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Narita K, Sasamoto S, Koizumi S, Okazaki S, Nakamura H, Inoue T, Takeda S. TRPV4 regulates the integrity of the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier and modulates transepithelial protein transport. FASEB J 2015; 29:2247-59. [PMID: 25681460 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-261396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The diffusion of materials from systemic circulation to the central nervous system (CNS) is restricted by the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB). Choroid plexus epithelial cells (CPECs) of the brain ventricles constitute the BCSFB and regulate the infiltration of plasma proteins as well as immune cells into the interstitium of the CNS. The barrier function is altered in pathologic conditions. However, the regulatory mechanism of BCSFB is not fully understood. Here, we investigated the function of transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4), a polymodally gated divalent cation channel that is highly expressed in CPECs. TRPV4 was localized broadly on the apical membrane in swine CPECs, in contrast with an intense ciliary localization found on other cell types. Treatment with the TRPV4-specific agonist, GSK1016790A (GSK; EC₅₀ 34 nM), induced a robust calcium influx and an immediate serine/threonine protein phosphorylation. The agonist treatment induced a marked decrease in the amount of filamentous actin and disintegrated the cell junctions in 10-20 minutes. In contrast, inhibition of the basal TRPV4 activity with the TRPV4-specific antagonist, HC067047 (HC; IC₅₀ 74 nM), reduced the basolateral-to-apical transport of α-2-macroglobulin (A2M). Overall, this study demonstrated a novel physiologic function of TRPV4 in the regulation of BCSFB permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keishi Narita
- *Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Department of Neuropharmacology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine & Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan; and Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Waseda University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shohei Sasamoto
- *Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Department of Neuropharmacology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine & Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan; and Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Waseda University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Schuichi Koizumi
- *Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Department of Neuropharmacology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine & Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan; and Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Waseda University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shizuka Okazaki
- *Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Department of Neuropharmacology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine & Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan; and Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Waseda University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideki Nakamura
- *Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Department of Neuropharmacology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine & Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan; and Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Waseda University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takafumi Inoue
- *Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Department of Neuropharmacology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine & Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan; and Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Waseda University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sen Takeda
- *Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Department of Neuropharmacology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine & Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan; and Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Waseda University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Johanson CE, Stopa EG, McMillan PN. The blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier: structure and functional significance. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 686:101-131. [PMID: 21082368 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-938-3_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The choroid plexus (CP) of the blood-CSF barrier (BCSFB) displays fundamentally different properties than blood-brain barrier (BBB). With brisk blood flow (10 × brain) and highly permeable capillaries, the human CP provides the CNS with a high turnover rate of fluid (∼400,000 μL/day) containing micronutrients, peptides, and hormones for neuronal networks. Renal-like basement membranes in microvessel walls and underneath the epithelium filter large proteins such as ferritin and immunoglobulins. Type IV collagen (α3, α4, and α5) in the subepithelial basement membrane confers kidney-like permselectivity. As in the glomerulus, so also in CP, the basolateral membrane utrophin A and colocalized dystrophin impart structural stability, transmembrane signaling, and ion/water homeostasis. Extensive infoldings of the plasma-facing basal labyrinth together with lush microvilli at the CSF-facing membrane afford surface area, as great as that at BBB, for epithelial solute and water exchange. CSF formation occurs by basolateral carrier-mediated uptake of Na+, Cl-, and HCO3-, followed by apical release via ion channel conductance and osmotic flow of water through AQP1 channels. Transcellular epithelial active transport and secretion are energized and channeled via a highly dense organelle network of mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi; bleb formation occurs at the CSF surface. Claudin-2 in tight junctions helps to modulate the lower electrical resistance and greater permeability in CP than at BBB. Still, ratio analyses of influx coefficients (Kin) for radiolabeled solutes indicate that paracellular diffusion of small nonelectrolytes (e.g., urea and mannitol) through tight junctions is restricted; molecular sieving is proportional to solute size. Protein/peptide movement across BCSFB is greatly limited, occurring by paracellular leaks through incomplete tight junctions and low-capacity transcellular pinocytosis/exocytosis. Steady-state concentration ratios, CSF/plasma, ranging from 0.003 for IgG to 0.80 for urea, provide insight on plasma solute penetrability, barrier permeability, and CSF sink action to clear substances from CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conrad E Johanson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Alpert Medical School at Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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Burkala EJ, He J, West JT, Wood C, Petito CK. Compartmentalization of HIV-1 in the central nervous system: role of the choroid plexus. AIDS 2005; 19:675-84. [PMID: 15821393 DOI: 10.1097/01.aids.0000166090.31693.aa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the genetic and phenotypic composition of HIV-1 found in the choroid plexus (CPx) and its relationship to virus in the brain and peripheral lymphoid tissue. DESIGN Phenotypic and molecular comparisons of HIV-1 found in autopsy brain, CPx, and spleen tissues. METHODS HIV-1 was co-cultured from matched postmortem brain (basal ganglia), CPx, and spleen tissues of AIDS patients with and without HIV-associated encephalitis and dementia. Viral phenotypes were determined by infection of monocyte-derived macrophages, MT-2 or co-receptor-specific cell lines. Viral env and pol sequences were determined from genomic DNA isolated directly from tissues or co-cultures, and phylogenetic comparisons were performed. RESULTS CCR5-utilization was the most prevalent viral tropism found in all tissues, although spleen isolates also displayed CXCR4 usage. Viruses isolated from CPx consisted of both peripheral and brain-like virus, but were more related phenotypically and genetically to those found in the brain. Mutations found in the pol gene that could confer drug resistance to brain and CPx isolates were similar to those found in the periphery. CONCLUSION The CPx contained replication-competent virus that was most similar, although distinct, from that found in the brain. It also contained some viruses with high similarity to those of peripheral origin. Compartmentalization of viral env and pol sequences indicated that differential selective pressures exist in each tissue examined. These studies suggest that the CPx may provide an environment that promotes the evolution of drug-resistant strains with central nervous system tropism, although it is unlikely to be a reservoir for archival HIV-1 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan J Burkala
- Nebraska Center for Virology and the School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
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Kleine TO, Hackler R. Age-related changes in the blood-brain barrier of humans. Neurobiol Aging 1994; 15:763-4; discussion 769. [PMID: 7891834 DOI: 10.1016/0197-4580(94)90062-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T O Kleine
- Medizinisches Zentrum für Nervenheilkunde, Funktionsbereich Neurochemie, Universität Marburg a. d. Lahn, Germany
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Garton MJ, Keir G, Lakshmi MV, Thompson EJ. Age-related changes in cerebrospinal fluid protein concentrations. J Neurol Sci 1991; 104:74-80. [PMID: 1717663 DOI: 10.1016/0022-510x(91)90218-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) has a key role in CSF homeostasis and preservation of normal neuronal function. There has been little investigation of changes in barrier function in elderly subjects without evidence of neurological disease. The ageing brain demonstrates increased vulnerability to a variety of insults, which may reflect a deterioration in barrier performance. Direct measurement of BBB function is difficult but the CSF/serum quotients of individual proteins is the most widely used parameter. The present study sought age related changes in the CSF/serum quotients of prealbumin, albumin, immunoglobulin G and alpha 2-macroglobulin in adults with no neurological deficit. A prospective study was established, and 107 subjects (aged 18-89 yrs) were recruited from patients undergoing spinal anaesthesia or diagnostic myelography. A weak but significant positive correlation was found between the CSF/serum quotients and age for all the proteins studied, but with the exception of alpha 2-macroglobulin, these changes probably reflect age related falls in serum protein concentrations found in this study. alpha 2-Macroglobulin appears to be a sensitive indicator of barrier function for large populations, suggesting a subtle decline of BBB integrity with increasing age. This may be a true age-related change or could reflect an increased incidence of subclinical disease in an ageing population.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Garton
- Department of Medicine, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Foresterhill, U. K
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Dwork AJ, Lawler G, Zybert PA, Durkin M, Osman M, Willson N, Barkai AI. An autoradiographic study of the uptake and distribution of iron by the brain of the young rat. Brain Res 1990; 518:31-9. [PMID: 2390723 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(90)90950-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Rats aged 15, 28, or 42 days were injected intraperitoneally with iron-59 and were sacrificed at varying intervals. Total acquisition of iron-59 by the brain, when compared to levels of iron-59 in blood sampled 48 h after injection, diminished with increasing age at injection. Cerebral levels of iron-59 in animals injected at age 15 days did not change with postinjection interval despite rapidly decreasing serum levels of iron-59. Thus, iron acquired by the brain early in postnatal development becomes sequestered in that organ. However, autoradiography of the brains of animals injected at age 15 days showed definite changes over time in the anatomic distribution of the isotope. This suggests that mechanisms may exist for the translocation of iron from one area of the brain to another.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Dwork
- Department of Neuropathology and Neurotoxicology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York 10032
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Muccioli G, Guardabassi A, Pattono P. Biochemical study of prolactin binding sites in Xenopus laevis brain and choroid plexus. THE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY 1990; 253:311-8. [PMID: 2319226 DOI: 10.1002/jez.1402530310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The occurrence of prolactin binding sites in some brain structures (telencephalon, ventral hypothalamus, myelencephalon, hypophysis, and choroid plexus) from Xenopus laevis (anuran amphibian) was studied by the in vitro biochemical technique. The higher binding values were obtained at the level of the choroid plexus and above all of the hypothalamus. On the bases of hormonal specificity and high affinity, these binding sites are very similar to those of prolactin receptors of classical target tissues as well as of those described by us in other structures from Xenopus. To our knowledge, the present results provide the first demonstration of the occurrence of prolactin specific binding sites in Xenopus laevis choroid plexus cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Muccioli
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Turin, Italy
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Cole T, Dickson PW, Esnard F, Averill S, Risbridger GP, Gauthier F, Schreiber G. The cDNA structure and expression analysis of the genes for the cysteine proteinase inhibitor cystatin C and for beta 2-microglobulin in rat brain. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1989; 186:35-42. [PMID: 2689174 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1989.tb15174.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tissue patterns of gene expression were analyzed by measuring mRNA levels and incorporation of radioactive amino acids for cystatin C and beta 2-microglobulin, the two extracellular proteins in the brain with the highest ratio of concentration in cerebrospinal fluid over that in blood plasma. The primary structure of rat cystatin C mRNA from choroid plexus was determined by nucleotide sequencing of cloned cDNA and the tissue patterns of gene expression were analysed by RNA blot analysis and in situ hybridization. Cystatin C was found to be composed of 120 amino acids and to contain a potential site for N-linked glycosylation. The tissue with the highest cystatin C mRNA level was the choroid plexus of the brain. Cystatin C mRNA was also detected in lower levels in other areas of the brain, testis, epididymis, seminal vesicles, prostate, ovary, submandibular gland, and, in trace amounts, in liver. Choroid plexus pieces in culture secreted radioactive cystatin C when incubated with radioactive leucine. Rat beta 2-microglobulin cDNA was cloned and identified by nucleotide sequencing and comparison of the obtained sequence with that of mouse and human beta 2-microglobulin cDNA. Tissue levels of beta 2-microglobulin mRNA in the rat were measured by hybridization to rat beta 2-microglobulin cDNA. The highest levels of beta 2-microglobulin mRNA were observed in liver and choroid plexus. Other parts of the brain and testis contained lower levels of beta 2-microglobulin mRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Cole
- Russell Grimwade School of Biochemistry, University of Melbourne, Australia
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Gudeman DM, Brightman MW, Merisko EM, Merril CR. Release from live choroid plexus of apical fragments and electrophoretic characterization of their synthetic products. J Neurosci Res 1989; 24:184-91. [PMID: 2585546 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.490240209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Protein synthesis and secretion by the choroid plexus (CP) has been implicated as a major source of certain proteins in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), such as transthyretin. The suggestion that proteins are elaborated from CP through apocrine secretion has been borne out by the presence of newly labeled proteins in apical protrusions from CP (Agnew et al.: Cell and Tissue Research 208:261-281, 1980a). When the protrusions (aposomes) separate from the cells, they continue to incorporate labeled amino acids (Gudeman et al.: Tissue and Cell 19:101-109, 1987). In the present work the formation of aposomes in live CP explants indicated that these spheroids were not the result of fixation. Aposomes were also identified within rat CSF by immunohistochemistry with monoclonal directed against aposomes as well as with anti-transthyretin serum. The protein product of aposomes was characterized by 2-dimensional SDS-PAGE and compared to the protein products of whole CP tissue. Paradoxically, transthyretin, a heavily labeled protein in the tissue, was virtually undetected in the aposome synthetic profile. However, four other proteins were expressed in relatively equivalent amounts by the aposomes. The presence of mRNA in aposomes was detected with a poly dT probe, and the presence of actin was revealed by phalloidin staining of aposomes. These studies provide a more comprehensive definition of aposomes, but the functions of their secreted proteins remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Gudeman
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Abstracts. Clin Chem Lab Med 1989. [DOI: 10.1515/cclm.1989.27.10.831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Dwork AJ, Schon EA, Herbert J. Nonidentical distribution of transferrin and ferric iron in human brain. Neuroscience 1988; 27:333-45. [PMID: 3200444 DOI: 10.1016/0306-4522(88)90242-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Using the avidin-biotin immunoperoxidase technique and a diaminobenzidine intensification of the Prussian Blue method, we have compared the distribution of transferrin to that of ferric iron in five normal autopsy brains from adult human males. The observed distribution of transferrin was considerably more widespread than: (1) that of histochemically demonstrable ferric iron; (2) that reported for transferrin in the fetal and neonatal human brain; and (3) that reported for transferrin in other species. Transferrin immunoreactivity was present in neurons, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, ependymal cells, and choroid plexus epithelial cells, although not in all cells of any type. Ferric iron, on the other hand, was demonstrable only in oligodendrocytes, in myelin sheaths, and possibly in axons. While staining for both transferrin and iron was relatively high in the basal ganglia and substantia nigra, the pattern of staining differed, with striatal efferent fibers staining more heavily than the neuropil for iron and less heavily than the neuropil for transferrin. The choroid plexus, which in the rat has been shown to synthesize transferrin, stained heavily for transferrin and not at all for iron. The findings of low iron and high transferrin in the choroid plexus suggest that the plexus may secrete transferrin into the cerebrospinal fluid, thereby facilitating the translocation of iron within the neuraxis. Furthermore, the nonidentical distribution of ferric iron and transferrin suggests that, in the human brain, transferrin may serve other functions besides the transport of iron from extracellular fluid to cytoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Dwork
- Department of Neuropathology and Neurotoxicology, New York State Psychiatric Institute
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