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Pangerl J, Sukul P, Rück T, Fuchs P, Weigl S, Miekisch W, Bierl R, Matysik FM. An inexpensive UV-LED photoacoustic based real-time sensor-system detecting exhaled trace-acetone. Photoacoustics 2024; 38:100604. [PMID: 38559568 PMCID: PMC10973644 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2024.100604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
In this research we present a low-cost system for breath acetone analysis based on UV-LED photoacoustic spectroscopy. We considered the end-tidal phase of exhalation, which represents the systemic concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) - providing clinically relevant information about the human health. This is achieved via the development of a CO2-triggered breath sampling system, which collected alveolar breath over several minutes in sterile and inert containers. A real-time mass spectrometer is coupled to serve as a reference device for calibration measurements and subsequent breath analysis. The new sensor system provided a 3σ detection limit of 8.3 ppbV and an NNEA of 1.4E-9 Wcm-1Hz-0.5. In terms of the performed breath analysis measurements, 12 out of 13 fell within the error margin of the photoacoustic measurement system, demonstrating the reliability of the measurements in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Pangerl
- Sensorik-ApplikationsZentrum (SappZ), Regensburg University of Applied Sciences, Regensburg 93053, Germany
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensing, University of Regensburg, Regensburg 93053, Germany
| | - Pritam Sukul
- Rostock Medical Breath Analytics and Technologies (RoMBAT), Dept. of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock 18057, Germany
| | - Thomas Rück
- Sensorik-ApplikationsZentrum (SappZ), Regensburg University of Applied Sciences, Regensburg 93053, Germany
| | - Patricia Fuchs
- Rostock Medical Breath Analytics and Technologies (RoMBAT), Dept. of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock 18057, Germany
| | - Stefan Weigl
- Sensorik-ApplikationsZentrum (SappZ), Regensburg University of Applied Sciences, Regensburg 93053, Germany
| | - Wolfram Miekisch
- Rostock Medical Breath Analytics and Technologies (RoMBAT), Dept. of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock 18057, Germany
| | - Rudolf Bierl
- Sensorik-ApplikationsZentrum (SappZ), Regensburg University of Applied Sciences, Regensburg 93053, Germany
| | - Frank-Michael Matysik
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensing, University of Regensburg, Regensburg 93053, Germany
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2
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Gao Z, Li L, Liu M, Tian S, Feng M, Qiao Y, Shan C. Photoacoustic trace gas detection of OCS using a 2.45 mL Helmholtz resonator and a 4823.3 nm ICL light source. Photoacoustics 2024; 38:100612. [PMID: 38711869 PMCID: PMC11070921 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2024.100612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
A miniaturized photoacoustic spectroscopy-based gas sensor is proposed for the purpose of detecting sub-ppm-level carbonyl sulfide (OCS) using a tunable mid-infrared interband cascade laser (ICL) and a Helmholtz photoacoustic cell. The tuning characteristics of the tunable ICL with a center wavelength of 4823.3 nm were investigated to achieve the optimal driving parameters. A Helmholtz photoacoustic cell with a volume of ∼2.45 mL was designed and optimized to miniaturize the measurement system. By optimizing the modulation parameters and signal processing, the system was verified to have a good linear response to OCS concentration. With a lock-in amplifier integration time of 10 s, the 1σ noise standard deviation in differential mode was 0.84 mV and a minimum detection limit (MDL) of 409.2 ppbV was achieved at atmospheric pressure and room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Minghui Liu
- School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Shen Tian
- School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Mingyang Feng
- School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yingying Qiao
- School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Chongxin Shan
- School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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3
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Wang Q, Xu S, Zhu Z, Wang J, Zou X, Zhang C, Liu Q. High sensitivity and ultra-low concentration range photoacoustic spectroscopy based on trapezoid compound ellipsoid resonant photoacoustic cell and partial least square. Photoacoustics 2024; 35:100583. [PMID: 38312807 PMCID: PMC10835439 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2023.100583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
A high sensitivity and ultra-low concentration range photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) gas detection system, which was based on a novel trapezoid compound ellipsoid resonant photoacoustic cell (TCER-PAC) and partial least square (PLS), was proposed to detect acetylene (C2H2) gas. In the concentration range of 0.5 ppm ∼ 10.0 ppm, the limit of detection (LOD) values of TCER-PAC-based PAS system without data processing was 66.4 ppb, which was lower than that of the traditional trapezoid compound cylindrical resonant photoacoustic cell (TCCR-PAC). The experimental results indicated that the TCER-PAC had higher sensitivity than of TCCR-PAC. Within the concentration range of 12.5 ppb ∼ 125.0 ppb, the LOD and limit of quantification (LOQ) of TCER-PAC-based PAS system combined with PLS regression algorithm were 1.1 ppb and 3.7 ppb, respectively. The results showed that higher detection sensitivity and lower LOD were obtained by PAS system with TCER-PAC and PLS than that of TCCR-PAC-based PAS system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoyun Wang
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110819, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Precision Optical Sensing and Measurement Technology, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Shunyuan Xu
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110819, China
| | - Ziheng Zhu
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110819, China
| | - Jilong Wang
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110819, China
| | - Xin Zou
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110819, China
| | - Chu Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Tunable Laser, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110819, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Precision Optical Sensing and Measurement Technology, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
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Cui R, Wu H, Tittel FK, Spagnolo V, Chen W, Dong L. Folded-optics-based quartz-enhanced photoacoustic and photothermal hybrid spectroscopy. Photoacoustics 2024; 35:100580. [PMID: 38163005 PMCID: PMC10755537 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2023.100580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Folded-optics-based quartz-enhanced photoacoustic and photothermal hybrid spectroscopy (FO-QEPA-PTS) is reported for the first time. In FO-QEPA-PTS, the detection of the photoacoustic and photothermal hybrid signal is achieved through the use of a custom quartz tuning fork (QTF), thereby mitigating the issue of resonant frequency mismatch typically encountered in quartz-enhanced photoacoustic-photothermal spectroscopy employing multiple QTFs. A multi-laser beam, created by a multi-pass cell (MPC) with a designed single-line spot pattern, partially strikes the inner edge of the QTF and partially passes through the prong of the QTF, thereby generating photoacoustic and photothermal hybrid signals. To assess the performance of FO-QEPA-PTS, 1 % acetylene is selected as the analyte gas and the 2f signals produced by the photoacoustic, the photothermal, and their hybrid effects are measured. Comparative analysis against QEPAS and QEPTS reveals signal gain factors of ∼ 79 and ∼ 14, respectively, when these laser beams created by MPC excite the QTF operating at fundamental resonance mode in phase. In the FO-QEPA-PTS signal, the proportions of the photoacoustic and the photothermal effects induced by the multiple beams are ∼7 % and 93 %, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruyue Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Laboratoire de Physicochimie de l'Atmosphère, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Dunkerque 59140, France
| | - Hongpeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Frank K Tittel
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Vincenzo Spagnolo
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- PolySense Lab-Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, Via Amendola 173, Bari, Italy
| | - Weidong Chen
- Laboratoire de Physicochimie de l'Atmosphère, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Dunkerque 59140, France
| | - Lei Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
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Farago PV, Camargo GDA, Mendes MB, Semianko BC, Camilo Junior A, Dias DT, Lara LSD, Novatski A, Mendes Nadal J, Manfron J, Majumdar S, Khan IA. Computational simulation on the study of Tacrolimus and its improved dermal retention using Poly(Ԑ-caprolactone) nanocapsules. J Mol Graph Model 2024; 126:108625. [PMID: 37722352 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2023.108625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Tacrolimus (TAC) is a drug from natural origin that can be used for topical application to control autoimmune skin diseases such as atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, and vitiligo. Computational simulation based on quantum mechanics theory by solving Schrödinger Equation for n-body problem may allow the theoretical calculation of drug geometry, charge distribution and dipole moment, electronic levels and molecular orbitals, electronic transitions, and vibrational transitions. Additionally, the development of novel nanotechnology-based delivery systems containing TAC can be an approach for reducing the dose applied topically, increasing dermal retention, and reducing the reported side effects due to the controlled release pattern. Firstly, this paper was devoted to obtaining the molecular, electronic, and vibrational data for TAC by using five semi-empirical (SE) methods and one Density Functional Theory (DFT) method in order to expand the knowledge about the drug properties by computational simulation. Then, this study was carried out to prepare TAC-loaded poly(ԑ-caprolactone) nanocapsules by interfacial polymer deposition following solvent displacement and investigate the in vitro drug permeation using the Franz diffusion cell and the photoacoustic spectroscopy. Computational simulations were compared in the three schemes SE/SE, SE/DFT, and DFT/DFT, where the first method represented the procedure used for geometry optimization and the second one was performed to extract electronic and vibrational properties. Computational data showed correspondence with TAC geometry description and electronic properties, with few differences in HOMO - LUMO gap (Δ) and dipole values. The SE/DFT and DFT/DFT methods presented a better drug description for the UV-Vis, Infrared, and Raman spectra with low deviation from experimental values. Franz cell model demonstrated that TAC was more delivered across the Strat-M® membrane from the solution than the drug-loaded poly(ԑ-caprolactone) nanocapsules. Photoacoustic spectroscopy assay revealed that these nanocapsules remained more retained into the Strat-M® membranes, which is desirable for the topical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Vitor Farago
- Laboratory of Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, PR, 84030-900, Brazil; National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, MS, 38677, USA.
| | - Guilherme Dos Anjos Camargo
- Laboratory of Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, PR, 84030-900, Brazil.
| | - Matheus Benedito Mendes
- Postgraduate Program in Science (Physics), Department of Physics, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, PR, 84030-900, Brazil.
| | - Betina Christi Semianko
- Academic Department of Physics, Federal University of Technology-Parana, Ponta Grossa, PR, 84017-220, Brazil.
| | - Alexandre Camilo Junior
- Postgraduate Program in Science (Physics), Department of Physics, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, PR, 84030-900, Brazil.
| | - Daniele Toniolo Dias
- Academic Department of Physics, Federal University of Technology-Parana, Ponta Grossa, PR, 84017-220, Brazil.
| | - Lucas Stori de Lara
- Postgraduate Program in Science (Physics), Department of Physics, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, PR, 84030-900, Brazil.
| | - Andressa Novatski
- Postgraduate Program in Science (Physics), Department of Physics, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, PR, 84030-900, Brazil.
| | - Jessica Mendes Nadal
- Laboratory of Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, PR, 84030-900, Brazil.
| | - Jane Manfron
- Laboratory of Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, PR, 84030-900, Brazil; National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, MS, 38677, USA.
| | - Soumyajit Majumdar
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, MS, 38677, USA.
| | - Ikhlas A Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, MS, 38677, USA.
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Fu L, Lu P, Pan Y, Zhong Y, Sima C, Wu Q, Zhang J, Cui L, Liu D. All-optical non-resonant photoacoustic spectroscopy for multicomponent gas detection based on aseismic photoacoustic cell. Photoacoustics 2023; 34:100571. [PMID: 38035174 PMCID: PMC10682669 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2023.100571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
An all-optical non-resonant photoacoustic spectroscopy system for multicomponent gas detection based on a silicon cantilever optical microphone (SCOM) and an aseismic photoacoustic cell is proposed and demonstrated. The SCOM has a high sensitivity of over 96.25 rad/Pa with sensitivity fluctuation less than ± 1.56 dB between 5 Hz and 250 Hz. Besides, the minimal detectable pressure (MDP) of the sensor is 0.55 μPa·Hz-1/2 at 200 Hz, which indicates that the fabricated sensor has high sensitivity and low noise level. Six different gases of CO2, CO, CH4, C2H6, C2H4, C2H2 are detected at the frequency of 10 Hz, whose detection limits (3σ) are 62.66 ppb, 929.11 ppb, 1494.97 ppb, 212.94 ppb, 1153.36 ppb and 417.61 ppb, respectively. The system achieves high sensitivity and low detection limits for trace gas detection. In addition, the system exhibits seismic performance with suppressing vibration noise by 4.5 times, and achieves long-term stable operation. The proposed non-resonant all-optical PAS multi-component gas detection system exhibits the advantages of anti-vibration performance, low gas consumption and long term stability, which provides a solution for working in complex environments with inherently safe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lujun Fu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO) and National Engineering Research Center for Next Generation Internet Access System, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- Shenzhen Huazhong University of Science and Technology Research Institute, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Ping Lu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO) and National Engineering Research Center for Next Generation Internet Access System, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- Shenzhen Huazhong University of Science and Technology Research Institute, Shenzhen 518000, China
- Wuhan OV Optical Networking Technology Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430073, China
| | - Yufeng Pan
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO) and National Engineering Research Center for Next Generation Internet Access System, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yi Zhong
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO) and National Engineering Research Center for Next Generation Internet Access System, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Chaotan Sima
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO) and National Engineering Research Center for Next Generation Internet Access System, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- Shenzhen Huazhong University of Science and Technology Research Institute, Shenzhen 518000, China
- Wuhan OV Optical Networking Technology Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430073, China
| | - Qiang Wu
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 8ST, United Kingdom
| | - Jiangshan Zhang
- Department of Electronics and Information Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Lingzhi Cui
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Deming Liu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO) and National Engineering Research Center for Next Generation Internet Access System, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- Shenzhen Huazhong University of Science and Technology Research Institute, Shenzhen 518000, China
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Luo H, Yang Z, Zhuang R, Lv H, Wang C, Lin H, Zhang D, Zhu W, Zhong Y, Cao Y, Liu K, Kan R, Pan Y, Yu J, Zheng H. Ppbv-level mid-infrared photoacoustic sensor for mouth alcohol test after consuming lychee fruits. Photoacoustics 2023; 33:100559. [PMID: 38021287 PMCID: PMC10658599 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2023.100559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
A ppbv-level mid-infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy sensor was developed for mouth alcohol tests. A compact CO2 laser with a sealed waveguide and integrated radio frequency (RF) power supply was used. The emission wavelength is ∼9.3 µm with a power of 10 W. A detection limit of ∼18 ppbv (1σ) for ethanol gas with an integration of 1 s was achieved. The sensor performed a linear dynamic range with an R square value of ∼0.999. A breath measurement experiment after consuming lychees was conducted. The photoacoustic signal amplitude decreased with the quality of lychee consumed, confirming the existence of residual alcohol in the mouth. During continuous measurement, the photoacoustic signal decreased in < 10 min when consuming 30 g lychee fruits, proving that the alcohol detected in exhaled breath originated from the oral cavity rather than the bloodstream. This work provided valuable information on the distinction of alcoholism and crime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijian Luo
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information and Sensing Technologies of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zhifei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information and Sensing Technologies of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Ruobin Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information and Sensing Technologies of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Haohua Lv
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information and Sensing Technologies of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Chenglong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information and Sensing Technologies of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Haoyang Lin
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information and Sensing Technologies of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Di Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information and Sensing Technologies of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Wenguo Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information and Sensing Technologies of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yongchun Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information and Sensing Technologies of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yuan Cao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Kun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Ruifeng Kan
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Yuwen Pan
- Department of Preventive Treatment of Disease, The affiliated TCM Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Jianhui Yu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information and Sensing Technologies of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Huadan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information and Sensing Technologies of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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Fan E, Liu H, Wang C, Ma J, Guan BO. Compact optical fiber photoacoustic gas sensor with integrated multi-pass cell. Photoacoustics 2023; 32:100524. [PMID: 37448558 PMCID: PMC10336158 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2023.100524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Optical fiber acoustic sensors with miniature size and high sensitivity are attractive to develop compact photoacoustic spectroscopy. Here, a compact photoacoustic gas sensor was demonstrated by utilizing a diaphragm-based fiber-optic Fabry-Perot cavity as both the acoustic sensor and the multipass cell. A nanoscale graphite film was used as the flexible diaphragm to increase the acoustic sensitivity of the Fabry-Perot cavity and the cavity inner surface was coated with highly-reflective Au film to form a multipass cell for amplification of the photoacoustic signal. With a laser power of 20 mW at 1532.8 nm, the sensor demonstrated a low detection limit of ∼ 50 ppb for C2H2 gas with an integration time of ∼ 100 s. The optical fiber photoacoustic gas sensor with a millimeter-scale diameter and ppb-level detection limit is promising for trace gas sensing in various areas including industrial process and environmental monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enbo Fan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Haojie Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Chao Wang
- The Center for Smart Sensing System, Julong College, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China
| | - Jun Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Bai-Ou Guan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
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Weber C, Kapp J, Wöllenstein J, Schmitt K. Novel approach for efficient resonance tracking in photoacoustic gas sensor systems based on a light-induced wall signal. Photoacoustics 2023; 31:100495. [PMID: 37113271 PMCID: PMC10126925 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2023.100495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic gas sensing is a method suited for the detection of radiation absorbing molecular species in the gas phase. Due to the backgroand-free detection, it has considerable benefits in the measurement of very low concentrations down to the parts-per-trillion range. Yet in resonant systems, the resonance frequency depends on several parameters like temperature or gas composition and therefore must be continuously determined. In the present work, we propose a new method of tracking the resonance frequency using a photoacoustic signal generated at the walls of the resonant cell. The method has been evaluated with two different photoacoustic setups intended for the detection of NO2. We further propose an algorithm for finding the resonance frequency and evaluated the performance thereof. With this method, it is possible to detect the resonance frequency of a cylindrical and a dumbbell-shaped cell in less than two seconds and with an accuracy < 0.06% and < 0.2%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Weber
- Department of Microsystems Engineering–IMTEK, Laboratory for Gas Sensors, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 102, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Physical Measurement Techniques IPM, Koehler-Allee 301, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
| | - J. Kapp
- Department of Microsystems Engineering–IMTEK, Laboratory for Gas Sensors, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 102, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Physical Measurement Techniques IPM, Koehler-Allee 301, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
| | - J. Wöllenstein
- Department of Microsystems Engineering–IMTEK, Laboratory for Gas Sensors, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 102, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Physical Measurement Techniques IPM, Koehler-Allee 301, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
| | - K. Schmitt
- Department of Microsystems Engineering–IMTEK, Laboratory for Gas Sensors, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 102, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Physical Measurement Techniques IPM, Koehler-Allee 301, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
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10
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Zhang L, Liu L, Zhang X, Yin X, Huan H, Liu H, Zhao X, Ma Y, Shao X. T-type cell mediated photoacoustic spectroscopy for simultaneous detection of multi-component gases based on triple resonance modality. Photoacoustics 2023; 31:100492. [PMID: 37113272 PMCID: PMC10126918 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2023.100492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Enhancing multi-gas detectability using photoacoustic spectroscopy capable of simultaneous detection, highly selectivity and less cross-interference is essential for dissolved gas sensing application. A T-type photoacoustic cell was designed and verified to be an appropriate sensor, due to the resonant frequencies of which are determined jointly by absorption and resonant cylinders. The three designated resonance modes were investigated from both simulation and experiments to present the comparable amplitude responses by introducing excitation beam position optimization. The capability of multi-gas detection was demonstrated by measuring CO, CH4 and C2H2 simultaneously using QCL, ICL and DFB lasers as excitation sources respectively. The influence of potential cross-sensitivity towards humidity have been examined in terms of multi-gas detection. The experimentally determined minimum detection limits of CO, CH4 and C2H2 were 89ppb, 80ppb and 664ppb respectively, corresponding to the normalized noise equivalent absorption coefficients of 5.75 × 10-7 cm-1 W Hz-1/2, 1.97 × 10-8 cm-1 W Hz-1/2 and 4.23 × 10-8 cm-1 W Hz-1/2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Zhang
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China
| | - Lixian Liu
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China
| | - Xueshi Zhang
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China
| | - Xukun Yin
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China
| | - Huiting Huan
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China
| | - Huanyu Liu
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China
| | - Xiaoming Zhao
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China
| | - Yufei Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Tunable Laser, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Xiaopeng Shao
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China
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11
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Liu X, Wu H, Dong L. Methodology and applications of acousto-electric analogy in photoacoustic cell design for trace gas analysis. Photoacoustics 2023; 30:100475. [PMID: 37007859 PMCID: PMC10064240 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2023.100475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic cells play an important role in photoacoustic trace gas analysis, as they can amplify the photoacoustic signal and improve detection limit. Therefore, the structure and dimensional design of a photoacoustic cell are very important for the performance of a photoacoustic sensing system. In this review, the theory and the method of acousto-electric analogy for the photoacoustic cell design are discussed in detail. Starting from the basics of the acousto-electric analogy, the counterparts of acoustic elements in electric circuits are first deduced from the analogies between acoustic and electric networks. Subsequently, an acoustic transmission line model is reviewed, and the model is demonstrated to optimize the geometry of the photoacoustic cell and investigate the properties of the cell. Finally, using the acousto-electric analogy method, the equivalent electric circuits of several types of photoacoustic cells, such as the Helmholtz resonant photoacoustic cell, the H-type resonant photoacoustic cell, the differential photoacoustic cell, etc., are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, PR China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, PR China
| | - Hongpeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, PR China
| | - Lei Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, PR China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, PR China
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12
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Pangerl J, Moser E, Müller M, Weigl S, Jobst S, Rück T, Bierl R, Matysik FM. A sub-ppbv-level Acetone and Ethanol Quantum Cascade Laser Based Photoacoustic Sensor - Characterization and Multi-Component Spectra Recording in Synthetic Breath. Photoacoustics 2023; 30:100473. [PMID: 36970564 PMCID: PMC10033733 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2023.100473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Trace gas analysis in breath is challenging due to the vast number of different components. We present a highly sensitive quantum cascade laser based photoacoustic setup for breath analysis. Scanning the range between 8263 and 8270 nm with a spectral resolution of 48 pm, we are able to quantify acetone and ethanol within a typical breath matrix containing water and CO2. We photoacoustically acquired spectra within this region of mid-infra-red light and prove that those spectra do not suffer from non-spectral interferences. The purely additive behavior of a breath sample spectrum was verified by comparing it with the independently acquired single component spectra using Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients. A previously presented simulation approach is improved and an error attribution study is presented. With a 3σ detection limit of 6.5 ppbv in terms of ethanol and 250 pptv regarding acetone, our system is among the best performing presented so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Pangerl
- Sensorik-ApplikationsZentrum (SappZ), Regensburg University of Applied Sciences, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo, and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Moser
- Sensorik-ApplikationsZentrum (SappZ), Regensburg University of Applied Sciences, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
- Faculty of Informatics, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Max Müller
- Sensorik-ApplikationsZentrum (SappZ), Regensburg University of Applied Sciences, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo, and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Weigl
- Sensorik-ApplikationsZentrum (SappZ), Regensburg University of Applied Sciences, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Simon Jobst
- Sensorik-ApplikationsZentrum (SappZ), Regensburg University of Applied Sciences, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo, and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Rück
- Sensorik-ApplikationsZentrum (SappZ), Regensburg University of Applied Sciences, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Rudolf Bierl
- Sensorik-ApplikationsZentrum (SappZ), Regensburg University of Applied Sciences, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Frank-Michael Matysik
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo, and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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13
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Zhang C, Qiao S, Ma Y. Highly sensitive photoacoustic acetylene detection based on differential photoacoustic cell with retro-reflection-cavity. Photoacoustics 2023; 30:100467. [PMID: 36874591 PMCID: PMC9982609 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2023.100467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a highly sensitive photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) sensor based on retro-reflection-cavity-enhanced differential photoacoustic cell (DPAC) is demonstrated for the first time. Acetylene (C2H2) was selected as the analyte. The DPAC was designed to effectively suppress noise and increase signal level. The retro-reflection-cavity consisted of two right-angle prisms was designed to reflect the incident light to realize four passes. The photoacoustic response of the DPAC was simulated and investigated based on the finite element method. Wavelength modulation and second harmonic demodulation technologies were applied for sensitive trace gas detection. The first-order resonant frequency of the DPAC was found to be 1310 Hz. The differential characteristics were investigated and the 2f signal amplitude for this C2H2-PAS sensor based on retro-reflection-cavity-enhanced DPAC had a 3.55 times improvement compared to the system without the retro-reflection-cavity. An Allan deviation analysis was performed to investigate the long-term stability of the system. The minimum detection limit (MDL) was measured to be 15.81 ppb with an integration time of 100 s.
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14
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Strohm EM, Sathiyamoorthy K, Bok T, Nusrat O, Kolios MC. Air-Coupled Photoacoustic Detection of Airborne Particulates. Int J Thermophys 2023; 44:67. [PMID: 36909209 PMCID: PMC9990552 DOI: 10.1007/s10765-023-03169-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we present a novel method to detect airborne particulates using air-coupled photoacoustics, with a goal toward detecting viral content in respiratory droplets. The peak photoacoustic frequency emitted from micrometer-sized particulates is over 1000 MHz, but at this frequency, the signals are highly attenuated in air. Measurements were taken using a thin planar absorber and ultrasound transducers with peak sensitivity between 50 kHz and 2000 kHz and a 532 nm pulsed laser to determine the optimum detection frequency. 350 kHz to 500 kHz provided the highest amplitude signal while minimizing attenuation in air. To simulate the expulsion of respiratory droplets, an atomizer device was used to spray droplets into open air through a pulsed laser. Droplets were composed of water, water with acridine orange dye, and water with gold nanoparticles. The dye and nanoparticles were chosen due to their similarity in the UV absorption peaks when compared to RNA. Using a 260 nm laser, the average photoacoustic signal from water was the highest, and then the signal decreased with dye or nanoparticles. Increasing absorber concentrations within their respective solutions resulted in a decreasing photoacoustic signal, which is opposite to our expectations. Monte Carlo simulations demonstrated that depending on the droplet dimensions, water droplets focus photons to create a localized fluence elevation. Absorbers within the droplet can inhibit photon travel through the droplet, decreasing the fluence. Photoacoustic signals are created through optical absorption within the droplet, potentially amplified with the localized fluence increase through the droplet focusing effect, with a trade-off in signal amplitude depending on the absorber concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric M. Strohm
- Department of Physics, Toronto Metropolitan University (Formerly Ryerson University), Toronto, Canada
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST), A Partnership Between Toronto Metropolitan University and St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Krishnan Sathiyamoorthy
- Department of Physics, Toronto Metropolitan University (Formerly Ryerson University), Toronto, Canada
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST), A Partnership Between Toronto Metropolitan University and St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Taehoon Bok
- Department of Physics, Toronto Metropolitan University (Formerly Ryerson University), Toronto, Canada
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST), A Partnership Between Toronto Metropolitan University and St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Omar Nusrat
- Department of Physics, Toronto Metropolitan University (Formerly Ryerson University), Toronto, Canada
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST), A Partnership Between Toronto Metropolitan University and St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Michael C. Kolios
- Department of Physics, Toronto Metropolitan University (Formerly Ryerson University), Toronto, Canada
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST), A Partnership Between Toronto Metropolitan University and St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Canada
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15
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Guo M, Zhao X, Chen K, Cui D, Zhang G, Li C, Gong Z, Yu Q. Multi-mechanism collaboration enhanced photoacoustic analyzer for trace H 2S detection. Photoacoustics 2023; 29:100449. [PMID: 36654963 PMCID: PMC9841283 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2023.100449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
To realize the real-time highly sensitive detection of SF6 decomposition product H2S, a multi-mechanism collaboration enhancement photoacoustic spectroscopy analyzer (MCEPA) based on acoustic resonance enhancement, cantilever enhancement and excitation light enhancement is proposed. An SF6 background gas-induced photoacoustic cell (PAC) was used for acoustic resonance (AR) enhancement of the photoacoustic signals. A fiber-optic acoustic sensor based on a silicon cantilever is optimized and fabricated. The narrow-band acoustic signal enhancement based on cantilever mechanical resonance (MR) is realized in the optimal working frequency band of the PAC. A fiber-coupled DFB cascaded an Erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) realized the light power enhancement (LPE) of the photoacoustic signals excitation source. Experimental results show that the MR of the fiber-optic silicon cantilever acoustic sensor (FSCAS) is matched with the AR of the PAC and combined with the LPE, which realizes the multi-mechanism collaboration enhancement of weak photoacoustic signals. The Allan-Werle deviation evaluation showed that the minimum detection limit of H2S in the SF6 background is 10.96 ppb when the average time is 200 s. Benefiting from the all-optimization of photoacoustic excitation and detection, the MCEPA has near-field high-sensitivity gas detection capability immune to electromagnetic interference.
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16
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Zhang H, Wang Z, Wang Q, Borri S, Galli I, Sampaolo A, Patimisco P, Spagnolo VL, De Natale P, Ren W. Parts-per-billion-level detection of hydrogen sulfide based on doubly resonant photoacoustic spectroscopy with line-locking. Photoacoustics 2023; 29:100436. [PMID: 36570473 PMCID: PMC9768371 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2022.100436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We report on the development of a highly sensitive hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas sensor exploiting the doubly resonant photoacoustic spectroscopy technique and using a near-infrared laser emitting at 1578.128 nm. By targeting the R(4) transition of H2S, we achieved a minimum detection limit of 10 part per billion in concentration and a normalized noise equivalent absorption coefficient of 8.9 × 10-12 W cm-1 Hz-1/2. A laser-cavity-molecule locking strategy is proposed to enhance the sensor stability for fast measurement when dealing with external disturbances. A comparison among the state-of-the-art H2S sensors using various spectroscopic techniques confirmed the record sensitivity achieved in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
- CNR-INO – Istituto Nazionale di Ottica, and LENS – European Laboratory for Nonlinear Spectroscopy, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Qiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Simone Borri
- CNR-INO – Istituto Nazionale di Ottica, and LENS – European Laboratory for Nonlinear Spectroscopy, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Iacopo Galli
- CNR-INO – Istituto Nazionale di Ottica, and LENS – European Laboratory for Nonlinear Spectroscopy, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Angelo Sampaolo
- PolySense Lab – Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, Via Amendola 173, Bari, Italy
| | - Pietro Patimisco
- PolySense Lab – Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, Via Amendola 173, Bari, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Luigi Spagnolo
- PolySense Lab – Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, Via Amendola 173, Bari, Italy
| | - Paolo De Natale
- CNR-INO – Istituto Nazionale di Ottica, and LENS – European Laboratory for Nonlinear Spectroscopy, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Wei Ren
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
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17
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Mao X, Ji X, Tan Y, Ye H, Wang X. High-sensitivity all-optical PA spectrometer based on fast swept laser interferometry. Photoacoustics 2022; 28:100391. [PMID: 36042699 PMCID: PMC9420372 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2022.100391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A high-sensitivity all-optical photoacoustic spectroscopy based on fast swept laser interferometry is proposed to trace gas detection. The momentary cavity length of the fiber-optic Fabry-Perot microphone is demodulated by a fast swept-laser interferometry with an instantaneous frequency demodulation algorithm. The all-optical photoacoustic spectroscopy based on the designed microphone was tested for trace acetylene gas detection in the near-infrared region. The normalized noise equivalent absorption coefficient for acetylene gas is achieved to be 1.06 × 10-9 cm-1 W Hz-1∕2.
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18
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Yin Y, Ren D, Li C, Chen R, Shi J. Cantilever-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy for gas sensing: A comparison of different displacement detection methods. Photoacoustics 2022; 28:100423. [PMID: 36386293 PMCID: PMC9643576 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2022.100423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) combines the advantages of high sensitivity, high specificity and zero background, which is very suitable for trace gas detection. Cantilever-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (CEPAS) utilizes highly sensitive mechanical cantilevers to further enhance the photoacoustic signal and shows a gas concentration detection limit of parts per trillion. This review is intended to summarize the recent advancements in CEPAS based on different displacement detection methods, such as Michelson interference, Fabry-Perot interference, light intensity detection, capacitive, piezoelectric and piezoresistive detection. Fundamental mechanisms and technical requirements of CEPAS are also provided in the literature. Finally, potential challenges and further opportunities are also discussed.
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Fu L, Lu P, Sima C, Zhao J, Pan Y, Li T, Zhang X, Liu D. Small-volume highly-sensitive all-optical gas sensor using non-resonant photoacoustic spectroscopy with dual silicon cantilever optical microphones. Photoacoustics 2022; 27:100382. [PMID: 36068799 PMCID: PMC9441265 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2022.100382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A small-volume highly-sensitive photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) methane detection system based on differential silicon cantilever optical microphones (SCOMs) is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The system contains a compact non-resonant photoacoustic cell with a small volume of 1.2 mL and symmetrically-located dual SCOMs, as well as a distributed feedback laser at 1650.96 nm. The two identical SCOMs utilize the Fabry-Perot interferometric fiber-optic structure, with the differential Q-point demodulation algorithm to suppress the external vibration noise. Experimental results show that the SCOM has a high displacement sensitivity about 7.1 µm/Pa at 150 Hz and within 2.5 dB fluctuation between 5 Hz and 250 Hz. In the PAS gas sensing experiment, the normalized noise equivalent absorption coefficient of the PAS system is estimated to be 1.2 × 10-9 cm-1·W·Hz-1/2 and the minimum detection limit for methane is about 111.2 ppb with 1 s integration time. External disturbance is also applied to the dual SCOM system and results show excellent stability and noise resistance. The proposed PAS system exhibits superiorities of low gas consumption, high sensitivity and immunity to vibration and electromagnetic interference, which has an enormous potential in medicine, industry and environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lujun Fu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO) and National Engineering Research Center for Next Generation Internet Access System, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- Shenzhen Huazhong University of Science and Technology Research Institute, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Ping Lu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO) and National Engineering Research Center for Next Generation Internet Access System, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- Shenzhen Huazhong University of Science and Technology Research Institute, Shenzhen 518000, China
- Wuhan OV Optical Networking Technology Co, Ltd, China
- Corresponding authors at: Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO) and National Engineering Research Center for Next Generation Internet Access System, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Chaotan Sima
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO) and National Engineering Research Center for Next Generation Internet Access System, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- Shenzhen Huazhong University of Science and Technology Research Institute, Shenzhen 518000, China
- Corresponding authors at: Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO) and National Engineering Research Center for Next Generation Internet Access System, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Jinbiao Zhao
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO) and National Engineering Research Center for Next Generation Internet Access System, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yufeng Pan
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO) and National Engineering Research Center for Next Generation Internet Access System, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Tailin Li
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO) and National Engineering Research Center for Next Generation Internet Access System, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xiaohang Zhang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO) and National Engineering Research Center for Next Generation Internet Access System, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Deming Liu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO) and National Engineering Research Center for Next Generation Internet Access System, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
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20
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Li B, Feng C, Wu H, Jia S, Dong L. Photoacoustic heterodyne breath sensor for real-time measurement of human exhaled carbon monoxide. Photoacoustics 2022; 27:100388. [PMID: 36068802 PMCID: PMC9441263 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2022.100388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
A breath sensor for real-time measurement of human exhaled carbon monoxide is reported. This breath sensor is based on a novel photoacoustic heterodyne gas sensing technique, which combines the conventional photoacoustic spectroscopy with the beat-frequency detection algorithm, thus offering a fast response time and a convenient optical alignment, as well as eliminating the needs for frequency calibration and wavelength locking. The principle of photoacoustic heterodyne gas sensing was explained in detail. The performance of the photoacoustic heterodyne breath sensor was evaluated in terms of minimum detection limit, response time, and linearity. The exhaled carbon monoxide levels of eight volunteers were measured and the results demonstrate the reliability and feasibility of this breath sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Chaofan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Hongpeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Suotang Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Lei Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Corresponding author at: State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China.
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21
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Wu G, Gong Z, Ma J, Li H, Guo M, Chen K, Peng W, Yu Q, Mei L. High-sensitivity miniature dual-resonance photoacoustic sensor based on silicon cantilever beam for trace gas sensing. Photoacoustics 2022; 27:100386. [PMID: 36068800 PMCID: PMC9441259 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2022.100386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
We report a miniature dual-resonance photoacoustic (PA) sensor, mainly consisting of a small resonant T-type PA cell and an integrated sensor probe based on a silicon cantilever beam. The resonance frequency of the miniature T-type PA cell is matched with the first-order natural frequency of the cantilever beam to achieve double resonance of the acoustic signal. The volume of the designed T-type PA cell is only about 2.26 cubic centimeters. A PA spectroscopy (PAS) system, employing the dual-resonance photoacoustic (PA) sensor as the prober and a high-speed spectrometer as the demodulator, has been implemented for high-sensitivity methane sensing. The sensitivity and the minimum detection limit can reach up to 2.0 pm/ppm and 35.6 parts-per-billion, respectively, with an averaging time of 100 s. The promising performance demonstrated a great potential of employing the reported sensor for high-sensitivity gas sensing in sub cubic centimeter-level spaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guojie Wu
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian116024, Liaoning, China
| | - Zhenfeng Gong
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian116024, Liaoning, China
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Junsheng Ma
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian116024, Liaoning, China
| | - Haie Li
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian116024, Liaoning, China
| | - Min Guo
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian116024, Liaoning, China
| | - Ke Chen
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian116024, Liaoning, China
| | - Wei Peng
- School of Physics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning, China
| | - Qingxu Yu
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian116024, Liaoning, China
| | - Liang Mei
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian116024, Liaoning, China
- Corresponding authors.
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22
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Wang Z, Wang Q, Zhang H, Borri S, Galli I, Sampaolo A, Patimisco P, Spagnolo VL, De Natale P, Ren W. Doubly resonant sub-ppt photoacoustic gas detection with eight decades dynamic range. Photoacoustics 2022; 27:100387. [PMID: 36068805 PMCID: PMC9441262 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2022.100387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) based gas sensors with high sensitivity, wide dynamic range, low cost, and small footprint are desirable in energy, environment, safety, and public health. However, most works have focused on either acoustic resonator to enhance acoustic wave or optical resonator to enhance optical wave. Herein, we develop a gas sensor based on doubly resonant PAS in which the acoustic and optical waves are simultaneously enhanced using combined optical and acoustic resonators in a centimeter-long configuration. Not only the lower detection limit is enhanced by the double standing waves, but also the upper detection limit is expanded due to the short resonators. As an example, we developed a sensor by detecting acetylene (C2H2), achieving a noise equivalent absorption of 5.7 × 10-13 cm-1 and a dynamic range of eight orders. Compared to the state-of-the-art PAS gas sensors, the developed sensor achieves a record sensitivity and dynamic range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Corresponding author at: State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China.
| | - Hui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Simone Borri
- CNR-INO – Istituto Nazionale di Ottica, and LENS – European Laboratory for Nonlinear Spectroscopy, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Iacopo Galli
- CNR-INO – Istituto Nazionale di Ottica, and LENS – European Laboratory for Nonlinear Spectroscopy, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Angelo Sampaolo
- PolySense Lab – Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, Via Amendola 173, Bari, Italy
| | - Pietro Patimisco
- PolySense Lab – Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, Via Amendola 173, Bari, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Luigi Spagnolo
- PolySense Lab – Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, Via Amendola 173, Bari, Italy
| | - Paolo De Natale
- CNR-INO – Istituto Nazionale di Ottica, and LENS – European Laboratory for Nonlinear Spectroscopy, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Wei Ren
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
- Corresponding author.
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Xiao H, Zhao J, Sima C, Lu P, Long Y, Ai Y, Zhang W, Pan Y, Zhang J, Liu D. Ultra-sensitive ppb-level methane detection based on NIR all-optical photoacoustic spectroscopy by using differential fiber-optic microphones with gold-chromium composite nanomembrane. Photoacoustics 2022; 26:100353. [PMID: 35479193 PMCID: PMC9035707 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2022.100353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we propose and experimentally demonstrate an ultra-sensitive all-optical PAS gas sensor, incorporating with a near-infrared (NIR) diode laser, fiber-optic microphones (FOMs) and a double channel differential T-type photoacoustic cell. The FOM is realized by Fabry-Perot interferometry and novel gold-chromium (Au-Cr) composite nanomembranes. To meet the demand of high sensitivity and flat frequency response for the FOMs, the Au-Cr composite diaphragm is deliberately designed and fabricated by E-beam evaporation deposition with 330 nm in thickness and 6.35 mm in radius. Experimental results show that the FOM has a sensitivity of about 30 V/Pa and a flat frequency response from 300 to 900 Hz with fluctuation below 1 dB. Moreover, a double channel differential T-type photoacoustic cell is designed and employed in the all-optical PAS gas sensor, with the first-order resonant frequency of 610 Hz. The all-optical gas sensor is established and verified for CH4 detection and the normalized noise equivalent absorption (NNEA) is 4.42 × 10-10 W∙cm-1∙Hz-1/2. The minimum detection limit (MDL) of 36.45 ppb is achieved with a 1 s integration time. The MDL could be further enhanced to 4.87 ppb with an integration time of 81 s, allowing ultra-sensitive trace gas detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanping Xiao
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO) and National Engineering Laboratory for Next Generation Internet Access System, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- Shenzhen Huazhong University of Science and Technology Research Institute, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Jinbiao Zhao
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO) and National Engineering Laboratory for Next Generation Internet Access System, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- Shenzhen Huazhong University of Science and Technology Research Institute, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Chaotan Sima
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO) and National Engineering Laboratory for Next Generation Internet Access System, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- Shenzhen Huazhong University of Science and Technology Research Institute, Shenzhen 518000, China
- Corresponding authors at: Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO) and National Engineering Laboratory for Next Generation Internet Access System, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Ping Lu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO) and National Engineering Laboratory for Next Generation Internet Access System, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- Shenzhen Huazhong University of Science and Technology Research Institute, Shenzhen 518000, China
- Corresponding authors at: Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO) and National Engineering Laboratory for Next Generation Internet Access System, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yanhong Long
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO) and National Engineering Laboratory for Next Generation Internet Access System, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yan Ai
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO) and National Engineering Laboratory for Next Generation Internet Access System, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Wanjin Zhang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO) and National Engineering Laboratory for Next Generation Internet Access System, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yufeng Pan
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO) and National Engineering Laboratory for Next Generation Internet Access System, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jiangshan Zhang
- Department of Electronics and Information Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Deming Liu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO) and National Engineering Laboratory for Next Generation Internet Access System, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
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24
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Shang Z, Li S, Li B, Wu H, Sampaolo A, Patimisco P, Spagnolo V, Dong L. Quartz-enhanced photoacoustic NH 3 sensor exploiting a large-prong-spacing quartz tuning fork and an optical fiber amplifier for biomedical applications. Photoacoustics 2022; 26:100363. [PMID: 35574186 PMCID: PMC9096678 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2022.100363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A sensor system for exhaled ammonia (NH3) monitoring exploiting quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (QEPAS) was demonstrated. An erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) with an operating frequency band targeting an NH3 absorption line falling at 1531.68 nm and capable to emit up to 3 W of optical power was employed. A custom T-shaped grooved QTF with prong spacing of 1 mm was designed and realized to allow a proper focusing of the high-power optical beam exiting the EDFA between the prongs. The performance of the realized sensor system was optimized in terms of spectrophone parameters, laser power and modulation current, resulting in a NH3 minimum detectable concentration of 14 ppb at 1 s averaging time, corresponding to a normalized noise equivalent absorption coefficient (NNEA) of 8.15 × 10-9 cm-1 W/√Hz. Continuous measurements of the NH3 level exhaled by 3 healthy volunteers was carried out to demonstrate the potentiality of the developed sensor for breath analysis applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijin Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, PR China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, PR China
| | - Shangzhi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, PR China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, PR China
| | - Biao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, PR China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, PR China
| | - Hongpeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, PR China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, PR China
| | - Angelo Sampaolo
- PolySense Lab-Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, Via Amendola 173, Bari, Italy
| | - Pietro Patimisco
- PolySense Lab-Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, Via Amendola 173, Bari, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Spagnolo
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, PR China
- PolySense Lab-Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, Via Amendola 173, Bari, Italy
| | - Lei Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, PR China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, PR China
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Müller M, Rück T, Jobst S, Pangerl J, Weigl S, Bierl R, Matysik FM. An Algorithmic Approach to Compute the Effect of Non-Radiative Relaxation Processes in Photoacoustic Spectroscopy. Photoacoustics 2022; 26:100371. [PMID: 37614667 PMCID: PMC10442890 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2022.100371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Successful transfer of photoacoustic gas sensors from laboratory to real-life applications requires knowledge about potential cross-sensitivities towards environmental and gas matrix changes. Multi-dimensional calibration in case of cross-sensitivities can become very complex or even unfeasible. To address this challenge, we present a novel algorithm to compute the collision based non-radiative efficiency and phase lag of energy relaxation on a molecular level (CoNRad) for photoacoustic signal calculation. This algorithmic approach allows to calculate the entire relaxation cascade of arbitrarily complex systems, yielding a theoretical photoacoustic signal. In this work the influence of varying bulk compositions, i.e. nitrogen (N2), oxygen (O2) and water (H2O) on the photoacoustic signal during methane (CH4) detection is demonstrated. The applicability of the algorithm to other photoacoustic setups is shown exemplary by applying it to the relaxational system investigated in [1]. Hayden et al. examined the effect of water on photoacoustic carbon monoxide (CO) detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Müller
- Sensorik-ApplikationsZentrum (SappZ), Regensburg University of Applied Sciences, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo, and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Rück
- Sensorik-ApplikationsZentrum (SappZ), Regensburg University of Applied Sciences, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Simon Jobst
- Sensorik-ApplikationsZentrum (SappZ), Regensburg University of Applied Sciences, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo, and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jonas Pangerl
- Sensorik-ApplikationsZentrum (SappZ), Regensburg University of Applied Sciences, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo, and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Weigl
- Sensorik-ApplikationsZentrum (SappZ), Regensburg University of Applied Sciences, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Rudolf Bierl
- Sensorik-ApplikationsZentrum (SappZ), Regensburg University of Applied Sciences, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Frank-Michael Matysik
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo, and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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26
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Linhares FG, Torres-Cordido KAA, Sthel MS, da Silva MG, Mota L. Monitoring of ammonia concentrations from coir-husk litter of Brazilian poultry house using diode laser photoacoustic spectroscopy. Environ Monit Assess 2022; 194:431. [PMID: 35562543 PMCID: PMC9106568 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10070-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia (NH[Formula: see text]) from manure is a concern in raising broiler due to possible damages to production and the environment. Brazil is the main exporter of chicken meat in the world and is also responsible for large waste of poultry litter. The country, likewise, figures as top 5 producers of green coconut, which results in considerable volumes of waste, since 80%-85% of the fruit is unusable. This work analyzes the ammonia concentration profile of two bedding substrates for raising broiler, to know, coir-husk fiber and a commonly used pine wood shavings in a Brazilian climate. A differential home-made photoacoustic cell combined with a diode laser was employed for sensing ammonia at trace levels. Such combination confers selectivity as well as lower limits of detection to the system. The chemical compositions pH, N, C, Ca, Mg, P[Formula: see text]O[Formula: see text] and K[Formula: see text]O were also determined, in addition to the moisture, dry matter and mineral content of substrates and litters. NH[Formula: see text] concentrations varied from (0.9 ± 0.3) ppmv to (19 ± 3) ppmv and from (2.1 ± 0.5) ppmv to (21 ± 3) ppmv for the coir-husk fiber and wood shavings substrates, respectively. Results showed the feasibility of using coconut fiber as poultry litter in regions where this material is a common waste. Moreover, as NH[Formula: see text] concentrations were lower for coconut fiber bedding compared to shavings, this coir-husk fiber is a potential residue to guarantee the environmental sustainability by Brazilian poultry farming. Coir-husk fibers presented significantly higher amounts of P and K in comparison to pine wood. NH[Formula: see text] profiles revealed that coir-husk fiber emitted lower quantities than wood shavings. Besides, a delay on the NH[Formula: see text] emission pattern was clearly seen when the coconut waste was the bedding material. Such a tendency was confirmed by the logistic model. Our findings, in turn, make the coir-husk an environmentally friendly alternative low-cost product for poultry litter as well as its potential use as natural fertilizer. The later deserves attention since there is a need to accurately assess the emissions of methane, nitrous oxide, and carbon dioxide during the composting process. In Brazil, the waste generated by the high production of green coconut is an environmental liability. The cost of poultry production has been high, reducing the profit of producers, who seek to make production cheaper. Measuring NH[Formula: see text] from poultry activity in Brazil, a tropical country, aims to control management and reduce production losses, since NH[Formula: see text] is a harmful gas to birds. The measurement of NH[Formula: see text] concentrations at trace levels from raising broilers by photoacoustic diode laser spectroscopy, to the best of our knowledge, has been reported for the very first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Gomes Linhares
- Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Centro de Ciência e Tecnologia, Laboratório de Ciências Físicas, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000. Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, 28013-602, Brazil.
| | - Karoll Andrea Alfonso Torres-Cordido
- Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias, Laboratório de Zootecnia, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000. Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, 28013-602, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Silva Sthel
- Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Centro de Ciência e Tecnologia, Laboratório de Ciências Físicas, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000. Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, 28013-602, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Gomes da Silva
- Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Centro de Ciência e Tecnologia, Laboratório de Ciências Físicas, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000. Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, 28013-602, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Mota
- Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Centro de Ciência e Tecnologia, Laboratório de Ciências Físicas, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000. Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, 28013-602, Brazil
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27
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Qiao Y, Tang L, Gao Y, Han F, Liu C, Li L, Shan C. Sensitivity enhanced NIR photoacoustic CO detection with SF 6 promoting vibrational to translational relaxation process. Photoacoustics 2022; 25:100334. [PMID: 35198377 PMCID: PMC8844726 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2022.100334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
A challenge for slowly relaxing carbon monoxide (CO) molecules detection using photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) is to promote the vibration-translation (V-T) relaxation process. Addressing this challenge, a sensitivity enhanced photoacoustic CO sensor with sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) as the promotor is investigated and demonstrated. A 1568 nm near-infrared (NIR) laser diode and a customized optical amplifier are used as the excitation source to generate the photoacoustic signal. A differential photoacoustic cell is simulated and designed to obtain identical laminar flow distribution in the resonant cell to suppress the flow noise. The modulation frequency and added SF6 volume ratio are optimized experimentally to achieve optimal sensitivity. Feasibility and performance of the CO sensor with a small amount of SF6 as promotor is discussed and evaluated, obtaining a ~ 2 times improvement of signal value compared to the one with pure N2 background and resulting in a minimum detection limit of 467.5 ppb for CO detection.
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Lin H, Zheng H, Montano BAZ, Wu H, Giglio M, Sampaolo A, Patimisco P, Zhu W, Zhong Y, Dong L, Kan R, Yu J, Spagnolo V. Ppb-level gas detection using on-beam quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy based on a 28 kHz tuning fork. Photoacoustics 2022; 25:100321. [PMID: 34976726 PMCID: PMC8683655 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2021.100321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, an on-beam quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (QEPAS) sensor based on a custom quartz tuning fork (QTF) acting as a photoacoustic transducer, was realized and tested. The QTF is characterized by a resonance frequency of 28 kHz, ~15% lower than that of a commercially available 32.7 kHz standard QTF. One-dimensional acoustic micro resonator (AmR) was designed and optimized by using stainless-steel capillaries. The 28 kHz QTF and AmRs are assembled in on-beam QEPAS configuration. The AmR geometrical parameters have been optimized in terms of length and internal diameter. The laser beam focus position and the AmR coupling distance were also adjusted to maximize the coupling efficiency. For comparison, QEPAS on-beam configurations based on a standard QTF and on the 28 kHz QTF were compared in terms of H2O and CO2 detection sensitivity. In order to better characterize the performance of the system, H2O, C2H2 and CO2 were detected for a long time and the long-term stability was analyzed by an Allan variance analysis. With the integration time of 1 s, the detection limits for H2O, C2H2 and CO2 are 1.2 ppm, 28.8 ppb and 2.4 ppm, respectively. The detection limits for H2O, C2H2 and CO2 can be further improved to 325 ppb, 10.3 ppb and 318 ppb by increasing the integration time to 521 s, 183 s and 116 s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyang Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, and Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Huadan Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, and Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Baiyang Antonio Zhou Montano
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, and Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Hongpeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Marilena Giglio
- PolySense Lab, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, CNR-IFN, Via Amendola 173, Bari 70126, Italy
| | - Angelo Sampaolo
- PolySense Lab, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, CNR-IFN, Via Amendola 173, Bari 70126, Italy
| | - Pietro Patimisco
- PolySense Lab, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, CNR-IFN, Via Amendola 173, Bari 70126, Italy
| | - Wenguo Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, and Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yongchun Zhong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, and Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Lei Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Ruifeng Kan
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Jianhui Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, and Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Vincenzo Spagnolo
- PolySense Lab, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, CNR-IFN, Via Amendola 173, Bari 70126, Italy
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29
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Liu Y, Lin H, Montano BAZ, Zhu W, Zhong Y, Kan R, Yuan B, Yu J, Shao M, Zheng H. Integrated near-infrared QEPAS sensor based on a 28 kHz quartz tuning fork for online monitoring of CO 2 in the greenhouse. Photoacoustics 2022; 25:100332. [PMID: 35242537 PMCID: PMC8857479 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2022.100332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a highly sensitive and integrated near-infrared CO2 sensor was developed based on quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (QEPAS). Unlike traditional QEPAS, a novel pilot line manufactured quartz tuning fork (QTF) with a resonance frequency f 0 of 28 kHz was employed as an acoustic wave transducer. A near-infrared DFB laser diode emitting at 2004 nm was employed as the excitation light source for CO2 detection. An integrated near-infrared QEPAS module was designed and manufactured. The QTF, acoustic micro resonator (AmR), gas cell, and laser fiber are integrated, resulting in a super compact acoustic detection module (ADM). Compared to a traditional 32 kHz QTF, the QEPAS signal amplitude increased by > 2 times by the integrated QEPAS module based on a 28 kHz QTF. At atmospheric pressure, a 5.4 ppm detection limit at a CO2 absorption line of 4991.25 cm-1 was achieved with an integration time of 1 s. The long-term performance and stability of the CO2 sensor system were investigated using Allan variance analysis. Finally, the minimum detection limit (MDL) was improved to 0.7 ppm when the integration time was 125 s. A portable CO2 sensor system based on QEPAS was developed for 24 h continuous monitoring of CO2 in the greenhouse located in Guangzhou city. The CO2 concentration variations were clearly observed during day and night. Photosynthesis and respiration plants can be further researched by the portable CO2 sensor system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihua Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, and Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Haoyang Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, and Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Baiyang Antonio Zhou Montano
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, and Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Wenguo Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, and Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yongchun Zhong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, and Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Ruifeng Kan
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Bin Yuan
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Jianhui Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, and Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Min Shao
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Huadan Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, and Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Corresponding author.
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Sabino VD, Súarez YR, Andrade LHC, Lima SM, Morais GR, Guimarães FB, Bento AC, Baesso ML, Silva JR. Photoacoustic for thermal diffusivity determination of fish scale: A methodology for environmental integrity monitoring. J Photochem Photobiol B 2022; 227:112379. [PMID: 34998114 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2021.112379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this work the thermal diffusivity (D) of Astyanax lacustris fish scale is investigated aiming to use it for environmental integrity certification. The D values were obtained by a relatively simple procedure by a photoacoustic method. The chosen fish species is from wide occurrence in Brasil's basins. It has short migration, and it has also been used as environmental bioindicator. The results obtained in 195 scales sampled from three different streams in the Midwest region in Brazil gives an average value of D ~ 4 × 10-3 cm2/s. ANCOVA analysis demonstrated that D values are able to differentiate among the three basins and indicates that it is dependent on the scales thickness and water conductivity. This last one is strongly affected by biotic and abiotic actions, so that D values measured by photoacoustic method can be used for interpreting the environmental integrity from where the fishes were sampled.
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Affiliation(s)
- V D Sabino
- Centro de Estudos em Recursos Naturais- CERNA, Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul-UEMS, 351, Dourados, MS, Brazil
| | - Y R Súarez
- Centro de Estudos em Recursos Naturais- CERNA, Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul-UEMS, 351, Dourados, MS, Brazil
| | - L H C Andrade
- Centro de Estudos em Recursos Naturais- CERNA, Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul-UEMS, 351, Dourados, MS, Brazil
| | - S M Lima
- Centro de Estudos em Recursos Naturais- CERNA, Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul-UEMS, 351, Dourados, MS, Brazil
| | - G R Morais
- Campus Estreito/Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Naturais e Letras, Universidade Estadual da Região Tocantina do Maranhão-UEMASUL, 65976-000 Estreito, MS, Brazil
| | - F B Guimarães
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Estadual de Maringá-UEM, 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - A C Bento
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Estadual de Maringá-UEM, 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - M L Baesso
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Estadual de Maringá-UEM, 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - J R Silva
- Centro de Estudos em Recursos Naturais- CERNA, Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul-UEMS, 351, Dourados, MS, Brazil.
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Cao Y, Wang R, Peng J, Liu K, Chen W, Wang G, Gao X. Humidity enhanced N 2O photoacoustic sensor with a 4.53 μm quantum cascade laser and Kalman filter. Photoacoustics 2021; 24:100303. [PMID: 34540587 PMCID: PMC8441064 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2021.100303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
A high-sensitivity N2O photoacoustic sensor using a 4.53 μm quantum cascade laser was developed. Sharply enhancement of photoacoustic signal of N2O with the increasing of humidity was investigated experimentally. Finally, 2.3 % water vapor was added to the analyzed sample to improve the vibrational-translational (V-T) relaxation rate of N2O molecule transition, and therefore enhance the N2O photoacoustic signal. High performance with a minimum detection limit of 28 ppbv in 1 s and a measurement precision of 34 ppbv have been achieved, respectively. Kalman adaptive filtering was used to remove the shot-to-shot variability related to the real-time noise in the measurement data and further improve the measurement precision. Without sacrificing the time resolution of the system, the Kalman adaptive filtering improves the measurement precision of the system by 2.3 times. The ability of the N2O photoacoustic sensor was demonstrated by continuous measurement of atmospheric N2O concentration for a period of 7 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Cao
- Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Ruifeng Wang
- Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Jie Peng
- Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Kun Liu
- Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
- Corresponding author.
| | - Weidong Chen
- Laboratoire de Physicochimie de l’Atmosphère, Université du Littoral Côte d’Opale, 189A, Av. Maurice Schumann, Dunkerque, 59140, France
| | - Guishi Wang
- Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Xiaoming Gao
- Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
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Ren Z, Liu T, Liu G. Classification and discrimination of real and fake blood based on photoacoustic spectroscopy combined with particle swarm optimized wavelet neural networks. Photoacoustics 2021; 23:100278. [PMID: 34141580 PMCID: PMC8188063 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2021.100278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this work, photoacoustic spectroscopy was employed to distinguish real blood from fake blood rapidly, accurately, and recoverably. To achieve this goal, a photoacoustic detection system for blood was established in the forward mode. In the experiments, four kinds of animal blood and two kinds of fake blood in a total of 150 groups were used. The time-resolved photoacoustic signal and peak-to-peak values (PPVs) of all blood were captured in 700-1064 nm with intervals of 5 nm. Experimental results show that the amplitudes, profiles, peak-point time, and PPVs are different between real and fake blood. Although the PPVs of real blood are larger than those of the fake ones at 700-850 nm, the differences in PPVs are not obvious at 850-1064 nm, especially when there are spectral overlaps of PPVs. To accurately classify and discriminate real and fake blood, a wavelet neural network (WNN) was used to train 120 groups of blood and test 30 groups of blood. Moreover, the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm was used to optimize the weights and thresholds, as well as the translation and scale factors of the Morlet-liked wavelet basis function of the WNN. Under optimal parameters, the correct rate of the WNN-PSO algorithm was improved from 63.3% to 96.7%. Next, principal component analysis (PCA) was combined into the WNN-PSO algorithm to further improve the correct rate. The results indicate that the correct rate of the PCA-WNN-PSO algorithm with 10 principal components reaches 100 %. Therefore, photoacoustic spectroscopy combined with the PCA-WNN-PSO algorithm exhibits excellent performance in the classification and discrimination of real and fake blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Ren
- Key Laboratory of Optic-Electronic and Communication, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330038, China
- Key Laboratory of Optic-Electronic Detection and Information Processing of Nanchang City, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330038, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Optic-Electronic and Communication, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330038, China
| | - Guodong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Optic-Electronic and Communication, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330038, China
- Key Laboratory of Optic-Electronic Detection and Information Processing of Nanchang City, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330038, China
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Campbell S, Dusseault M, Xu B, Michaelian KH, Poduska KM. Photoacoustic Detection of Weak Absorption Bands in Infrared Spectra of Calcite. Appl Spectrosc 2021; 75:795-801. [PMID: 33783238 PMCID: PMC8255507 DOI: 10.1177/00037028211009212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic spectroscopic detection of infrared absorption often produces spectra with enhanced intensities for weaker peaks, enabling the detection of features due to overtones and combinations, as well as less-abundant isotopic species. To illustrate this phenomenon, we present and discuss photoacoustic infrared spectra of calcite. We use linearization of rapid-scan spectra, as well as comparing step-scan and rapid-scan spectra, to demonstrate that saturation is not the driving force behind these enhanced intensities. Our results point to a significant knowledge gap, since a theoretical basis for the enhancement of these weak bands has not yet been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Campbell
- Department of Physics and Physical Oceanography,
Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Canada
| | - Marisa Dusseault
- Department of Physics and Physical Oceanography,
Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Canada
| | - Ben Xu
- Faculty of Science, China University of Petroleum (East China), Shandong, China
| | | | - Kristin M. Poduska
- Department of Physics and Physical Oceanography,
Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Canada
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Gong Z, Gao T, Mei L, Chen K, Chen Y, Zhang B, Peng W, Yu Q. Ppb-level detection of methane based on an optimized T-type photoacoustic cell and a NIR diode laser. Photoacoustics 2021; 21:100216. [PMID: 33384924 PMCID: PMC7771108 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2020.100216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents an optimized T-type resonant photoacoustic (PA) cell for methane (CH4) gas detection. The noise transmission coefficients and PA field distributions of the T-type resonant PA cell have been evaluated using the finite element method and thermoviscous acoustic theory. The optimized T-type resonant PA cell, together with a near-infrared (NIR) distributed feedback (DFB) laser source, a high-speed spectrometer and a fiber-optic acoustic sensor constitutes a PAS system for CH4 detection. The sensitivity is measured to be 1.8 pm/ppm and a minimum detectable limit (MDL) of 9 parts per billion (ppb) can be achieved with an averaging time of 500 s. The optimized T-type longitudinal resonant PA cell features of high PA cell constant, fast response time and simple manufacturing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenfeng Gong
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, Liaoning, China
- Tbea Electric Co., Ltd., Changji, 831100, Xinjiang, China
| | - Tianli Gao
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, Liaoning, China
| | - Liang Mei
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, Liaoning, China
| | - Ke Chen
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, Liaoning, China
| | - Yewei Chen
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, Liaoning, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, Liaoning, China
| | - Wei Peng
- School of Physics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, Liaoning, China
| | - Qingxu Yu
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, Liaoning, China
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35
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Keeratirawee K, Hauser PC. Piezoelectric tube as resonant transducer for gas-phase photoacoustics. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1147:165-169. [PMID: 33485575 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.12.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The use of a piezoelectric tube for the photoacoustic gas-phase determination of NO2 as a model analyte is demonstrated. The tube is made from lead zirconate titanate with 30 mm length and 5.35 mm internal diameter. Its inner and outer surfaces are coated with electrodes. The tube serves as both, resonance body and transducer. The design is thus simpler than the usual combination of resonance tube and microphone as the two functions are embodied in the same component. The main resonance frequency of the tube was found to be 5341 Hz. A blue laser diode emitting at 450 nm was employed as light source for the determination of NO2. The limit of detection was determined as 83 ppbV and the calibration curve was linear with a coefficient of determination (r2) of 0.9998 up to the highest concentration of 15 ppmV tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanchalar Keeratirawee
- University of Basel, Department of Chemistry, Klingelbergstrasse 80, 4056, Basel, Switzerland; Department of General Sciences, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Prince of Chumphon Campus, Chumphon, 86160, Thailand
| | - Peter C Hauser
- University of Basel, Department of Chemistry, Klingelbergstrasse 80, 4056, Basel, Switzerland.
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Abstract
The photoacoustic detection of ozone using the Chappuis band is demonstrated. A visible red laser diode emitting at 638 nm was employed as a light source. The photoacoustic cell consisted of a conventional resonance tube with a MEMS (microelectromechanical systems) microphone placed outside an opening along the tube. A calibration curve for the range from 33 ppmV to 215 ppmV was found to be highly linear with a coefficient of determination (r2) of 0.9999, when allowing for different measurement frequencies to account for shifts in the speed of sound due to changes in the gas matrix. The limit of detection was found to be 1.6 ppmV for an optical power of the laser diode of about 130 mW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanchalar Keeratirawee
- University of Basel, Department of Chemistry, Klingelbergstrasse 80, 4056, Basel, Switzerland; Department of General Sciences, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Prince of Chumphon Campus, Chumphon, 86160, Thailand
| | - Peter C Hauser
- University of Basel, Department of Chemistry, Klingelbergstrasse 80, 4056, Basel, Switzerland.
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Kumari A, Chaudhary AK, Rajasekhar K. Study of charge transfer mechanism of PEDOT polymer for detection of solid TEX and CL-20 explosives using pulsed photoacoustic technique. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2020; 241:118597. [PMID: 32679485 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.118597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We report the use of PEDOT polymer (poly (2, 3-dihydrothieno [3,4-b] dioxane-5,7-diyl) as a sensing medium for the detection of solid secondary explosives like TEX and CL-20 in solid form using pulsed photoacoustic (PA) technique under visible 532 nm wavelength. The PEDOT polymer (poly (2, 3-dihydrothieno [3,4-b] dioxane-5,7-diyl) plays the role of an optode or an effective sensing medium for the detection of explosives when mixed in equal proportion and subjected to 532 nm wavelength obtained from Q-switched Nd: YAG laser without any chemical treatment. The study reveals that one milligram of PEDOT is sufficient to initiate the charge transfer mechanism between the positive charge on the oxidized PEDOT and the lone pairs of electrons on the oxygen atoms of the nitro group of the explosives. The strength of the enhanced PA signal for TEX and CL-20 was of the order of 65.38 and 1.77 times, respectively. However, the same experiment was repeated with non-explosive samples such as NaNO2 and NaNO3, separately mixed with PEDOT. The obtained peaks of PA spectra were very weak, broaden and distorted in nature and occupies less than 3 kHz frequency rage and 3.5 times less than the PA signal of pure PEDOT. The estimated minimum detection limit of the solid explosives, CL-20 and TEX were of the order of 0.33 ng and 1.03 ng, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Kumari
- Advanced Centre for Research in High Energy Materials, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - A K Chaudhary
- Advanced Centre for Research in High Energy Materials, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India.
| | - K Rajasekhar
- Advanced Centre for Research in High Energy Materials, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India
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Diveky ME, Roy S, David G, Cremer JW, Signorell R. Fundamental investigation of photoacoustic signal generation from single aerosol particles at varying relative humidity. Photoacoustics 2020; 18:100170. [PMID: 32211293 PMCID: PMC7082628 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2020.100170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic (PA) spectroscopy enjoys widespread applications across atmospheric sciences. However, experimental biases and limitations originating from environmental conditions and particle size distributions are not fully understood. Here, we combine single-particle photoacoustics with modulated Mie scattering to unravel the fundamental physical processes occurring during PA measurements on aerosols. We perform measurements on optically trapped droplets of varying sizes at different relative humidity. Our recently developed technique - photothermal single-particle spectroscopy (PSPS) - enables fundamental investigations of the interplay between the heat flux and mass flux from single aerosol particles. We find that the PA phase is more sensitive to water uptake by aerosol particles than the PA amplitude. We present results from a model of the PA phase, which sheds further light onto the dependence of the PA phase on the mass flux phenomena. The presented work provides fundamental insights into photoacoustic signal generation of aerosol particles.
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Hu L, Zheng C, Zhang M, Yao D, Zheng J, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Tittel FK. Quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopic methane sensor system using a quartz tuning fork-embedded, double-pass and off-beam configuration. Photoacoustics 2020; 18:100174. [PMID: 32211294 PMCID: PMC7082634 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2020.100174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Development of a methane (CH4) sensor system was reported based on a novel quartz-tuning-fork (QTF)-embedded, double-pass, off-beam quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (DP-OB-QEPAS). A simplified and accurate numerical model was presented to optimize the DP-OB-QEPAS spectrophone and to enhance the detection sensitivity. A compact and fiber-coupled acoustic detection module (ADM) with a volume of 3 × 2×1 cm3 and a weight of 9.7 g was fabricated. A continuous-wave distributed feedback diode laser was used to target the CH4 absorption line at 6046.95 cm-1. With the combination of wavelength modulation spectroscopy (WMS) and second harmonic (2f) detection technique, the CH4 sensor system reveals a 1σ detection limit of 8.62 parts-per-million in volume (ppmv) for a 0.3 s averaging time with an optimized modulation depth of 0.26 cm-1. The proposed CH4 sensor shows a similar or even lower level in the normalized noise equivalent absorption coefficient (NNEA) (1.8 × 10-8 cm-1∙W/√Hz), compared to previously reported QEPAS-based CH4 sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lien Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, PR China
| | - Chuantao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, PR China
- Corresponding author.
| | - Minghui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, PR China
| | - Dan Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, PR China
| | - Jie Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, PR China
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, PR China
| | - Yiding Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, PR China
| | - Frank K. Tittel
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
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Grieb N, Oltrup T, Bende T, Leitritz MA. The Cosine Similarity Technique: A new method for smart EXCIMER laser control. Z Med Phys 2020; 30:253-258. [PMID: 32249024 DOI: 10.1016/j.zemedi.2020.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To introduce additional steps towards smart laser control in eye surgery, with the use of the cosine similarity technique to analyze the spectra of organic polymers obtained using non-contact photoacoustic spectroscopy (NCPAS). METHODS The experiments were performed with two organic polymers: polyethylene and polyamide. A 193 nm excimer laser was used for photoablation at a repetition rate of 200Hz. The resulting acoustic signal of the ablation process was recorded by a capacitor microphone and then preamplified and digitized. For each specimen, four measurements with 1000 single pulses were taken. The cosine similarity technique was then used to compare the spectra of the polymers. The performance of the discrimination technique was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic analysis. RESULTS It was possible to correctly recognize a material with a probability of approximately 98% using the cosine similarity technique at a laser repetition rate and recording rate of 200 Hz, which represents the acoustic signal of one laser pulse. CONCLUSIONS The determination of materials with the cosine similarity method (CSM) is a fast, precise and promising approach towards smart laser control. Additional steps could include the design of a database containing generic spectra, using higher repetition rates, and the combination of NCPAS results with the position of the laser beam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Grieb
- University Eye Hospital, Section for Experimental Ophthalmic Surgery and Refractive Surgery, Schleichstrasse 12/1, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Theo Oltrup
- University Eye Hospital, Section for Experimental Ophthalmic Surgery and Refractive Surgery, Schleichstrasse 12/1, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Thomas Bende
- University Eye Hospital, Section for Experimental Ophthalmic Surgery and Refractive Surgery, Schleichstrasse 12/1, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Martin A Leitritz
- University Eye Hospital, Section for Experimental Ophthalmic Surgery and Refractive Surgery, Schleichstrasse 12/1, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
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Zheng H, Liu Y, Lin H, Liu B, Gu X, Li D, Huang B, Wu Y, Dong L, Zhu W, Tang J, Guan H, Lu H, Zhong Y, Fang J, Luo Y, Zhang J, Yu J, Chen Z, Tittel FK. Quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy employing pilot line manufactured custom tuning forks. Photoacoustics 2020; 17:100158. [PMID: 31956488 PMCID: PMC6961718 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2019.100158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Pilot line manufactured custom quartz tuning forks (QTFs) with a resonance frequency of 28 kHz and a Q value of >30, 000 in a vacuum and ∼ 7500 in the air, were designed and produced for trace gas sensing based on quartz enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (QEPAS). The pilot line was able to produce hundreds of low-frequency custom QTFs with small frequency shift < 10 ppm, benefiting the detecting of molecules with slow vibrational-translational (V-T) relaxation rates. An Au film with a thickness of 600 nm were deposited on both sides of QTF to enhance the piezoelectric charge collection efficiency and reduce the environmental electromagnetic noise. The laser focus position and modulation depth were optimized. With an integration time of 84 s, a normalized noise equivalent absorption (NNEA) coefficient of 1.7 × 10-8 cm-1∙W∙Hz-1/2 was achieved which is ∼10 times higher than a commercially available QTF with a resonance frequency of 32 kHz.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huadan Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information and Sensing Technologies of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center on Visible Light Communication and the Guangzhou Municipal Key Laboratory of Engineering Technology on Visible Light Communication, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Yihua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information and Sensing Technologies of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Haoyang Lin
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information and Sensing Technologies of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Bin Liu
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, China
| | - Xiaohang Gu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information and Sensing Technologies of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Dongquan Li
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information and Sensing Technologies of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Bincheng Huang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information and Sensing Technologies of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Yichao Wu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Linpeng Dong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information and Sensing Technologies of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Wenguo Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information and Sensing Technologies of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Jieyuan Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Heyuan Guan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Huihui Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Yongchun Zhong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Junbin Fang
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center on Visible Light Communication and the Guangzhou Municipal Key Laboratory of Engineering Technology on Visible Light Communication, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Yunhan Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Jianhui Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information and Sensing Technologies of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center on Visible Light Communication and the Guangzhou Municipal Key Laboratory of Engineering Technology on Visible Light Communication, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Zhe Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information and Sensing Technologies of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center on Visible Light Communication and the Guangzhou Municipal Key Laboratory of Engineering Technology on Visible Light Communication, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Frank K. Tittel
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
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Volkov DS, Rogova OB, Proskurnin MA. Photoacoustic and photothermal methods in spectroscopy and characterization of soils and soil organic matter. Photoacoustics 2020; 17:100151. [PMID: 31956483 PMCID: PMC6957834 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2019.100151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Review sums up the application of photoacoustic and photothermal spectroscopies for the analysis and characterization of soils and soil organic matter and discusses the outlooks in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry S. Volkov
- Department of Chemistry and Physical Chemistry of Soils, V.V. Dokuchaev Soil Science Institute, Pyzhevsky per., 7/2, Moscow 119017, Russia
- Chemistry Department, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1-3, GSP-1, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Olga B. Rogova
- Department of Chemistry and Physical Chemistry of Soils, V.V. Dokuchaev Soil Science Institute, Pyzhevsky per., 7/2, Moscow 119017, Russia
| | - Mikhail A. Proskurnin
- Chemistry Department, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1-3, GSP-1, Moscow, 119991, Russia
- Corresponding author.
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Dello Russo S, Zhou S, Zifarelli A, Patimisco P, Sampaolo A, Giglio M, Iannuzzi D, Spagnolo V. Photoacoustic spectroscopy for gas sensing: A comparison between piezoelectric and interferometric readout in custom quartz tuning forks. Photoacoustics 2020; 17:100155. [PMID: 31956485 PMCID: PMC6957788 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2019.100155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We report on a comparison between piezoelectric and interferometric readouts of vibrations in quartz tuning forks (QTFs) when acting as sound wave transducers in a quartz-enhanced photoacoustic setup (QEPAS) for trace gas detection. A theoretical model relating the prong vibration amplitude with the QTF prong sizes and electrical resistance is proposed. To compare interferometric and piezoelectric readouts, two QTFs have been selected; a tuning fork with rectangular-shape of the prongs, having a resonance frequency of 3.4 kHz and a quality-factor of 4,000, and a QTF with prong having a T-shape characterized by a resonance frequency of 12.4 kHz with a quality-factor of 15,000. Comparison between the interferometric and piezoelectric readouts were performed by using both QTFs in a QEPAS sensor setup for water vapor detection. We demonstrated that the QTF geometry can be properly designed to enhance the signal from a specific readout mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Dello Russo
- PolySense Lab - Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, Via Amendola 173, Bari, Italy
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Sheng Zhou
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Andrea Zifarelli
- PolySense Lab - Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, Via Amendola 173, Bari, Italy
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Pietro Patimisco
- PolySense Lab - Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, Via Amendola 173, Bari, Italy
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Angelo Sampaolo
- PolySense Lab - Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, Via Amendola 173, Bari, Italy
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Marilena Giglio
- PolySense Lab - Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, Via Amendola 173, Bari, Italy
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Davide Iannuzzi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Vincenzo Spagnolo
- PolySense Lab - Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, Via Amendola 173, Bari, Italy
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Corresponding author at: PolySense Lab - Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, Via Amendola 173, Bari, Italy.
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Ajtai T, Kiss-Albert G, Utry N, Tóth Á, Hoffer A, Szabó G, Bozóki Z. Diurnal variation of aethalometer correction factors and optical absorption assessment of nucleation events using multi-wavelength photoacoustic spectroscopy. J Environ Sci (China) 2019; 83:96-109. [PMID: 31221392 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2019.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A field measurement campaign was carried out during the late winter and early spring of 2015 in Budapest, the capital of Hungary. The size distribution (SD) and optical absorption of carbonaceous particulate matter (CPM) was measured online using a Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS), a 7λ-aethalometer and an inhouse developed 4λ-Photoacoustic Spectrometer. Based on the SD data, the measurement period could be classified into days with and without new particle formation events (normal days and nucleation days), although particular nucleation-like events were observed on normal days as well. Three characteristic size modes were observed with CMDs of circa 15, 25 and 110 nm that corresponded to the nucleation, traffic and heating modes. Based on the temporal behavior of these modes both types of days were divided into distinctive daily periods (heating hours, traffic hours and nucleation hours). The optical absorption spectra (OAC and AAE) also displayed the same part of day behavior to that of SD. That way this paper is among the first to assess the optical response of urban nucleation events. Due to the simultaneous measurement of OAC by the 7λ-aethalometer and a 4λ-Photoacoustic Spectrometer, OAC was measured overall at 11 wavelengths. That way aethalometer correction factors (f and C) were determined at all aethalometer wavelengths using in situ reference photoacoustic measurements. Correction factors were found to have both wavelength and time of the day variation. In the case of f, no clear trend could be observed, however, Cref values increased both as a function of wavelength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tibor Ajtai
- Department of Optics and Quantum Electronics, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; MTA-SZTE Research Group on Photoacoustic Spectroscopy, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; ELI-HU Non-Profit Ltd, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Gergely Kiss-Albert
- Department of Optics and Quantum Electronics, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; Hilase Development, Production, Service and Trading Limited, Székesfehérvár H-8000, Hungary
| | - Noémi Utry
- Department of Optics and Quantum Electronics, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; MTA-SZTE Research Group on Photoacoustic Spectroscopy, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ádám Tóth
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pannonia, P.O. Box 158, Veszprém H-8201, Hungary
| | - András Hoffer
- MTA-PE Air Chemistry Research Group, P.O. Box 158, Veszprém H-8201, Hungary
| | - Gábor Szabó
- MTA-SZTE Research Group on Photoacoustic Spectroscopy, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Bozóki
- MTA-SZTE Research Group on Photoacoustic Spectroscopy, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
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El-Busaidy S, Baumann B, Wolff M, Duggen L, Bruhns H. Experimental and Numerical Investigation of a Photoacoustic Resonator for Solid Samples: Towards a Non-Invasive Glucose Sensor. Sensors (Basel) 2019; 19:s19132889. [PMID: 31261919 PMCID: PMC6651486 DOI: 10.3390/s19132889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
T-cell resonators have been used lately for non-invasive blood glucose measurements for photoacoustic spectroscopy on skin samples. A resonator has a significant role in determining the strength of the measured signal and the overall sensitivity of the sensor. Here we present results of the measurement of the photoacoustic signal of such a T-cell resonator. The signal is also modelled using the amplitude mode expansion method, which is based on eigenmode expansion and the introduction of losses in the form of loss factors. The measurement reproduced almost all the calculated resonances from the numerical models with fairly good agreement. The cause of the differences between the measured and the simulated resonances are explained. In addition, the amplitude mode expansion simulation model is established as a faster and computationally less demanding photoacoustic simulation alternative to the viscothermal model. The resonance frequencies from the two models differ by less than 1.8%. It is noted that the relative height of the amplitudes from the two models depends on the location of the antinodes within the different parts of the resonator. The amplitude mode expansion model provides a quick simulation tool for the optimization and design of macro resonators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Said El-Busaidy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Production, Hamburg University of Applied Sciences, 20099 Hamburg, Germany.
- Mads Clausen Institute, University of Southern Denmark, 6400 Sønderborg, Denmark.
| | - Bernd Baumann
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Production, Hamburg University of Applied Sciences, 20099 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marcus Wolff
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Production, Hamburg University of Applied Sciences, 20099 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lars Duggen
- Mads Clausen Institute, University of Southern Denmark, 6400 Sønderborg, Denmark
| | - Henry Bruhns
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Production, Hamburg University of Applied Sciences, 20099 Hamburg, Germany
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Lourenço Neto M, Agra KL, Suassuna Filho J, Jorge FE. TDDFT calculations and photoacoustic spectroscopy experiments used to identify phenolic acid functional biomolecules in Brazilian tropical fruits in natura. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2018; 193:249-257. [PMID: 29258020 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2017.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) calculations of electronic transitions have been widely used to determine molecular structures. The excitation wavelengths and oscillator strengths obtained with the hybrid exchange-correlation functional B3LYP in conjunction with the ADZP basis set are employed to simulate the UV-Vis spectra of eight phenolic acids. Experimental and theoretical UV-Vis spectra reported previously in the literature are compared with our results. The fast, sensitive and non-destructive technique of photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) is used to determine the UV-Vis spectra of four Brazilian tropical fresh fruits in natura. Then, the PAS along with the TDDFT results are for the first time used to investigate and identify the presence of phenolic acids in the fruits studied in this work. This theoretical method with this experimental technique show to be a powerful and cheap tool to detect the existence of phenolic acids in fruits, vegetables, cereals, and grains. Comparison with high performance liquid chromatography results, when available, is also carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lourenço Neto
- Departamento de Ciências Básicas e Sociais, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Campus III, 58220-000 Bananeiras, Brazil
| | - K L Agra
- Unidade Acadêmica de Física, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, 58429-900 Campina Grande, Brazil
| | - J Suassuna Filho
- Unidade Acadêmica de Física, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, 58429-900 Campina Grande, Brazil
| | - F E Jorge
- Unidade Acadêmica de Física, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, 58429-900 Campina Grande, Brazil; Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 29060-900 Vitória, Brazil.
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de Oliveira FM, Mokochinski JB, Reyes Torres Y, Dalla Santa HS, González-Borrero PP. Photoacoustic spectroscopy applied to the direct detection of bioactive compounds in Agaricus brasiliensis mycelium. J Biol Phys 2017; 44:93-100. [PMID: 29210029 DOI: 10.1007/s10867-017-9478-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper describes the application of the photoacoustic spectroscopic (PAS) for detection of bioactive compounds in Agaricus brasiliensis mycelium. The mycelium was cultivated by solid-state fermentation and by submerged fermentation. Vegetal residues from food industry were used as substrates for fermentation: apple pomace (Malus domestica), wheat (Triticum aestivum), peel and pomace of pineapple (Ananas comosus), malt (Hordeum vulgare) and grape pomace (Vitis vinifera). Dry and ground samples of biomass were directly put into the PA cell. The optical absorption spectra indicated the existence of three main absorption bands: one around 280 nm related to phytosterols (ergosterol), phenolic acids, flavonoids and aromatic amino acids, another at 340 nm, due to phenolic and flavonoid compounds, and the third one at around 550 nm associated with anthocyanins and anthocyanidins. A correlation between the PA signal and the total phenolic content was satisfactory, as well as for the analyzed spectrum region (270 nm up to 1000 nm), using multivariate methods. Our results indicated that PA technique may be considered as an analytical tool to quickly detect bioactive compounds in mushrooms without the need of sample pretreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Maia de Oliveira
- Department of Physics, State University of Midwest (UNICENTRO), 85040-080, Guarapuava, Paraná, Brazil
| | - João Benhur Mokochinski
- Department of Chemistry, State University of Midwest (UNICENTRO), 85040-080, Guarapuava, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Yohandra Reyes Torres
- Department of Chemistry, State University of Midwest (UNICENTRO), 85040-080, Guarapuava, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Herta Stutz Dalla Santa
- Department of Food Engineering, State University of Midwest (UNICENTRO), 85040-080, Guarapuava, Paraná, Brazil
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Occhi-Alexandre IGP, Baesso ML, Sato F, de Castro-Hoshino LV, Rosalen PL, Terada RSS, Neto AM, Fujimaki M. Evaluation of photosensitizer penetration into sound and decayed dentin: A photoacoustic spectroscopy study. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2017; 21:108-114. [PMID: 29170013 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2017.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Photodynamic therapy (PDT) may have topical indications. In those cases it is important for a topical photosensitizer to penetrate into the tissue to which it has been applied. This study aimed to compare the penetration of two different concentrations of erythrosine into intact and in vitro decayed dentin samples. METHODS This in vitro study evaluated erythrosine (0.3 and 5%) penetration into sound (intact) and decayed dentin. A total of 11 dentin discs were prepared and divided into two equal halves, in order to keep one half sound while the other half was submitted to sterilization and an in vitro demineralization model for 5 days. Before erythrosine application, the organic and inorganic composition of all samples was evaluated by Fourier Transform Raman spectroscopy, and after erythrosine application for 30 min, the penetration depth was determined by Photoacoustic spectroscopy technique. RESULTS The results indicated that 0.3% erythrosine showed a higher penetration depth into sound dentin (p = 0.002); and 5% erythrosine higher penetration into decayed dentin (p < 0.001). However considering clinical parameters, no statistically significant difference was found between any of the conditions tested. CONCLUSIONS Erythrosine demonstrated ability to penetrate into dentin, irrespective of sound or decayed condition. Photoacoustic spectroscopy can be considered a method for estimating the penetration into hard tissues, and in conjunction with Raman spectroscopy, these are effective methods for evaluating the spectral response of dentin. Considering that erythrosine is capable of penetrating into decayed dentin, clinical trials are needed to test the effectiveness of this photosensitizer in Photodynamic therapy and Antimicrobial Photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mauro Luciano Baesso
- Physics Department, State University of Maringá, Avenida Colombo, 5790 - Jardim Universitário, Maringá, PR, CEP 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Francielle Sato
- Physics Department, State University of Maringá, Avenida Colombo, 5790 - Jardim Universitário, Maringá, PR, CEP 87020-900, Brazil
| | | | - Pedro Luiz Rosalen
- Physiological Sciences Department, School of Dentistry of Piracicaba, University of Campinas, Avenida Limeira, 901 - Bairro Areião, Piracicaba, SP, CEP 13414-903, Brazil
| | - Raquel Sano Suga Terada
- Dentistry Department, State University of Maringá, Avenida Colombo, 5790 - Jardim Universitário, Maringá, PR, CEP 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Antonio Medina Neto
- Physics Department, State University of Maringá, Avenida Colombo, 5790 - Jardim Universitário, Maringá, PR, CEP 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Mitsue Fujimaki
- Dentistry Department, State University of Maringá, Avenida Colombo, 5790 - Jardim Universitário, Maringá, PR, CEP 87020-900, Brazil.
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Umemura K, Sato S, Bustamante G, Ye JY. Using a fluorescence quenching method to detect DNA adsorption onto single-walled carbon nanotube surfaces. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2017; 160:201-6. [PMID: 28934663 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Surface modification of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) with DNA molecules has attracted much attention in recent years to increase SWNT solubility and make various SWNT-based nanobiodevices. Therefore, there is a critical need to quantify the interaction between DNA molecules and SWNT surfaces, particularly the intermediate structures during DNA adsorption. In this study, we demonstrate the ability to detect the adsorption of DNA oligomers on SWNT surfaces by fluorescence spectroscopy. Fluorescein-labelled, 30mer, thymine oligonucleotides (F-T30) were employed as a fluorescent probe to study the interaction of DNA with SWNTs. A clear quenching effect was observed when F-T30 was adsorbed onto SWNT surfaces. Using this method, the amount of DNA adsorbed onto the SWNT surfaces was measured under different sonication conditions to correlate adsorption efficiency with sonication strength and duration. When a bath-type sonicator was used, mild adsorption of F-T30 on SWNT surfaces was observed. Furthermore, a two-step adsorption was observed in this condition. In contrast, we observed rapid adsorption of F-T30 to SWNT surfaces at the higher sonication amplitude (60% maximal) using a probe-type sonicator, while only slight adsorption of DNA molecules was observed at the lower amplitude (20% maximal). Our data revealed that the quenching effect can be used to evaluate DNA adsorption onto SWNT surfaces. In addition, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) were conducted to provide complementary information on the DNA-SWNT nanoconjugates.
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50
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Wang Z, Geng J, Ren W. Quartz-Enhanced Photoacoustic Spectroscopy (QEPAS) Detection of the ν 7 Band of Ethylene at Low Pressure with CO 2 Interference Analysis. Appl Spectrosc 2017; 71:1834-1841. [PMID: 28145742 DOI: 10.1177/0003702817690406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Ethylene (C2H4) was detected using quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (QEPAS) at 10.5 µm with a continuous wave, distributed-feedback quantum cascade laser as the light source. The QEPAS sensor was operated at low pressures (≤200 torr) to eliminate the cross-talk spectral interference between C2H4 and CO2, a major interfering species in practical applications. The sensor was calibrated to show a good linear response to C2H4 concentration and the Allan deviation analysis demonstrated a minimum detection limit of 8 ppb at an integration time of 90 s. Although no spectral overlap between C2H4 and CO2 was confirmed at the pressure ≤200 torr by the direct absorption measurement using a 28-m multipass cell, we observed the apparent influence of the CO2 addition to the C2H4/N2 mixture on the photoacoustic signal of C2H4. An energy transfer model involving the vibration-vibration (VV) and vibration-translation (VT) transitions in the C2H4-CO2-N2 system was constructed to interpret the experimental data. Additionally, the vibrational relaxation times of C2H4 were obtained based on the QEPAS technique and the energy transfer model, which were in good agreement with the previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Jian Geng
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Wei Ren
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong
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