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Blanz M, Balasse M, Frémondeau D, Gál E, Osztás A, Biller AZ, Nyerges ÉÁ, Fiorillo D, Bánffy E, Ivanova M. Early Neolithic pastoral land use at Alsónyék-Bátaszék, Hungary (Starčevo culture): New insights from stable isotope ratios. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0295769. [PMID: 38085722 PMCID: PMC10715649 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The earliest introduction of livestock (cattle, goats, sheep, pigs) into the Carpathian Basin was an important step towards farming expansion into continental Europe. This spread beyond the environments of the southern Balkans was accompanied by a reduction in the spectrum of cultivated crops, changes in the relative representation of different domestic animals, and, most likely, adaptations of husbandry practices. How the earliest farmers in the Carpathian Basin kept their domestic stock is still understudied. We explored early animal management and land use strategies at the Starčevo settlement at Alsónyék-Bátaszék, Hungary (Early Neolithic, ca. 5800-5600 cal BC). Settled at the intersection of wide alluvial plains, waterlogged meadows and marshes to the east, and forested hills to the west, early farmers at Alsónyék had a wide variety of options for nourishing their livestock. We performed stable isotope ratio analysis of bone collagen (n = 99; δ13C, δ15N) and tooth enamel (nteeth = 28, sequentially sampled for δ13C and δ18O) from wild and domestic animals to locate them in the landscape and investigate herding practices on a seasonal scale. The bone collagen isotope ratios mostly indicate feeding in open environments. However, results from the sequential analysis of cattle and sheep enamel suggest diverse dietary strategies for winters, including consumption of forest resources, consumption of summer hay and grazing in an open environment. Most pigs appear to have had herbivorous diets, but several individuals likely supplemented their diet with animal protein. Stable isotope ratio results from the Lengyel phase at Alsónyék (ca. 4800-4300 cal BC) suggest more access to animal protein for pigs, and feeding in more open areas by wild boar, red deer and cattle compared to the Starčevo phase. This study's results demonstrate considerable variability in early animal husbandry practices at Alsónyék.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Blanz
- Vienna Institute of Archaeological Science (VIAS), University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Human Evolution and Archaeological Sciences (HEAS), University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marie Balasse
- AASPE ‘Archéozoologie, Archéobotanique: Sociétés, Pratiques et Environnements’, CNRS/MNHN, Paris, France
| | - Delphine Frémondeau
- Centre for Archaeological Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Archaeology, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Erika Gál
- Institute of Archaeology, Research Centre for the Humanities, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anett Osztás
- Institute of Archaeology, Research Centre for the Humanities, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Éva Á. Nyerges
- Department of Archaeology, Savaria Museum, Szombathely, Hungary
| | - Denis Fiorillo
- AASPE ‘Archéozoologie, Archéobotanique: Sociétés, Pratiques et Environnements’, CNRS/MNHN, Paris, France
| | - Eszter Bánffy
- Institute of Archaeology, Research Centre for the Humanities, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest, Hungary
- Römisch-Germanische Kommission des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Maria Ivanova
- Vor- und Frühgeschichtliche Archäologie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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Varga S, Kytöviita MM. Sexes in gynodioecious Geranium sylvaticum do not differ in their isotopic signature or photosynthetic capacity. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2017; 19:896-903. [PMID: 28742938 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In gynodioecious plants, females are expected to produce more or better seeds than hermaphrodites in order to be maintained within the same population. Even though rarely measured, higher seed production can be achieved through differences in physiology. In this work, we measured sexual dimorphism in several physiological traits in the gynodioecious plant Geranium sylvaticum. Photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, WUE and isotopic signatures were measured in plants growing in two habitats differing in light availability. Females have been reported to produce more seeds than hermaphrodites. However, we did not observe any significant difference in seed output between the sexes in these experimental populations. Similarly, the sexes did not differ in any physiological trait measured. Seed production was strongly limited by light availability. Likewise, differences between plants growing in full light versus low light were detected in most physiological parameters measured. Our results show that the sexes in G. sylvaticum do not show any evidence of sexual dimorphism in physiology, which concurred with a lack of sexual differences in seed output.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Varga
- School of Life Sciences, Joseph Banks Laboratories, Green Lane, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, UK
| | - M-M Kytöviita
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
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Garcia N, Feranec RS, Passey BH, Cerling TE, Arsuaga JL. Exploring the Potential of Laser Ablation Carbon Isotope Analysis for Examining Ecology during the Ontogeny of Middle Pleistocene Hominins from Sima de los Huesos (Northern Spain). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142895. [PMID: 26673156 PMCID: PMC4686013 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Laser ablation of tooth enamel was used to analyze stable carbon isotope compositions of teeth of hominins, red deer, and bears from middle Pleistocene sites in the Sierra de Atapuerca in northern Spain, to investigate the possibility that this technique could be used as an additional tool to identify periods of physiological change that are not detectable as changes in tooth morphology. Most of the specimens were found to have minimal intra-tooth variation in carbon isotopes (< 2.3‰), suggesting isotopically uniform diets through time and revealing no obvious periods of physiological change. However, one of the two sampled hominin teeth displayed a temporal carbon isotope shift (3.2‰) that was significantly greater than observed for co-occurring specimens. The δ13C value of this individual averaged about -16‰ early in life, and -13‰ later in life. This isotopic change occurred on the canine crown about 4.2 mm from the root, which corresponds to an approximate age of two to four years old in modern humans. Our dataset is perforce small owing to the precious nature of hominid teeth, but it demonstrates the potential utility of the intra-tooth isotope profile method for extracting ontogenetic histories of human ancestors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Garcia
- Departamento de Paleontologia, Facultad de Ciencias Geológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Centro Mixto (UCM-ISCIII) de Evolución y Comportamiento Humanos, C/Monforte de Lemos 2–4, Pab. 14, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Robert S. Feranec
- Research and Collections Division, New York State Museum, 3140 Cultural Education Center, Albany, NY 12230–0001, United States of America
| | - Benjamin H. Passey
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, 120 Olin Hall, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, United States of America
| | - Thure E. Cerling
- Department of Geology & Geophysics, University of Utah, Frederick Albert Sutton Building, 115 S 1460 East Room 383, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, United States of America
| | - Juan Luis Arsuaga
- Departamento de Paleontologia, Facultad de Ciencias Geológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Centro Mixto (UCM-ISCIII) de Evolución y Comportamiento Humanos, C/Monforte de Lemos 2–4, Pab. 14, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Francini G, Männistö M, Alaoja V, Kytöviita MM. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal community divergence within a common host plant in two different soils in a subarctic Aeolian sand area. MYCORRHIZA 2014; 24:539-550. [PMID: 24687606 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-014-0573-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
There is rising awareness that different arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi have different autoecology and occupy different soil niches and that the benefits they provide to the host plant are dependent on plant-AM fungus combination. However, the role and community composition of AM fungi in succession are not well known and the northern latitudes remain poorly investigated ecosystems. We studied AM fungal communities in the roots of the grass Deschampsia flexuosa in two different, closely located, successional stages in a northern Aeolian sand area. The AM fungal taxa richness in planta was estimated by cloning and sequencing small subunit ribosomal RNA genes. AM colonization, shoot δ (13)C signature, and %N and %C were measured. Soil microbial community structure and AM fungal mycelium abundance were estimated using phospholipid (PLFA) and neutral lipid (NLFA) analyses. The two successional stages were characterized by distinct plant, microbial, and fungal communities. AM fungal species richness was very low in both the early and late successional stages. AM frequency in D. flexuosa roots was higher in the early successional stage than in the late one. The AM fungal taxa retrieved belonged to the genera generally adapted to Arctic or extreme environments. AM fungi seemed to be important in the early stage of the succession, suggesting that AM fungi may help plants to better cope with the harsh environmental conditions, especially in an early successional stage with more extreme environmental fluctuations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Francini
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland,
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Gilabert A, Simon JC, Dedryver CA, Plantegenest M. Do ecological niches differ between sexual and asexual lineages of an aphid species? Evol Ecol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-014-9730-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Yang H, Auerswald K, Bai Y, Wittmer MHOM, Schnyder H. Variation in carbon isotope discrimination in Cleistogenes squarrosa (Trin.) Keng: patterns and drivers at tiller, local, catchment, and regional scales. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2011; 62:4143-52. [PMID: 21527626 PMCID: PMC3153673 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Revised: 03/03/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the patterns and drivers of carbon isotope discrimination in C(4) species is critical for predicting the effects of global change on C(3)/C(4) ratio of plant community and consequently on ecosystem functioning and services. Cleistogenes squarrosa (Trin.) Keng is a dominant C(4) perennial bunchgrass of arid and semi-arid ecosystems across the Mongolian plateau of the Eurasian steppe. Its carbon isotope discrimination (((13))Δ) during photosynthesis is relatively large among C(4) species and it is variable. Here the ((13))Δ of C. squarrosa and its potential drivers at a nested set of scales were examined. Within cohorts of tillers, ((13))Δ of leaves increased from 5.1‰ to 8.1‰ from old to young leaves. At the local scale, ((13))Δ of mature leaves varied from 5.8‰ to 8.4‰, increasing with decreasing grazing intensity. At the catchment scale, ((13))Δ of mature leaves varied from 6.2‰ to 8.5‰ and increased with topsoil silt content. At the regional scale, ((13))Δ of mature leaves varied from 5.5‰ to 8.9‰, increasing with growing-season precipitation. At all scales, ((13))Δ decreased with increasing leaf nitrogen content (N(leaf)). N(leaf) was positively correlated with grazing intensity and leaf position along tillers, but negatively correlated with precipitation. The presence of the correlations across a range of different environmental contexts strongly implicates N(leaf) as a major driver of ((13))Δ in C. squarrosa and, possibly, other C(4) species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yang
- Lehrstuhl für Grünlandlehre, Technische Universität München, Alte Akademie 12, 85350 Freising, Germany
- Synthesis Research Center of Chinese Ecosystem Research Network, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Karl Auerswald
- Lehrstuhl für Grünlandlehre, Technische Universität München, Alte Akademie 12, 85350 Freising, Germany
| | - Yongfei Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | | | - Hans Schnyder
- Lehrstuhl für Grünlandlehre, Technische Universität München, Alte Akademie 12, 85350 Freising, Germany
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Tiunov AV, Kirillova IV. Stable isotope ((13)C/(12)C and (15)N/(14)N) composition of the woolly rhinoceros Coelodonta antiquitatis horn suggests seasonal changes in the diet. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2010; 24:3146-3150. [PMID: 20941761 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The extinct woolly rhinoceros Coelodonta antiquitatis is a prominent member of the Mammuthus-Coelodonta faunal complex, but its biology is poorly known, partly because very few specimens with well-preserved soft tissues have been discovered to date. However, the permafrost-preserved horns of the woolly rhinoceros are recording structures which contain isotopic records of the diet, environmental conditions and physiological status of the animal during most of its life. In this study we report the first data on the pattern of carbon ((13)C/(12)C) and nitrogen ((15)N/(14)N) isotopic composition along the nasal horn of woolly rhinoceros. We found systematic variations in δ(13)C and δ(15)N values associated with morphologically expressed transverse banding of the horn. The comparative analysis of isotopic variation in keratinous tissues of extant and extinct herbivores suggests that the oscillation in isotopic composition of the horn was induced by seasonal changes in the diet. Although the compiled evidence is in part contradictory, we suggest that more positive δ(13)C and δ(15)N values associated with dark-colored and less dense zones of the horn indicate a summer diet. More dense and light-colored zones of the horn have lower δ(13)C and δ(15)N values possibly indicating a larger proportion of woody and shrub vegetation in the winter diet. The validity of these conclusions has to be proven in further investigations, but our data underline the potential of isotopic analysis for studies on diet and habitat use by extinct members of Pleistocene fauna.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei V Tiunov
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution RAS, Leninsky Prospect 33, Moscow 119071, Russia.
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ARAYA YOSEPHN, SILVERTOWN JONATHAN, GOWING DAVIDJ, MCCONWAY KEVIN, LINDER PETER, MIDGLEY GUY. Variation in δ13C among species and sexes in the family Restionaceae along a fine-scale hydrological gradient. AUSTRAL ECOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-9993.2009.02089.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Dungait JAJ, Docherty G, Straker V, Evershed RP. Interspecific variation in bulk tissue, fatty acid and monosaccharide delta(13)C values of leaves from a mesotrophic grassland plant community. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2008; 69:2041-51. [PMID: 18539304 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2008.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2007] [Revised: 03/15/2008] [Accepted: 03/18/2008] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The leaves of 37 grass, herb, shrub and tree species were collected from a mesotrophic grassland to assess natural variability in bulk, fatty acid and monosaccharide delta(13)C values of leaves from one plant community. The leaf tissue mean bulk delta(13)C value was -29.3 per thousand. No significant differences between tissue bulk delta(13)C values with life form were determined (P=0.40). On average, C(16:0), C(18:2) and C(18:3) constituted 89% of leaf tissue total fatty acids, whose delta(13)C values were depleted compared to whole leaf tissues. A general interspecific (between different species) trend for fatty acids delta(13)C values was observed, i.e. delta(13)C(16:0)<delta(13)C(18:2)<delta(13)C(18:3), although these values ranged widely between species, e.g. C(16:0) (-34.7 per thousand, Alisma plantago-aquatica; -44.0 per thousand, Leucanthemum vulgare), C(18:2) (-33.3 per thousand, Acer campestre; -44.2 per thousand, L. vulgare;) and C(18:3) (-34.3 per thousand, Bellis perennis; -41.8 per thousand, Plantago lanceolata). Average relative abundances of leaf monosaccharides arabinose, xylose, mannose, galactose and glucose were 12%, 13%, 5%, 12% and 54%, respectively. Mean delta(13)C values of these monosaccharides were -26.6 per thousand (arabinose), -27.2 per thousand (xylose), -30.9 per thousand (mannose), -30.0 per thousand (galactose) and -29.0 per thousand (glucose). The general relationship between individual monosaccharide delta(13)C values, delta(13)C(arabinose)>delta(13)C(xylose)>delta(13)C(glucose)>delta(13)C(galactose), was consistently observed. Therefore, we have shown (i) diversity in compound-specific delta(13)C values contributing to leaf bulk delta(13)C values; (ii) interspecific variability between bulk and compound-specific delta(13)C values of leaves of individual grassland species, and (iii) trends between individual fatty acid and monosaccharide delta(13)C values common to leaves of all species within one plant community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A J Dungait
- Organic Geochemistry Unit, Bristol Biogeochemistry Research Centre, School of Chemistry, Cantocks Close, Bristol, UK
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Joern A, Mole S. The plant stress hypothesis and variable responses by blue grama grass (Bouteloua gracilis) to water, mineral nitrogen, and insect herbivory. J Chem Ecol 2006; 31:2069-90. [PMID: 16132213 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-005-6078-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2005] [Revised: 05/09/2005] [Accepted: 05/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Acting simultaneously or sequentially, plants encounter multiple stresses from combined abiotic and biotic factors that result in decreased growth and internal reallocation of resources. The plant stress hypothesis predicts that environmental stresses on plants decrease plant resistance to insect herbivory by altering biochemical source-sink relationships and foliar chemistry, leading to more palatable food. Such changes in the nutritional landscape for insects may facilitate insect population outbreaks during periods of moderate stress on host plants. We examined the plant stress hypothesis with field experiments in continental grassland (USA) using the C4 grass Bouteloua gracilis. Water, nitrogen fertilizer, and herbivory from the grass-feeding grasshopper Ageneotettix deorum were manipulated. Combined stresses from water and mineral-N in the soil decreased plant growth and altered foliar percent total N (TN) and percent total nonstructural carbohydrate (TNC) concentrations in an additive fashion. Grasshopper herbivory affected final biomass only in dry years; plants compensated for tissue loss when rainfall was abundant. Foliar TN and TNC concentrations were dynamic with respect to variable climatic conditions and treatment combinations, showing significant interactions. Grasshopper herbivory had its greatest impact on TN or TNC in dry years, interacting with other forms of stress. Herbivory as a single factor had strong effects on TNC in years with normal precipitation, but not in a dry year. Performance (developmental rate and survival) by the grasshoppers Phoetaliotes nebrascensis and A. deorum were not greatly affected by plant stress in a manner consistent with the plant stress hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Joern
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.
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Still CJ, Berry JA, Ribas-Carbo M, Helliker BR. The contribution of C3 and C4 plants to the carbon cycle of a tallgrass prairie: an isotopic approach. Oecologia 2003; 136:347-59. [PMID: 12827485 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-003-1274-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2002] [Accepted: 03/17/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The photosynthetic pathway composition (C(3):C(4) mixture) of an ecosystem is an important controller of carbon exchanges and surface energy flux partitioning, and therefore represents a fundamental ecophysiological distinction. To assess photosynthetic mixtures at a tallgrass prairie pasture in Oklahoma, we collected nighttime above-canopy air samples along concentration and isotopic gradients throughout the 1999 and 2000 growing seasons. We analyzed these samples for their CO(2) concentration and carbon isotopic composition and calculated C(3):C(4) proportions with a two-source mixing model. In 1999, the C(4) percentage increased from 38% in spring (late April) to 86% in early fall (mid-September). The C(4) percentages inferred from ecosystem respiration measurements in 2000 indicate a smaller shift, from 67% in spring (early May) to 77% in mid-summer (late July). We also sampled daytime CO(2 )concentration and carbon isotope gradients above the canopy to determine ecosystem discrimination against (13)CO(2) during net uptake. These discrimination values were always lower than corresponding nighttime ecosystem respiration isotopic signatures would suggest. After accounting for the isotopic disequilibria between respiration and photosynthesis resulting from seasonal variations in the C(3):C(4) mixture, we estimated canopy photosynthetic discrimination. The C(4) percentage calculated from this approach agrees with the percentage determined from nighttime respiration for sampling periods in both growing seasons. Isotopic imbalances between photosynthesis and respiration are likely to be common in mixed C(3):C(4 )ecosystems and must be considered when using daytime isotopic measurements to constrain ecosystem physiology. Given the global extent of such ecosystems, isotopic imbalances likely contribute to global variations in the carbon isotopic composition of atmospheric CO(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Still
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 260 Panama Street, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Damesin C, Rambal S, Joffre R. Seasonal and annual changes in leaf δ13
C in two co-occurring Mediterranean oaks: relations to leaf growth and drought progression. Funct Ecol 2002. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2435.1998.00259.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Drucker D, Célérier G. Teneurs en carbone-13 du collagène de grands mammifères du site de Pont d’Ambon (Dordogne, France) : implications pour l’environnement et son exploitation au Tardiglaciaire dans le Sud-ouest de la France. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.4000/paleo.1024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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