl(-) conductance across the skin of those amphibians that show this property, but must have different function(s) in other species. It is suggested that the specific zonal distribution of MR cells in the species that were examined in this study could be due to ion exchange activity and water conservation in more terrestrial environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Katz
- Department of Biology, Israel Institute of Technology, Technion, Haifa, Israel.
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Restani C, Pederzoli A. Cytochemical and immunocytochemical investigations on epidermal mitochondria-rich cells in Salamandra salamandra salamandra (L.) larvae. Tissue Cell 1997; 29:619-25. [PMID: 9467926 DOI: 10.1016/s0040-8166(97)80038-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In the present study we set out to investigate the expression of E-cadherin, N-cadherin, beta 1-integrin, fibronectin and vitronectin in the mitochondria-rich cells (MRC) of the skin of Salamandra salamandra salamandra. Moreover MRC were stained with five lectins (Triticum vulgaris; Dolichos biflorus; Glycine max; Arachis hypogaea and Canavalia ensiformis). Larval MRC expressed both adhesion molecules and extracellular matrix glycoproteins and bound all lectins tested. Juvenile MRC did not react with the antisera utilized, but they stained with the lectins. Both the lectins and the regulatory molecules proved to be good cytochemical markers for distinguishing morphologically differentiated MRC during the larval life of Salamandra salamandra salamandra. The adhesion molecules and matrix glycoproteins are of great utility for maintaining the correct tissue architecture. In Salamandra salamandra salamandra larvae these molecules may be crucial for stability and for the correct localization and fate of all skin elements, including specialized cells such as larval MRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Restani
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Modena, Italy
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Rosenberg M, Warburg MR. Changes in Structure and Function of Ventral Epidermis inHyla arborea savignyiAud. (Anura; Hylidae) Throughout Metamorphosis. ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 1995. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-6395.1995.tb00995.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Page RD, Mia AJ, Buttar S, Yorio T. Adaptive changes of H+ secreting cells in the epidermis of the leopard frog Rana pipiens. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. C, COMPARATIVE PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY 1990; 96:245-51. [PMID: 1980436 DOI: 10.1016/0742-8413(90)90004-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
1. Mitochondria-rich (MR) cells in the integument of the southern leopard frog, Rana pipiens, berlandieri, were stained with AgNO3 under a variety of environmental and metabolic treatment conditions known to increase H+ excretion rates across the skin. In this tissue AgNO3 proved to be a good stain for discriminating the MR cell populations from the granular cells. 2. High salinity adapted southern frogs showed no change in the MR cell population. The inability of the MR cell number to significantly increase suggested that the increased H+ excretion rates previously seen in these animals were not due to increased MR cell proliferation. 3. The MR cell population was found to increase in the NaNO3 adapted frogs, demonstrating the contribution of altered extracellular Cl- concentrations on the regulation of MR cell density. 4. Animals that were placed in chronic metabolic acidosis or pre-treated with ibuprofen demonstrated an increased MR cell population. The current observations are consistent with previous findings that these treatment regimes increase H+ excretion, suggesting that one of the cellular adaptive mechanisms responsible for increasing H+ excretion involves increasing the MR cell density. 5. The results further suggest that prostaglandins may play a role in regulating H+ excretion in MR cells, and that either changes in intracellular pH or prostaglandin formation regulates cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Page
- Department of Pharmacology, Texas College of Osteopathic Medicine, Fort Worth 76107
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Katz U, Gabbay S. Mitochondria-rich cells and carbonic anhydrase content of toad skin epithelium. Cell Tissue Res 1988; 251:425-31. [PMID: 2449967 DOI: 10.1007/bf00215851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The density and carbonic anhydrase (CA) content of the mitochondria-rich cells (MRCs) in the skin epithelium of the toad, Bufo viridis, were studied under conditions of acclimation to various chlorinities. Long-term (days to weeks) acclimation to chloride-free solutions induced a great increase in the MRC density and the area occupied by the apical portion of these cells on the surface of the epithelium. The CA content of the epithelium, and individual MR cells, showed a 5- to 10-fold reduction after acclimation to solutions containing high chloride levels. The MRC density and their relative apical surface area correlated with the chloride permeability of the skin in acclimated (long-term) toads. It is concluded that the MRCs are the principal site of chloride permeability across the amphibian skin, and they respond in an adaptive manner to long-term changes in environmental chloride levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Katz
- Department of Biology, Technion, Haifa, Israel
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Orci L, Humbert F, Brown D, Perrelet A. Membrane ultrastructure in urinary tubules. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1981; 73:183-242. [PMID: 7028660 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)61289-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Masoni A, Garcia-Romeu F. Moulting in Rana esculenta: development of mitochondria-rich cells, morphological changes of the epithelium and sodium transport. Cell Tissue Res 1979; 197:23-38. [PMID: 313252 DOI: 10.1007/bf00233551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The present study concerns moulting of the skin in Rana esculenta in vivo and in vitro. The evolution of mitochondria-rich cells (MRC) and changes in the epithelium during moulting were followed. The greater part of the MRC are lost during moulting, either because they remain attached to the old stratum corneum or because they are left in contact with the external medium and degenerate. The cells thus lost leave deep impressions in the new stratum corneum which disappear progressively. Before an MRC is shed, a cell of the stratum intermedium contacting it differentiates to form a new MRC to replace the old. Isolation of the skin triggers moulting in the excised pieces. This moulting does not cause changes in the short-circuit current or in the transepithelial resistance. Aldosterone (10(-6) M) added in vitro to the serous side appeared to facilitate the detachment of the slough, however, no clear-cut moult-inducing effect of the hormone was seen.
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Voûte CL, Meier W. The mitochondria-rich cell of frog skin as hormone-sensitive "shunt-path". J Membr Biol 1978; 40 Spec No:151-65. [PMID: 215770 DOI: 10.1007/bf02026003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Further investigations about the role of the mitochondria-rich cell (MR cell) in hormone-mediated transport regulation in the epithelium of frog skin brought the following results: Unlike toad bladder, in frog skin the spontaneous potential difference cannot be reversed when Na transport is blocked. A similar situation is obtained when, in addition to transport-blockade, one applies a chemical gradient for chloride to the epithelium. Under these conditions we found that in the intact preparation as well as in the separated epithelium: (i) the reversed current (RC) is linearly related to the number of MR cells; (ii) RC is mainly carried by a passive, transcellular chloride flux inwards and (iii) RC is sensitive to nor-adrenaline (10(-7) M). The beta-blocker propranolol abolishes this effect. We propose that the MR cells are the sites of transepithelial shunt-path and that this chloride flux is transcellular. As it is hormone sensitive, it could be an important regulatory instrument for the regulation of overall salt transport (internal shorting).
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Budtz PE, Larsen LO. Structure of the toad epidermis during the moulting cycle. L. Light microscopic observations in Bufo bufo (L.). ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ZELLFORSCHUNG UND MIKROSKOPISCHE ANATOMIE (VIENNA, AUSTRIA : 1948) 1973; 144:353-68. [PMID: 4132105 DOI: 10.1007/bf00307582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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