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Kashio A, Yamada C, Yasuhara K, Kamogashira T, Someya S, Yamasoba T. Taurine, Coenzyme Q 10, and Hydrogen Water Prevents Germanium Dioxide-Induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Associated Sensorineural Hearing Loss in mouse. Hear Res 2023; 428:108678. [PMID: 36577362 PMCID: PMC11466212 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2022.108678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in numerous common diseases as well as aging and plays an important role in the pathogenesis of sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). In the current study, we showed that supplementation with germanium dioxide (GeO2) in CBA/J mice resulted in SNHL due to the degeneration of the stria vascularis and spiral ganglion, which were associated with down-regulation of mitochondrial respiratory chain associated genes and up-regulation in apoptosis associated genes in the cochlea. Supplementation with taurine, coenzyme Q10, or hydrogen-rich water, attenuated the cochlear degeneration and associated SNHL induced by GeO2. These results suggest that daily supplements or consumption of antioxidants, such as taurine, coenzyme Q10, and hydrogen-rich water, may be a promising intervention to slow SNHL associated with mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinori Kashio
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chikako Yamada
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuo Yasuhara
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Teru Kamogashira
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinichi Someya
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Tatsuya Yamasoba
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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Sakata A, Kashio A, Koyama H, Uranaka T, Iwasaki S, Fujimoto C, Kinoshita M, Yamasoba T. Long-Term Progression and Rapid Decline in Hearing Loss in Patients with a Point Mutation at Nucleotide 3243 of the Mitochondrial DNA. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12040543. [PMID: 35455034 PMCID: PMC9033132 DOI: 10.3390/life12040543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with m.3243A>G mutation of mitochondrial DNA develop bilaterally symmetric sensorineural hearing loss. However, it is unclear how fast their hearing loss progresses over time, and whether they experience rapid progression of hearing loss. In the present study, we conducted a long-term hearing evaluation in patients with MELAS or MIDD who harbored the m.3243A>G mutation of mitochondrial DNA. A retrospective chart review was performed on 15 patients with this mutation who underwent pure-tone audiometry at least once a year for more than two years. The mean follow-up period was 12.8 years. The mean progression rate of hearing loss was 5.5 dB per year. Hearing loss progressed rapidly to be profoundly deaf in seven patients during the observation period. Heteroplasmy and age-corrected heteroplasmy levels correlated with the age of onset of hearing loss. These results indicate that patients with m.3243A>G mutation have a gradual progression of hearing loss in the early stages and rapid decline in hearing to be profoundly deaf in approximately half of the patients. Although it is possible to predict the age of onset of hearing loss from heteroplasmy and age-corrected heteroplasmy levels, it is difficult to predict whether and when the rapid hearing loss will occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aki Sakata
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan; (A.S.); (A.K.); (H.K.); (T.U.); (S.I.); (C.F.); (M.K.)
| | - Akinori Kashio
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan; (A.S.); (A.K.); (H.K.); (T.U.); (S.I.); (C.F.); (M.K.)
| | - Hajime Koyama
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan; (A.S.); (A.K.); (H.K.); (T.U.); (S.I.); (C.F.); (M.K.)
| | - Tsukasa Uranaka
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan; (A.S.); (A.K.); (H.K.); (T.U.); (S.I.); (C.F.); (M.K.)
| | - Shinichi Iwasaki
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan; (A.S.); (A.K.); (H.K.); (T.U.); (S.I.); (C.F.); (M.K.)
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya City University, Aichi 467-8601, Japan
| | - Chisato Fujimoto
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan; (A.S.); (A.K.); (H.K.); (T.U.); (S.I.); (C.F.); (M.K.)
| | - Makoto Kinoshita
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan; (A.S.); (A.K.); (H.K.); (T.U.); (S.I.); (C.F.); (M.K.)
| | - Tatsuya Yamasoba
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan; (A.S.); (A.K.); (H.K.); (T.U.); (S.I.); (C.F.); (M.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-3-3815-5411
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Myopathies toxiques : vue d’ensemble. TOXICOLOGIE ANALYTIQUE ET CLINIQUE 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxac.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Sabbioni E, Fortaner S, Bosisio S, Farina M, Del Torchio R, Edel J, Fischbach M. Metabolic fate of ultratrace levels of GeCl4in the rat andin vitrostudies on its basal cytotoxicity and carcinogenic potential in Balb/3T3 and HaCaT cell lines. J Appl Toxicol 2010; 30:34-41. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.1469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Mastaglia FL, Argov Z. Toxic and iatrogenic myopathies. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2008; 86:321-41. [PMID: 18809008 DOI: 10.1016/s0072-9752(07)86016-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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Pinkert CA, Trounce IA. Generation of Transmitochondrial Mice: Development of Xenomitochondrial Mice to Model Neurodegenerative Diseases. Methods Cell Biol 2007; 80:549-69. [PMID: 17445713 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-679x(06)80027-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carl A Pinkert
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
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Lin CH, Chen SS, Lin YC, Lee YS, Chen TJ. Germanium dioxide induces mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in Neuro-2A cells. Neurotoxicology 2006; 27:1052-63. [PMID: 16815549 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2006.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2006] [Revised: 05/17/2006] [Accepted: 05/22/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Germanium (Ge) is commonly used in the semiconductor industry as well as health-promoting and medical field. Biologically, germanium possesses erythropoietic, anti-microbial, anti-tumor, anti-amyloidosis, and immunomodulative effects. However, toxic effects of Ge-containing compounds on kidney, muscle, neuronal cells, and nerves have been reported. Mitochondrial dysfunction was found to be involved in the pathogenesis of GeO(2)-induced nephropathy and myopathy. Since it is well known that mitochondria play a major role in apoptosis triggered by many stimuli, an effort was made to examine whether the Ge-induced neurotoxicity occurs through mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. A mouse neuroblastoma cell line, Neuro-2A, was used in the present study. After incubating with 0.1-800microM of GeO(2) for 0-72h, the cell viability of Neuro-2A cells was inhibited in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Further analysis showed that aside from the changes in the nuclear morphology responsible for apoptosis, the release of cytochrome c, the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, the translocation of Bax, and the reduction of Bcl-2 expression were also observed in Neuro-2A cells after GeO(2) treatment. These results indicate that the mitochondria-mediated apoptosis is involved in this in vitro model of GeO(2)-induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuang-Hao Lin
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
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Yamasoba T, Goto YI, Komaki H, Mimaki M, Sudo A, Suzuki M. Cochlear damage due to germanium-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in guinea pigs. Neurosci Lett 2006; 395:18-22. [PMID: 16289317 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2005.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2005] [Revised: 10/17/2005] [Accepted: 10/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This investigation addressed the effect of germanium dioxide (GeO(2))-induced mitochondrial dysfunction on hearing acuity. Guinea pigs were fed chow that contained 0%, 0.15%, or 0.5% GeO(2). The animals that were fed 0.5% GeO(2) for 2 months developed hearing impairment chiefly due to degeneration of stria vascularis and cochlear supporting cells, which exhibited electron-dense mitochondrial inclusions. Cytochrome c oxidase activity was decreased in the skeletal muscles and kidney, which also exhibited electron-dense mitochondrial inclusions. No apparent pathological changes were observed in the utricle, semicircular canal, or among the vestibular nerve fibers, or in the liver or heart. The untreated animals and those treated with 0.15% GeO(2) did not exhibit hearing impairment or pathological changes in any organs. These findings suggest that administration of 0.5% GeO(2) induces mitochondrial dysfunction in the stria vascularis and supporting cells in the cochlea, as in the skeletal muscles and kidney, thereby causing hearing impairment in the guinea pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Yamasoba
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan.
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Haraguchi M, Tsujimoto H, Fukushima M, Higuchi I, Kuribayashi H, Utsumi H, Nakayama A, Hashizume Y, Hirato J, Yoshida H, Hara H, Hamano S, Kawaguchi H, Furukawa T, Miyazono K, Ishikawa F, Toyoshima H, Kaname T, Komatsu M, Chen ZS, Gotanda T, Tachiwada T, Sumizawa T, Miyadera K, Osame M, Yoshida H, Noda T, Yamada Y, Akiyama SI. Targeted deletion of both thymidine phosphorylase and uridine phosphorylase and consequent disorders in mice. Mol Cell Biol 2002; 22:5212-21. [PMID: 12077348 PMCID: PMC139774 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.22.14.5212-5221.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymidine phosphorylase (TP) regulates intracellular and plasma thymidine levels. TP deficiency is hypothesized to (i) increase levels of thymidine in plasma, (ii) lead to mitochondrial DNA alterations, and (iii) cause mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalomyopathy (MNGIE). In order to elucidate the physiological roles of TP, we generated mice deficient in the TP gene. Although TP activity in the liver was inhibited in these mice, it was fully maintained in the small intestine. Murine uridine phosphorylase (UP), unlike human UP, cleaves thymidine, as well as uridine. We therefore generated TP-UP double-knockout (TP(-/-) UP(-/-)) mice. TP activities were inhibited in TP(-/-) UP(-/-) mice, and the level of thymidine in the plasma of TP(-/-) UP(-/-) mice was higher than for TP(-/-) mice. Unexpectedly, we could not observe alterations of mitochondrial DNA or pathological changes in the muscles of the TP(-/-) UP(-/-) mice, even when these mice were fed thymidine for 7 months. However, we did find hyperintense lesions on magnetic resonance T(2) maps in the brain and axonal edema by electron microscopic study of the brain in TP(-/-) UP(-/-) mice. These findings suggested that the inhibition of TP activity caused the elevation of pyrimidine levels in plasma and consequent axonal swelling in the brains of mice. Since lesions in the brain do not appear to be due to mitochondrial alterations and pathological changes in the muscle were not found, this model will provide further insights into the causes of MNGIE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misako Haraguchi
- Department of Cancer Chemotherapy, Institute for Cancer Research, Third Department of Internal Medicin, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakura-gaoka, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan
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Usuki F, Yasutake A, Matsumoto M, Umehara F, Higuchi I. The effect of methylmercury on skeletal muscle in the rat: a histopathological study. Toxicol Lett 1998; 94:227-32. [PMID: 9609326 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4274(98)00022-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Methylmercury (MeHg)-induced neurotoxicity includes skeletal muscle symptoms (extremity weakness and wasting, muscle cramp) in addition to ataxia and disturbances of sensory and visual function. The underlying mechanisms responsible for the skeletal muscle symptoms are still poorly understood. In this study the effects of MeHg exposure on skeletal muscle were investigated in rats receiving orally administered MeHgCl at 5 mg/kg/day for 12 days. MeHg-treated rats gradually lost body weight and showed muscle weakness and wasting. Seven days after the last MeHg dose, MeHg levels in the skeletal muscle were as high as those in liver, kidney, or cerebrum. The obvious histopathological finding in skeletal muscle was a decrease in mitochondrial enzyme activity. These changes were more prominent in mitochondria-rich soleus muscle than in extensor digitorum longus muscle. Our findings confirm that MeHg exposure disturbs mitochondrial energy metabolism in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Usuki
- Department of Clinical Medicine, National Institute for Minamata Disease, Hama, Japan.
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Tracey I, Dunn JF, Radda GK. A 31P-magnetic resonance spectroscopy and biochemical study of the mo(vbr) mouse: potential model for the mitochondrial encephalomyopathies. Muscle Nerve 1997; 20:1352-9. [PMID: 9342151 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4598(199711)20:11<1352::aid-mus2>3.0.co;2-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
31P-magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P-MRS) provides new biochemical information on mitochondrial disorders affecting brain and muscle. To elucidate the mechanisms of mitochondrial abnormalities, however, animal models are needed. We assessed the mo(vbr) (mottled viable brindled) mouse for its value in studying (1) energetics of a mitochondrial disorder and (2) 31P-MRS changes associated with mitochondrial abnormalities in vivo. The maximal activity of succinate-cytochrome c reductase was significantly reduced in mo(vbr) muscle compared to controls, whereas cytochrome oxidase activity was only reduced in mo(vbr) brain. 31P-MRS of mo(vbr) brain showed an increased pH, but no changes in any metabolite ratios. The phosphocreatine (PCr) recovery rate after exercise was reduced in muscles from mo(vbr) mice, indicating impairment of oxidative metabolism. We conclude that mo(vbr) brain and muscle tissue have biochemical abnormalities consistent with mitochondrial impairment. The PCr recovery rate, measured by 31P-MRS, was sensitive to the muscle abnormality. This strain is best described as having chronic mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Tracey
- Department of Biochemistry, Oxford University, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Germanium-containing dietary supplements became popular in the 1970s in Japan and later in other countries, as elixirs for certain diseases (e.g., cancer and AIDS). Germanium is not an essential element. Its acute toxicity is low. However, at least 31 reported human cases linked prolonged intake of germanium products with renal failure and even death. Signs of kidney dysfunction, kidney tubular degeneration, and germanium accumulation were observed. Other adverse effects were anemia, muscle weakness, and peripheral neuropathy. Recovery of renal function is slow and incomplete even long after germanium intake was stopped. The total dose of ingested germanium (as dioxide, carboxyethyl germanium sesquioxide, germanium-lactate-citrate, or unspecified forms) varied from 15 to over 300 g; the exposure duration varied from 2 to 36 months. In laboratory animals, elevated germanium in tissues and impaired kidney and liver function were observed in a life-time drinking water (5 ppm germanium) study. Other toxicities associated with ingested germanium products in human cases were also demonstrated in animal studies with germanium dioxide and sometimes other germanium compounds. Based on the evidence of persistent renal toxicity associated with germanium dioxide, the lack of conclusive findings of differential nephrotoxicity of organic germanium compounds, and the possibility of contamination of the organic germanium products with inorganic germanium, it is clear that germanium products present a potential human health hazard.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Tao
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, Washington, DC 20204, USA
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Matsumuro K, Izumo S, Higuchi I, Ronquillo AT, Takahashi K, Osame M. Experimental germanium dioxide-induced neuropathy in rats. Acta Neuropathol 1993; 86:547-53. [PMID: 8310809 DOI: 10.1007/bf00294291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
We report an experimental model of germanium dioxide (GeO2)-induced neuropathy in rats. More than 6 months administration of GeO2 to young rats produced neuropathy characterized by segmental demyelination/remyelination and nerve edema. Electron microscopic studies demonstrated that changes in Schwann cells, such as an increased cytoplasmic volume or disintegration of the cytoplasm, were the earliest pathological findings. Schwann cell mitochondria contained high electron-dense materials. Subsequent removal of necrotic Schwann cell debris and myelin by invading macrophages was evident. These findings suggested that the Schwann cells themselves are the primary target of the toxin. The deposition of electron-dense granules in the intra-axonal vesicles, which was suggestive of glycogen granules in mitochondria, was observed in the advanced stage of the neuropathy. The findings of endoneurial edema with splitting of myelin lamellae were noted at the early stage of demyelination. Nerve edema may be the result of GeO2-induced endothelial cell injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Matsumuro
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Kagoshima University School of Medicine, Japan
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Wu CM, Matsuoka T, Takemitsu M, Goto Y, Nonaka I. An experimental model of mitochondrial myopathy: germanium-induced myopathy and coenzyme Q10 administration. Muscle Nerve 1992; 15:1258-64. [PMID: 1488063 DOI: 10.1002/mus.880151107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In skeletal muscles from rats treated with germanium for 23 weeks, there were numerous ragged-red fibers and cytochrome-c oxidase (COX)-deficient fibers. Biochemically, germanium reduced the enzyme activities in the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Rotenone-sensitive NADH-cytochrome-c reductase as well as COX activities were markedly reduced, while succinate-cytochrome-c reductase was less severely, but significantly, affected. The histopathological findings in these muscles were similar to those seen in patients with mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, suggesting that germanium-induced myopathy may be a useful experimental model. Coenzyme Q10 administration appeared to be ineffective in preventing this experimental myopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Wu
- Division of Ultrastructural Research, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
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