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Cotinat P, Fricano C, Toullec G, Röttinger E, Barnay-Verdier S, Furla P. Intrinsically High Capacity of Animal Cells From a Symbiotic Cnidarian to Deal With Pro-Oxidative Conditions. Front Physiol 2022; 13:819111. [PMID: 35222085 PMCID: PMC8867213 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.819111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The cnidarian-dinoflagellate symbiosis is a mutualistic intracellular association based on the photosynthetic activity of the endosymbiont. This relationship involves significant constraints and requires co-evolution processes, such as an extensive capacity of the holobiont to counteract pro-oxidative conditions induced by hyperoxia generated during photosynthesis. In this study, we analyzed the capacity of Anemonia viridis cells to deal with pro-oxidative conditions by in vivo and in vitro approaches. Whole specimens and animal primary cell cultures were submitted to 200 and 500 μM of H2O2 during 7 days. Then, we monitored global health parameters (symbiotic state, viability, and cell growth) and stress biomarkers (global antioxidant capacity, oxidative protein damages, and protein ubiquitination). In animal primary cell cultures, the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were also evaluated under H2O2 treatments. At the whole organism scale, both H2O2 concentrations didn’t affect the survival and animal tissues exhibited a high resistance to H2O2 treatments. Moreover, no bleaching has been observed, even at high H2O2 concentration and after long exposure (7 days). Although, the community has suggested the role of ROS as the cause of bleaching, our results indicating the absence of bleaching under high H2O2 concentration may exculpate this specific ROS from being involved in the molecular processes inducing bleaching. However, counterintuitively, the symbiont compartment appeared sensitive to an H2O2 burst as it displayed oxidative protein damages, despite an enhancement of antioxidant capacity. The in vitro assays allowed highlighting an intrinsic high capacity of isolated animal cells to deal with pro-oxidative conditions, although we observed differences on tolerance between H2O2 treatments. The 200 μM H2O2 concentration appeared to correspond to the tolerance threshold of animal cells. Indeed, no disequilibrium on redox state was observed and only a cell growth decrease was measured. Contrarily, the 500 μM H2O2 concentration induced a stress state, characterized by a cell viability decrease from 1 day and a drastic cell growth arrest after 7 days leading to an uncomplete recovery after treatment. In conclusion, this study highlights the overall high capacity of cnidarian cells to cope with H2O2 and opens new perspective to investigate the molecular mechanisms involved in this peculiar resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Cotinat
- CNRS, INSERM, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice, Université Côte d’Azur, Nice, France
- Institut Fédératif de Recherche – Ressources Marines (MARRES), Université Côte d’Azur, Nice, France
| | - Clara Fricano
- CNRS, INSERM, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice, Université Côte d’Azur, Nice, France
- Institut Fédératif de Recherche – Ressources Marines (MARRES), Université Côte d’Azur, Nice, France
| | - Gaëlle Toullec
- CNRS, INSERM, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice, Université Côte d’Azur, Nice, France
| | - Eric Röttinger
- CNRS, INSERM, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice, Université Côte d’Azur, Nice, France
- Institut Fédératif de Recherche – Ressources Marines (MARRES), Université Côte d’Azur, Nice, France
| | - Stéphanie Barnay-Verdier
- CNRS, INSERM, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice, Université Côte d’Azur, Nice, France
- Institut Fédératif de Recherche – Ressources Marines (MARRES), Université Côte d’Azur, Nice, France
- UFR 927, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Paola Furla
- CNRS, INSERM, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice, Université Côte d’Azur, Nice, France
- Institut Fédératif de Recherche – Ressources Marines (MARRES), Université Côte d’Azur, Nice, France
- *Correspondence: Paola Furla,
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Lesser MP. Eutrophication on Coral Reefs: What Is the Evidence for Phase Shifts, Nutrient Limitation and Coral Bleaching. Bioscience 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biab101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Coral reefs continue to experience extreme environmental pressure from climate change stressors, but many coral reefs are also exposed to eutrophication. It has been proposed that changes in the stoichiometry of ambient nutrients increase the mortality of corals, whereas eutrophication may facilitate phase shifts to macroalgae-dominated coral reefs when herbivory is low or absent. But are corals ever nutrient limited, and can eutrophication destabilize the coral symbiosis making it more sensitive to environmental stress because of climate change? The effects of eutrophication are confounded not just by the effects of climate change but by the presence of chemical pollutants in industrial, urban, and agricultural wastes. Because of these confounding effects, the increases in nutrients or changes in their stoichiometry in coastal environments, although they are important at the organismal and community level, cannot currently be disentangled from each other or from the more significant effects of climate change stressors on coral reefs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Lesser
- University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, United States
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3
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Wang J, Chen J, Wang S, Li F, Fu C, Wang Y. Monoclonal Culture and Characterization of Symbiodiniaceae C1 Strain From the Scleractinian Coral Galaxea fascicularis. Front Physiol 2021; 11:621111. [PMID: 33536938 PMCID: PMC7848188 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.621111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The symbiosis between cnidarian hosts and photosynthetic dinoflagellates of the family Symbiodiniaceae (i.e., zooxanthellae) provides the energy foundation of coral reef ecosystems in oligotrophic waters. The structure of symbiont biota and the dominant species of algal symbiont partly shape the environmental adaptability of coral symbiotes. In this study, the algal symbiont cells were isolated from the tentacles of Galaxea fascicularis, a hermatypic coral with obvious differentiation in heat resistance, and were cultured in vitro with an improved L1 medium. An algal monoclonal cell line was established using separated algal culture drops and soft agar plating method, and named by GF19C1 as it was identified as Cladocopium sp. C1 (Symbiodiniaceae) based on its ITS1, ITS2, and the non-coding region of the plastid psbA minicircle (psbAncr) sequences. Most GF19C1 cells were at the coccoid stage of the gymnodinioid, their markedly thickened (ca. two times) cell wall suggests that they developed into vegetative cysts and have sexual and asexual reproductive potential. The average diameter of GF19C1 cells decreased significantly, probably due to the increasing mitotic rate. The chloroplasts volume density of GF19C1 was significantly lower than that of their symbiotic congeners, while the surface area density of thylakoids relative to volumes of chloroplasts was not significantly changed. The volume fraction of vacuoles increased by nearly fivefold, but there was no significant change in mitochondria and accumulation bodies. Light-temperature orthogonal experiments showed that, GF19C1 growth preferred the temperature 25 ± 1°C (at which it is maintained post-isolation) rather than 28 ± 1°C under the light intensity of 42 ± 2 or 62 ± 2 μmol photons m–2 s–1, indicating an inertia for temperature adaptation. The optimum salinity for GF19C1 growth ranged between 28–32 ppt. The monoclonal culture techniques established in this study were critical to clarify the physiological and ecological characteristics of various algal symbiont species, and will be instrumental to further reveal the roles of algal symbionts in the adaptive differentiation of coral-zooxanthellae holobionts in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, College of Marine Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Jiaqi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, College of Marine Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Shaoyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, College of Marine Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Fuyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, College of Marine Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Chengchong Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, College of Marine Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, College of Marine Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, China
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Martinez S, Kolodny Y, Shemesh E, Scucchia F, Nevo R, Levin-Zaidman S, Paltiel Y, Keren N, Tchernov D, Mass T. Energy Sources of the Depth-Generalist Mixotrophic Coral Stylophora pistillata. FRONTIERS IN MARINE SCIENCE 2020; 7:988. [PMID: 33409285 PMCID: PMC7116548 DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2020.566663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Energy sources of corals, ultimately sunlight and plankton availability, change dramatically from shallow to mesophotic (30-150 m) reefs. Depth-generalist corals, those that occupy both of these two distinct ecosystems, are adapted to cope with such extremely diverse conditions. In this study, we investigated the trophic strategy of the depth-generalist hermatypic coral Stylophora pistillata and the ability of mesophotic colonies to adapt to shallow reefs. We compared symbiont genera composition, photosynthetic traits and the holobiont trophic position and carbon sources, calculated from amino acids compound-specific stable isotope analysis (AA-CSIA), of shallow, mesophotic and translocated corals. This species harbors different Symbiodiniaceae genera at the two depths: Cladocopium goreaui (dominant in mesophotic colonies) and Symbiodinium microadriaticum (dominant in shallow colonies) with a limited change after transplantation. This allowed us to determine which traits stem from hosting different symbiont species compositions across the depth gradient. Calculation of holobiont trophic position based on amino acid δ15N revealed that heterotrophy represents the same portion of the total energy budget in both depths, in contrast to the dogma that predation is higher in corals growing in low light conditions. Photosynthesis is the major carbon source to corals growing at both depths, but the photosynthetic rate is higher in the shallow reef corals, implicating both higher energy consumption and higher predation rate in the shallow habitat. In the corals transplanted from deep to shallow reef, we observed extensive photo-acclimation by the Symbiodiniaceae cells, including substantial cellular morphological modifications, increased cellular chlorophyll a, lower antennae to photosystems ratios and carbon signature similar to the local shallow colonies. In contrast, non-photochemical quenching remains low and does not increase to cope with the high light regime of the shallow reef. Furthermore, host acclimation is much slower in these deep-to-shallow transplanted corals as evident from the lower trophic position and tissue density compared to the shallow-water corals, even after long-term transplantation (18 months). Our results suggest that while mesophotic reefs could serve as a potential refuge for shallow corals, the transition is complex, as even after a year and a half the acclimation is only partial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephane Martinez
- Department of Marine Biology, The Leon H. Charney School of Marine
Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
- Morris Kahn Marine Research Station, The Leon H. Charney School of
Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Sdot Yam, Israel
| | - Yuval Kolodny
- Applied Physics Department, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem,
Jerusalem, Israel
- The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University
of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Eli Shemesh
- Department of Marine Biology, The Leon H. Charney School of Marine
Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Federica Scucchia
- Department of Marine Biology, The Leon H. Charney School of Marine
Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
- The Interuniversity Institute of Marine Sciences, Eilat,
Israel
| | - Reinat Nevo
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science,
Rehovot, Israel
| | - Smadar Levin-Zaidman
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of
Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yossi Paltiel
- Applied Physics Department, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem,
Jerusalem, Israel
- The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University
of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Nir Keren
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, The Alexander
Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem,
Israel
| | - Dan Tchernov
- Department of Marine Biology, The Leon H. Charney School of Marine
Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
- Morris Kahn Marine Research Station, The Leon H. Charney School of
Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Sdot Yam, Israel
| | - Tali Mass
- Department of Marine Biology, The Leon H. Charney School of Marine
Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
- Morris Kahn Marine Research Station, The Leon H. Charney School of
Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Sdot Yam, Israel
- Correspondence: Tali Mass,
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5
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Gordon BR, Martin DE, Bambery KR, Motti CA. Chemical imaging of a Symbiodinium sp. cell using synchrotron infrared microspectroscopy: a feasibility study. J Microsc 2017; 270:83-91. [PMID: 29064560 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The symbiotic relationship between corals and Symbiodinium spp. is the key to the success and survival of coral reef ecosystems the world over. Nutrient exchange and chemical communication between the two partners provides the foundation of this key relationship, yet we are far from a complete understanding of these processes. This is due, in part, to the difficulties associated with studying an intracellular symbiosis at the small spatial scales required to elucidate metabolic interactions between the two partners. This feasibility study, which accompanied a more extensive investigation of fixed Symbiodinium cells (data unpublished), examines the potential of using synchrotron radiation infrared microspectroscopy (SR-IRM) for exploring metabolite localisation within a single Symbiodinium cell. In doing so, three chemically distinct subcellular regions of a single Symbiodinium cell were established and correlated to cellular function based on assignment of diagnostic chemical classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- B R Gordon
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Science, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - D E Martin
- Australian Synchrotron, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - K R Bambery
- Australian Synchrotron, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - C A Motti
- The Australian Institute of Marine Science, Cape Cleveland, Queensland, Australia
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6
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Camaya AP, Sekida S, Okuda K. Changes in the Ultrastructures of the Coral Pocillopora damicornis after Exposure to High Temperature, Ultraviolet and Far-Red Radiation. CYTOLOGIA 2016. [DOI: 10.1508/cytologia.81.465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Pulvinar Camaya
- Graduate School of Kuroshio Science, Kochi University
- Coastal Resource Management Unit, Bicol University Tabaco Campus
| | - Satoko Sekida
- Graduate School of Kuroshio Science, Kochi University
| | - Kazuo Okuda
- Graduate School of Kuroshio Science, Kochi University
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7
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Lee CS, Yeo YSW, Sin TM. Bleaching response of Symbiodinium (zooxanthellae): determination by flow cytometry. Cytometry A 2012; 81:888-95. [PMID: 22865628 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Revised: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Coral bleaching is of increasing concern to reef management and stakeholders. Thus far, quantification of coral bleaching tends to be heavily reliant on the enumeration of zooxanthellae, with less emphasis on assessment of photosynthetic or physiological condition, these being often assessed separately by techniques such as liquid chromatography. Traditional methods of enumeration using microscopy are time consuming, subjected to low precision and great observer error. In this study, we presented a method for the distinction of physoiological condition and rapid enumeration of zooxanthellae using flow cytometry (FCM). Microscopy verified that healthy looking/live versus damaged/dead zooxanthellae could be reliably and objectively distinguished and counted by FCM on the basis of red and green fluorescence and light scatter. Excellent correlations were also determined between FCM and microscopy estimates of cell concentrations of fresh zooxanthellae isolates from Pocillopora damicornis. The relative intensities of chlorophyll and β-carotene fluorescences were shown to be important in understanding the results of increased cell counts in freshly isolated zooxanthellae experimentally exposed to high temperatures (34, 36, and 38°C) over 24 h, with ambient temperature (29°C) used as controls. The ability to simultaneously identify and enumerate subpopulations of different physiological states in the same sample provides an enormous advantage in not just determining bleaching responses, but elucidating adaptive response and mechanisms for tolerance. Therefore, this approach might provide a rapid, convenient, and reproducible methodology for climate change studies and reef management programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Co Sin Lee
- Tropical Marine Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119227, Singapore.
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8
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van Doorn WG, Yoshimoto K. Role of chloroplasts and other plastids in ageing and death of plants and animals: a tale of Vishnu and Shiva. Ageing Res Rev 2010; 9:117-30. [PMID: 19720162 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2009.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2009] [Revised: 08/25/2009] [Accepted: 08/25/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chloroplasts (chlorophyll-containing plastids) and other plastids are found in all plants and many animals. They are crucial to the survival of plants and most of the animals that harbour them. An example of a non-photosynthesizing plastid in animals is the apicoplast in the malaria-causing Plasmodium species, which is required for survival of the parasite. Many animals (such as sea slugs, sponges, reef corals, and clams) consume prey containing chloroplasts, or feed on algae. Some of these incorporate the chloroplasts from their food, or whole algal cells, into their own cells. Other species from these groups place algal cells between their own cells. Reef-building corals often lose their intracellular algae as a result of environmental changes, resulting in coral bleaching and death. The sensitivity of the chloroplast internal membranes to temperature stress is one of the reasons for coral death. Chloroplasts can also be a causal factor in the processes leading to whole-plant death, as the knockout of a gene encoding a chloroplast protein delayed the yellowing that proceeds death in tobacco plants. It is concluded that chloroplasts and other plastids are essential to individual survival in many species, including animals, and that they also play a role in triggering death in some plant and animal species.
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9
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Fagerberg WR. Below-ambient levels of UV induce chloroplast structural change and alter starch metabolism. PROTOPLASMA 2007; 230:51-9. [PMID: 17351733 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-006-0221-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2005] [Accepted: 03/16/2006] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Electromagnetic radiation (EMR) in the 400-700 nm bandwidth of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) has been established as an important source of energy for photosynthesis and environmental signals regulating many aspects of green-plant life. Above-ambient levels of UV-B radiation (290-320 nm) under high-PAR conditions have been shown to elicit responses in chloroplasts of Brassica napus similar to those of chloroplasts at low-PAR exposure (W. Fagerberg and J. Bornman, Physiol. Plant. 101: 833-844, 1997). The question arises as to whether UV at normal levels can also evoke similar responses. Here we provide evidence that even below-ambient levels of UV-B (1/28 ambient; Durham, N.H., U.S.A., 1200 hours, March) were capable of inducing an increase in thylakoid surface area relative to the chloroplast volume typical of a low-PAR response (shade response) in sunflowers. This response occurred even though leaves were concurrently exposed to PAR levels that normally induce a "sun" or high-PAR response in the absence of UV-B. Subambient levels of UV-B were also associated with a decrease in chloroplast and starch volume. Exposure to levels of UV-A 1/10 of ambient appeared to enhance the high-PAR response of the chloroplast, characterized by an increase in the amounts of stored starch, an increase in chloroplast volume density ratio values, and a decrease in thylakoid surface area density ratios relative to the high-light controls. These effects were opposite to those seen in UV-B-exposed tissue. In a general sense, subambient levels of UV-B evoked a response similar to that elicited by low-PAR irradiance, while subambient UV-A elicited responses similar to those typical of high-PAR irradiance. The fact that below-ambient levels of UV altered a normal chloroplast structural response to PAR provides evidence that UV may be an important environmental signal for plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- W R Fagerberg
- Department of Plant Biology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA.
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Abstract
Recent measurements of ozone levels have led to concern that the stratospheric ozone layer is being depleted as a result of contamination with man-made chlorofluorocarbons. Concomitantly, the amounts of solar UV-B radiation reaching the Earth's surface is increasing. UV-B radiation has been shown to be harmful to living organisms, damaging DNA, proteins, lipids and membranes. Plants, which use sunlight for photosynthesis and are unable to avoid exposure to enhanced levels of UV-B radiation, are at risk. Thus, mechanisms by which plants may protect themselves from UV radiation are of particular interest. This review will summarizes the main aspects of ultraviolet radiation on plants at physiological and biochemical level, with particular emphasis on protective structures and mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Hollósy
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry, Semmelweis University Budapest, Puskin u. 9., 1088 Budapest, Hungary.
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Yu SG, Björn LO. Ultraviolet-B stimulates grana formation in chloroplasts in the African desert plant Dimorphotheca pluvialis. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s1011-1344(99)00018-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- W M Bandaranayake
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Cape Ferguson, Queensland, Australia
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