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Sakamoto H, Uchiyama S, Shimidzu M, Ogura H. Simple Ozone Scrubber Using a Glass Fiber Filter Impregnated with Hydroquinone for the Quantitative Analysis of Ambient Air Samples. ANAL SCI 2021; 37:1713-1718. [PMID: 34121019 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.21p133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
As a standard method for measuring the concentration of carbonyl compounds in air, 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) derivatization followed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is widely used. However, the method is often plagued by interference issues related to the ozone content in ambient air samples. Although the use of a potassium iodide (KI) scrubber circumvents these problems, the combination of a DNPH-coated silica cartridge and KI scrubber often performs poorly, particularly in high humidity. The KI in the scrubber becomes wet under these conditions, trapping the carbonyl compounds under investigation before they can reach the DNPH cartridge; this ultimately results in inaccurate readings. In this study, a new type of ozone scrubber consisting of a glass fiber filter coated with hydroquinone (HQF) was developed. The HQF scrubber was placed in front of the DNPH-coated silica cartridge, allowing airborne carbonyl compounds to pass unimpeded through the HQF section before being trapped by the DNPH-coated silica. The subsequent reaction of the trapped carbonyls with DNPH produced carbonyl 2,4-DNPhydrazone derivative that is used as the basis for the quantitative and qualitative analyses of ambient air samples. The hydroquinone in HQF reacts with ozone to form benzoquinone with an efficiency of more than 95% under wide relative humidity range (8 - 95%). The performance of our novel HQF scrubber was compared with those of potassium iodide (KI) and our previously developed trans-1,2-bis(2-pyridyl)ethylene (BPE)-coated silica scrubbers using ambient air samples, and the results showed that both HQF-DNPH and BPE-DNPH cartridges detected carbonyl compounds in the same concentration levels. The proposed method is superior to the KI-based and BPE-based technique for ozone removal because the HQF is very small and can be easily attached to any commercially available DNPH cartridge.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Moka Shimidzu
- Faculty and Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University
| | - Hironao Ogura
- Faculty and Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University
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Santana FO, Campos VP, Cruz LP, Luz SR. Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde in the atmosphere of Salvador-Ba, Brazil, using passive sampling. Microchem J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2017.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Zhou X, Mopper K. Carbonyl compounds in the lower marine troposphere over the Caribbean Sea and Bahamas. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/92jc02772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Lee MH, Kim KH. The effect of relative humidity on the performance of DNPH-cartridge sampling for odorous aldehydes. ANALYTICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.5806/ast.2012.25.1.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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6
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Quantum cascade laser-based photoacoustic sensor for trace detection of formaldehyde gas. SENSORS 2009; 9:2697-705. [PMID: 22574040 PMCID: PMC3348822 DOI: 10.3390/s90402697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2009] [Revised: 04/02/2009] [Accepted: 04/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We report on the development of a photoacoustic sensor for the detection of formaldehyde (CH(2)O) using a thermoelectrically cooled distributed-feedback quantum cascade laser operating in pulsed mode at 5.6 μm. A resonant photoacoustic cell, equipped with four electret microphones, is excited in its first longitudinal mode at 1,380 Hz. The absorption line at 1,778.9 cm(-1) is selected for CH(2)O detection. A detection limit of 150 parts per billion in volume in nitrogen is achieved using a 10 seconds time constant and 4 mW laser power. Measurements in ambient air will require water vapour filters.
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Herrington JS, Fan ZHT, Lioy PJ, Zhang JJ. Low acetaldehyde collection efficiencies for 24-hour sampling with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH)-coated solid sorbents. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2007; 41:580-5. [PMID: 17310725 DOI: 10.1021/es061247k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Airborne aldehyde and ketone (carbonyl) sampling methodologies based on derivatization with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH)-coated solid sorbents could unequivocally be considered the "gold" standard. Originally developed in the late 1970s, these methods have been extensively evaluated and developed up to the present day. However, these methods have been inadequately evaluated for the long-term (i.e., 24 h or greater) sampling collection efficiency (CE) of carbonyls other than formaldehyde. The current body of literature fails to demonstrate that DNPH-coated solid sorbent sampling methods have acceptable CEs for the long-term sampling of carbonyls other than formaldehyde. Despite this, such methods are widely used to report the concentrations of multiple carbonyls from long-term sampling, assuming approximately 100% CEs. Laboratory experiments were conducted in this study to evaluate the long-term formaldehyde and acetaldehyde sampling CEs for several commonly used DNPH-coated solid sorbents. Results from sampling known concentrations of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde generated in a dynamic atmosphere generation system demonstrate that the 24-hour formaldehyde sampling CEs ranged from 83 to 133%, confirming the findings made in previous studies. However, the 24-hour acetaldehyde sampling CEs ranged from 1 to 62%. Attempts to increase the acetaldehyde CEs by adding acid to the samples post sampling were unsuccessful. These results indicate that assuming approximately 100% CEs for 24-hour acetaldehyde sampling, as commonly done with DNPH-coated solid sorbent methods, would substantially under estimate acetaldehyde concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason S Herrington
- Joint Graduate Program in Exposure Science, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School and Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 683 Hoes Lane West, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
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Motyka K, Mikuška P, Večeřa Z. Continuous chemiluminescence determination of formaldehyde in air based on Trautz–Schorigin reaction. Anal Chim Acta 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.01.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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9
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Bertoni G, Ciuchini C, Palo VD, Possanzini M. Development of a Passive Sampler for Long-Term Measurements of Formaldehyde and Total Oxidants in Air. Chromatographia 2005. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-005-0525-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Possanzini M, Palo VD, Cecinato A. Field Evaluation of N-Methyl-4-hydrazino-7-nitrobenzofurazan (MNBDH) Coated Silica Gel Cartridges for the Measurement of Lower Carbonyls in Air. Chromatographia 2004. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-004-0448-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Müller K, Pelzing M, Gnauk T, Kappe A, Teichmann U, Spindler G, Haferkorn S, Jahn Y, Herrmann H. Monoterpene emissions and carbonyl compound air concentrations during the blooming period of rape (Brassica napus). CHEMOSPHERE 2002; 49:1247-1256. [PMID: 12489721 DOI: 10.1016/s0045-6535(02)00610-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
An increasing percentage of agricultural land in Germany is used for oil seed plants. Hence, rape has become an important agricultural plant (in Saxony 1998: 12% of the farmland) in the recent years. During flowering of rape along with intensive radiation and high temperatures, a higher production and emission of biogenic VOC was observed. The emissions of terpenes were determined and more importantly, high concentrations of organic carbonyl compounds were observed during this field experiment. All measurements of interest have been carried out during two selected days with optimal weather conditions. It is found that the origin or the mechanism of formation of different group of compounds had strong influence on the day to day variation of their concentrations. The emission flux of terpenes from flowering rape plants was determined to be 16-32 microg h(-1) m(-2) (30-60 ng h(-1) per g dry plant-540-11080 ng h(-1) per plant), in total. Limonene, alpha-thujene and sabinene were the most important compounds (about 60% of total terpenes). For limonene and sabinene reference emission rates (Ms) and temperature coefficients were determined: beta(limonene) = 0.108 K(-1) and Ms = 14.57 microg h(-1) m(-2) beta(sabinene) = 0.095 K(-1) and Ms = 5.39 microg h(-1) m(-2). The detected carbonyl compound concentrations were unexpectedly high (maximum formaldehyde concentration was 18.1 ppbv and 3.4 ppbv for butyraldehyde) for an open field. Possible reasons for these concentrations are the combination of primary emission from the plants induced by high temperature and high ozone stress, the secondary formation from biogenically and advected anthropogenically emitted VOC at high radiation intensities and furthered by the low wind speeds at this time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Müller
- Institut für Troposphärenforschung, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
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Levart A, Veber M. Determination of aldehydes and ketones in air samples using cryotrapping sampling. CHEMOSPHERE 2001; 44:701-708. [PMID: 11482659 DOI: 10.1016/s0045-6535(00)00369-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A cryotrapping sampling technique using glass traps cooled in liquid nitrogen for monitoring carbonyl compounds in air has been developed. Sampling was followed by derivatization by addition of acidified 2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine (DNPH) solution to the traps and an aliquot of the sample was analysed with a high performance liquid chromatograph system (HPLC), equipped with a diode array detector. The procedure was optimised concerning derivatization conditions and analytical parameters on formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, propanal, acetone, butanal and benzaldehyde. The technique was applied in monitoring their concentration in the urban atmosphere in Ljubljana.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Levart
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Fick J, Pommer L, Andersson B, Nilsson C. Ozone removal in the sampling of parts per billion levels of terpenoid compounds: an evaluation of different scrubber materials. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2001; 35:1458-1462. [PMID: 11348086 DOI: 10.1021/es0001456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Some reactive volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are prone to degradation during sampling in an ozone-rich environment. A wide variety of different chemicals have been used to remove the ozone prior to sampling, but the possibility of interference by such chemicals with the sampled VOCs has not been thoroughly examined. In the present investigation, the retention/degradation of four terpenes (alpha-pinene, beta-pinene, 3-carene, and limonene) and isoprene together with some of their oxidation products (alpha-pinene oxide, nopinone, 4-acetyl-1-methylcyclohexene (AMCH), methylglyoxal, and methacrolein) has been studied, using various ozone-removing chemicals in an attempt to evaluate their potential as ozone scrubbers in the sampling of ambient air. The chemicals included in this first screening and their ozone-removing capacity are as follows: KI, MnO2, and Na2SO3 removed ozone for more than 24 h when exposed to 73-78 ppb (150-160 microg/m3) at a sampling flow rate of 500 mL/min. Silanized poly(1,4-phenylene sulfide) (PFS) removed ozone for 5 h, unsilanized PFS removed ozone for 1 h and 50 min, and Na2S2O3 removed ozone for 20 min. The recovery of the selected compounds with the different scrubbers was >95% for all compounds for KI; >95% for the terpenes oxidation products; >90% for the terpenes and isoprene for PFS; >90% for the terpenes and isoprene for MnO2 on copper nets, Na2SO3, and Na2S2O3; and <90% for the terpenes and isoprene for carulite (a commercial mixture between MnO2, CuO, and Al2O3), CuO, and indigo carmine.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Fick
- Department of Chemistry, Environmental Chemistry, Umeå University, Sweden
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Application of a unique selective PLOT capillary column for the analysis of oxygenated compounds in ambient air. Chromatographia 2000. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02492810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Pätz HW, Corsmeier U, Glaser K, Vogt U, Kalthoff N, Klemp D, Kolahgar B, Lerner A, Neininger B, Schmitz T, Schultz MG, Slemr J, Volz-Thomas A. Measurements of trace gases and photolysis frequencies during SLOPE96 and a coarse estimate of the local OH concentration from HNO3formation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Apel EC, Calvert JG, Riemer D, Pos W, Zika R, Kleindienst TE, Lonneman WA, Fung K, Fujita E, Shepson PB, Starn TK, Roberts PT. Measurements comparison of oxygenated volatile organic compounds at a rural site during the 1995 SOS Nashville Intensive. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jd01753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Garcı́a-Alonso S, Pérez-Pastor RM. Use of C18 and silica-gel coated Sep-Pak cartridges for the determination of carbonyls in air by liquid chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(98)00141-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Staffelbach T, Neftel A, Blatter A, Gut A, Fahrni M, Stähelin J, Prévôt A, Hering A, Lehning M, Neininger B, Bäumle M, Kok GL, Dommen J, Hutterli M, Anklin M. Photochemical oxidant formation over southern Switzerland: 1. Results from summer 1994. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/97jd00933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Possanzini M, Di Palo V. Determination of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde in air by HPLC with fluorescence detection. Chromatographia 1997. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02496312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Lange J, Eckhoff S. Determination of carbonyl compounds in exhaust gas by using a modified DNPH-method. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996; 356:385-9. [PMID: 15048339 DOI: 10.1007/s0021663560385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/1995] [Accepted: 11/22/1995] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The determination of carbonyl compounds in gaseous samples is usually accomplished by enrichment methods, in which 2,4-dinitrophenyl-hydrazine (DNPH) as a derivatization reagent has become established to a large extent. However, the conventional methods of DNPH-impingers and of DNPH-cartridges are applicable to emission measurements in a limited way only, depending on the NO(2)-concentration in the exhaust gas. It could be proved that DNPH-derivatives, as well as DNPH, are also decomposed by NO(2) at a different speed, in which the hydrazones of unsaturated carbonyl compounds are probably more sensitive than those of the saturated carbonyl compounds. In view of this fact, the collecting methods had to be modified to avoid losses with the enrichment. The analysis of the compounds is carried out by HPLC with an effective gradient-system which is able to separate and detect the carbonyl compounds in exhaust gas within 16 min. Furthermore, a simple working-up procedure is presented which facilitates a parallel analysis by GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lange
- Institut für Verbrennungskraftmaschinen, Universität Hannover, Welfengarten 1A, D-30167, Hannover, Germany
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Heikes B, McCully B, Zhou X, Lee YN, Mopper K, Chen X, Mackay G, Karecki D, Schiff H, Campos T, Atlas E. Formaldehyde methods comparison in the remote lower troposphere during the Mauna Loa Photochemistry Experiment 2. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/96jd00550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Görgényi M, Van Langenhove H, Király Z. Prediction of gas chromatographic retention indices of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones. J Chromatogr A 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(94)01019-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Determination of olefinic aldehydes and other volatile carbonyls in air samples by DNPH-coated cartridges and HPLC. Chromatographia 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02272160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Helmig D, Greenberg J. Artifact formation from the use of potassium-iodide-based ozone traps during atmospheric sampling of trace organic gases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1002/jhrc.1240180105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Vairavamurthy A, Roberts JM, Newman L. Methods for determination of low molecular weight carbonyl compounds in the atmosphere: A review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0960-1686(92)90083-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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