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Brannan EO, Hartley GA, O’Neill RJ. Mechanisms of Rapid Karyotype Evolution in Mammals. Genes (Basel) 2023; 15:62. [PMID: 38254952 PMCID: PMC10815390 DOI: 10.3390/genes15010062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Chromosome reshuffling events are often a foundational mechanism by which speciation can occur, giving rise to highly derivative karyotypes even amongst closely related species. Yet, the features that distinguish lineages prone to such rapid chromosome evolution from those that maintain stable karyotypes across evolutionary time are still to be defined. In this review, we summarize lineages prone to rapid karyotypic evolution in the context of Simpson's rates of evolution-tachytelic, horotelic, and bradytelic-and outline the mechanisms proposed to contribute to chromosome rearrangements, their fixation, and their potential impact on speciation events. Furthermore, we discuss relevant genomic features that underpin chromosome variation, including patterns of fusions/fissions, centromere positioning, and epigenetic marks such as DNA methylation. Finally, in the era of telomere-to-telomere genomics, we discuss the value of gapless genome resources to the future of research focused on the plasticity of highly rearranged karyotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emry O. Brannan
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; (E.O.B.); (G.A.H.)
| | - Gabrielle A. Hartley
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; (E.O.B.); (G.A.H.)
| | - Rachel J. O’Neill
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; (E.O.B.); (G.A.H.)
- Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
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Montiel EE, Badenhorst D, Lee L, Valenzuela N. Evolution and dosage compensation of nucleolar organizing regions (NORs) mediated by mobile elements in turtles with female (ZZ/ZW) but not with male (XX/XY) heterogamety. J Evol Biol 2022; 35:1709-1720. [PMID: 35877473 PMCID: PMC10087745 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.14064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the evolution and regulation of nucleolar organizing regions (NORs) is important to elucidate genome structure and function. This is because ribosomal gene (rDNA) copy number and activity mediate protein biosynthesis, stress response, ageing, disease, dosage compensation and genome stability. Here, we found contrasting dosage compensation of sex-linked NORs in turtles with male and female heterogamety. Most taxa examined exhibit homomorphic rRNA gene clusters in a single autosome pair (determined by 28S rDNA fluorescence in situ hybridization), whereas NORs are sex-linked in Apalone spinifera, Pelodiscus sinensis and Staurotypus triporcatus. Full-dosage compensation upregulates the male X-NOR (determined via silver staining-AgNOR) in Staurotypus (who lacks Y-NOR) compared with female X-AgNORs. In softshell Apalone and Pelodiscus, who share homologous ZZ/ZW micro-chromosomes, their enlarged W-NOR is partially active (due to 28S rDNA invasion by R2 retroelements), whereas their smaller Z-NOR is silent in females but active in both male-Zs (presumably because the W-NOR meets cellular demands and excessive NOR activity is costly). We hypothesize that R2 disruption favoured W enlargement to add intact 28S-units, perhaps facilitated by reduced recombination during sex chromosome evolution. The molecular basis of the potentially adaptive female Z-silencing is likely intricate and perhaps epigenetic, as non-ribosomal Z genes are active in Apalone females. Yet, Emydura maquarii exhibit identical heteromorphism in their autosomal NOR (R2 invaded 28S-units and the small-autosome NOR is silent), suggesting that the softshell turtle pattern can evolve independent of sex chromosome evolution. Our study illuminates the complex sex chromosome evolution and dosage compensation of non-model systems that challenges classic paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia E Montiel
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA.,Department of Experimental Biology (Genetics Area), University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - Daleen Badenhorst
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - LingSze Lee
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Nicole Valenzuela
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
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Ramzan F, Kim HT, Younis A, Ramzan Y, Lim KB. Genetic assessment of the effects of self-fertilization in a Lilium L. hybrids using molecular cytogenetic methods (FISH and ISSR). Saudi J Biol Sci 2020; 28:1770-1778. [PMID: 33732061 PMCID: PMC7938132 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-fertilization (also termed selfing) is a mode of reproduction that occurs in hermaphrodites and has evolved several times in various plant and animal species. A transition from outbreeding to selfing in hermaphroditic flowers is typically associated with changes in flower morphology and functionality. This study aimed to identify genetic effects of selfing in the F2 progeny of F1 hybrid developed by crossing Lilium lancifolium with the Asiatic Lilium hybrid ‘Dreamland.’ Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR) techniques were used to detect genetic variations in plants produced by selfing. The FISH results showed that F1 hybrid were similar to the female parent (L. lancifolium) regarding the 45S loci, but F2 individuals showed variation in the number and location of the respective loci. In F2 progeny, F2-2, F2-3, F2-4, F2-5, and F2-8 hybrids expressed two strong and one weak 5S signal on chromosome 3, whereas F2-7 and F2-9 individuals expressed one strong and two weak signals. Only two strong 5S signals were detected in an F2-1 plant. The ISSR results showed a maximum similarity value of 0.6269 between the female parent and the F2-2 hybrid. Regarding similarity to the male parent, a maximum value of 0.6119 was found in the F2-1 and F2-2 hybrids. The highest genetic distance from L. lancifolium and the Asiatic Lilium hybrid ‘Dreamland’ was observed in the F2-4 progeny (0.6352 and 0.7547, respectively). Phylogenetic relationships showed that the F2 progeny were closer to the male parent than to the female parent. Self-fertilization showed effects on variation among the F2 progeny, and effects on the genome were confirmed using FISH and ISSR analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahad Ramzan
- Deptartment of Horticulture, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, South Korea
| | - Hyoung Tae Kim
- Deptartment of Horticulture, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, South Korea
| | - Adnan Younis
- Institute of Horticultural Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
| | - Yasir Ramzan
- Wheat Research Institute, AARI, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ki-Byung Lim
- Deptartment of Horticulture, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, South Korea
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Cunha MS, Fregonezi AR, Fava L, Hilsdorf AWS, Campos LAO, Dergam JA. Phylogeography and Historical Biogeography of the Astyanax bimaculatus Species Complex (Teleostei: Characidae) in Coastal Southeastern South America. Zebrafish 2019; 16:115-127. [DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2018.1668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marina S. Cunha
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Aline R. Fregonezi
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Lucioni Fava
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | | | - Lucio A. O. Campos
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Jorge A. Dergam
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
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Supiwong W, Getlakha N, Chaiphech S, Pinthong K, Phimphan S, Tanomtong A. Nucleolar Organizer Regions Polymorphism and Karyological Analysis of Black Lancer, Bagrichthys majusculus (Siluriformes, Bagridae) in Thailand. CYTOLOGIA 2018. [DOI: 10.1508/cytologia.83.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nuntaporn Getlakha
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Muban Chombueng Rajabhat University
| | - Somkid Chaiphech
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Rajamangala University of Techonlogy Srivijaya
| | - Krit Pinthong
- Department of Fundamental Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Surindra Rajabhat University
| | - Sumalee Phimphan
- Toxic Substances in Livestock and Aquatic Animals Research Group, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University
| | - Alongklod Tanomtong
- Toxic Substances in Livestock and Aquatic Animals Research Group, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University
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Montiel EE, Badenhorst D, Lee LS, Literman R, Trifonov V, Valenzuela N. Cytogenetic Insights into the Evolution of Chromosomes and Sex Determination Reveal Striking Homology of Turtle Sex Chromosomes to Amphibian Autosomes. Cytogenet Genome Res 2016; 148:292-304. [DOI: 10.1159/000447478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Turtle karyotypes are highly conserved compared to other vertebrates; yet, variation in diploid number (2n = 26-68) reflects profound genomic reorganization, which correlates with evolutionary turnovers in sex determination. We evaluate the published literature and newly collected comparative cytogenetic data (G- and C-banding, 18S-NOR, and telomere-FISH mapping) from 13 species spanning 2n = 28-68 to revisit turtle genome evolution and sex determination. Interstitial telomeric sites were detected in multiple lineages that underwent diploid number and sex determination turnovers, suggesting chromosomal rearrangements. C-banding revealed potential interspecific variation in centromere composition and interstitial heterochromatin at secondary constrictions. 18S-NORs were detected in secondary constrictions in a single chromosomal pair per species, refuting previous reports of multiple NORs in turtles. 18S-NORs are linked to ZW chromosomes in Apalone and Pelodiscus and to X (not Y) in Staurotypus. Notably, comparative genomics across amniotes revealed that the sex chromosomes of several turtles, as well as mammals and some lizards, are homologous to components of Xenopus tropicalis XTR1 (carrying Dmrt1). Other turtle sex chromosomes are homologous to XTR4 (carrying Wt1). Interestingly, all known turtle sex chromosomes, except in Trionychidae, evolved via inversions around Dmrt1 or Wt1. Thus, XTR1 appears to represent an amniote proto-sex chromosome (perhaps linked ancestrally to XTR4) that gave rise to turtle and other amniote sex chromosomes.
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Sadílek D, Nguyen P, Koç H, Kovařík F, Yağmur EA, Šťáhlavský F. Molecular cytogenetics ofAndroctonusscorpions: an oasis of calm in the turbulent karyotype evolution of the diverse family Buthidae. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Sadílek
- Department of Zoology; Faculty of Science; Charles University in Prague; Viničná 7 CZ-12844 Prague Czech Republic
| | - Petr Nguyen
- Institute of Entomology; Biology Centre ASCR; Branišovská 31 37005 České Budějovice Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science; University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice; Branišovská 1760 37005 České Budějovice Czech Republic
| | - Halіl Koç
- Biology Department; Science and Art Faculty; Sinop University; Sinop Turkey
| | - František Kovařík
- Department of Zoology; Faculty of Science; Charles University in Prague; Viničná 7 CZ-12844 Prague Czech Republic
| | - Ersen Aydin Yağmur
- Celal Bayar University; Alaşehir Vocational School; Alaşehir Manisa Turkey
| | - František Šťáhlavský
- Department of Zoology; Faculty of Science; Charles University in Prague; Viničná 7 CZ-12844 Prague Czech Republic
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Kitanova M, Georgiev S. Transcriptional Activity of Translocated NORs in Barley (Hordeum Vulgare L.). BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2014. [DOI: 10.5504/bbeq.2011.0157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Meglena Kitanova
- Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, Faculty of Biology, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Sevdalin Georgiev
- Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, Faculty of Biology, Sofia, Bulgaria
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Rocco L. Molecular and Chromosomal Markers for Evolutionary Considerations in Torpediniformes (Chondrichthyes, Batoidea). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.5402/2013/808750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Due to their basal position in the vertebrate phylogenetic tree, the study on elasmobranch genetics and cytogenetics can provide remarkable information on the mechanisms underlying the evolution of all vertebrates. In recent years, different molecular approaches have been used to study the relationships between the different taxonomic groups of cartilaginous fish, among them are the physical mapping of specific nucleotide sequences on chromosomes. However, these are controversial, particularly in Torpediniformes in which the species have different karyological parameters. The purpose of this paper is to gather the molecular markers so far present in literature that were used to reconstruct the phylogenetic position of Torpediniformes with respect to the other Batoidea and to discriminate between the various chromosome pairs in the endemic species in the Mediterranean Sea, Torpedo torpedo, T. marmorata and T. nobiliana. The 5S and 18S ribosomal DNA, the HpaI and Alu SINE, the telomeric (TTAGGG)n and the spermatogenesis-related SPATA 16, SPATA 18, and UTY sequences were particularly useful. These last genomic segments were also able to differentiate between the male and the female karyotypes. Moreover, the torpedoes showed a particular genomic organization, especially Torpedo torpedo, in which large quantities of highly repeated DNA and a characteristic distribution of heterochromatin, which is never centromeric, were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Rocco
- Department of Life Sciences, Second University of Naples, via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
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do Prado FD, Nunes TL, Senhorini JA, Bortolozzi J, Foresti F, Porto-Foresti F. Cytogenetic characterization of F1, F2 and backcross hybrids of the Neotropical catfish species Pseudoplatystoma corruscans and Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum (Pimelodidae, Siluriformes). Genet Mol Biol 2012; 35:57-64. [PMID: 22481875 PMCID: PMC3313517 DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47572012005000010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytogenetic characteristics of Pseudoplatystoma corruscans and Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum and their F1, F2 and backcross hybrids were assessed by using chromosome banding techniques. The diploid number of 56 chromosomes was constant in all species and lineages, with a karyotypic formula containing 20 metacentric, 12 submetacentric, 12 subtelocentric and 12 acrocentric chromosomes. Nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) were identified in two subtelocentric chromosomes in the parents and hybrids, with partial nucleolar dominance in F1 and F2 specimens. Heterochromatic blocks were detected in the terminal and centromeric regions of some chromosomes in all individuals. For parental and hybrid lineages, 18S ribosomal clusters corresponding to NORs and 5S ribosomal genes were identified in distinct pairs of chromosomes. The striking conservation in the chromosomal macrostructure of the parental species may account for the fertility of their F1 hybrids. Similarly, the lack of marked alterations in the chromosomal structure of the F1 hybrids could account for the maintenance of these features in post-F1 lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Dotti do Prado
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Bauru, SP, Brazil
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Wnuk M, Villagómez D, Bugno-Poniewierska M, Tumidajewicz P, Carter T, Slota E. Nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) distribution and behavior in spermatozoa and meiotic cells of the horse (Equus caballus). Theriogenology 2012; 77:579-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2011.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2011] [Revised: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Medvedev IN, Amelina IV. Evaluation of the relationship between chromosome aberrations and transcription activity of nucleolus organizer regions in indigenous population of the Kursk region. Bull Exp Biol Med 2011; 149:332-6. [PMID: 21246095 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-010-0940-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between activity of chromosomal nucleolus-organizer regions and levels of chromosome aberrations was studied in 215 residents of the Kursk region by visual semiquantitative method (silver staining of the nucleolus-organizer regions, NOR) in chromosomes of peripheral blood lymphocytes. The levels of chromosome aberrations differed significantly in three groups differing by the levels of 10AgNOR, which can be explained by different proliferative activity in these groups. The lowest level of chromosome aberrations was found in subjects with high transcription activity of NOR, presumably due to high proliferative activity in this group and more intensive synthesis of proteins, including the reparation enzymes. The highest level of chromosome aberrations was detected in the group with the medium level of 10AgNOR.
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Affiliation(s)
- I N Medvedev
- Kursk Institute of Social Formation, Affiliated Department of the Russian State Social University, Russia.
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Mandrioli M, Mola L, Cuoghi B, Sonetti D. Endoreplication: a molecular trick during animal neuron evolution. QUARTERLY REVIEW OF BIOLOGY 2010; 85:159-69. [PMID: 20565038 DOI: 10.1086/652341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The occurrence of endoreplication has been repeatedly reported in many organisms, including protists, plants, worms, arthropods, molluscs, fishes, and mammals. As a general rule, cells possessing endoreplicated genomes are large-sized and highly metabolically active. Endoreplication has not been frequently reported in neuronal cells that are typically considered to be fully differentiated and non-dividing, and which normally contain a diploid genome. Despite this general statement, various papers indicate that giant neurons in molluscs, as well as supramedullary and hypothalamic magnocellular neurons in fishes, contain DNA amounts larger than 2C. In order to study this issue in greater detail here, we review the available data about endoreplication in invertebrate and vertebrate neurons, and discuss its possible functional significance. As a whole, endoreplication seems to be a sort of molecular trick used by neurons in response to the high functional demands that they experience during evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Mandrioli
- Department of Biology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41100 Modena, Italy.
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Hashimoto DT, Porto-Foresti F. Chromosome polymorphism of heterochromatin and nucleolar regions in two populations of the fish Astyanax bockmanni (Teleostei: Characiformes). NEOTROPICAL ICHTHYOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.1590/s1679-62252010000400016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Karyotype and other chromosomal markers as revealed by C-banding and silver (Ag) impregnation in two Astyanax bockmanni populations (Barra Seca Stream and Campo Novo River) were examined. The diploid chromosome number 2n = 50 and nearly identical karyotypes were documented. C-banding revealed heterochromatic blocks on the terminal regions of some chromosomes, with high frequencies of polymorphisms. The Ag-impregnation showed that the nucleolus organizer regions (NORs) varied in number, location and organization. Astyanax bockmanni revealed chromosome characteristics similar those of the species complex "A. scabripinnis". Mechanisms that may be responsible for the high degree of polymorphism are discussed.
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Hashimoto DT, Laudicina A, Bortolozzi J, Foresti F, Porto-Foresti F. Chromosomal features of nucleolar dominance in hybrids between the Neotropical fish Leporinus macrocephalus and Leporinus elongatus (Characiformes, Anostomidae). Genetica 2009; 137:135-40. [PMID: 19430915 DOI: 10.1007/s10709-009-9366-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2008] [Accepted: 04/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the chromosomal mechanisms of nucleolar dominance were analyzed in the hybrid lineage "Piaupara," which resulted from crossing the Leporinus macrocephalus female (Piauçu) and L. elongatus male (Piapara) fish. The analyses demonstrated that, in the hybrid, the nucleolar region inherited from L. elongatus presented higher activity, with expression in 100% of the cells, whereas the nucleolar region from L. macrocephalus appeared active at a frequency of 11.6%. The FISH technique with an 18S probe showed that the ribosomal DNA of the nucleolar region was not lost in the hybrid, and the results therefore demonstrated invariable marks in two chromosomes, each originating from one parent. An interesting difference between the nucleolar regions of the parental species was the association of the NOR with heterochromatic blocks (repetitive DNA) in L. elongatus, which could act as a determinative element in the establishment of this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Teruo Hashimoto
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Campus de Bauru, Bauru, SP 17033-360, Brazil
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Gahmberg N, Pajunen L, de la Chapelle A. NOR activity in two families with balanced D;D translocations and numerous consecutive miscarriages. Hereditas 2009; 92:217-21. [PMID: 7390867 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5223.1980.tb01699.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
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Evaluation of the dependence of mutagenesis intensity on activity of nucleolus organizer regions of chromosomes in aboriginal population of Kursk region. Bull Exp Biol Med 2008; 145:68-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s10517-008-0004-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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STAIBER WOLFGANG. Characterization of heterochromatin of germ line limited and soma chromosomes in Acricotopus lucidus (Diptera, Chironomidae) by differential banding methods. Hereditas 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5223.1991.tb00557.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Porto-Foresti F, Hashimoto DT, Alves AL, Almeida RBC, Senhorini JA, Bortolozzi J, Foresti F. Cytogenetic markers as diagnoses in the identification of the hybrid between Piauçu (Leporinus macrocephalus) and Piapara (Leporinus elongatus). Genet Mol Biol 2008. [DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47572008000200005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Insua A, López-Piñón MJ, Freire R, Méndez J. Karyotype and Chromosomal Location of 18S–28S and 5S Ribosomal DNA in the Scallops Pecten maximus and Mimachlamys varia (Bivalvia: Pectinidae). Genetica 2006; 126:291-301. [PMID: 16636923 DOI: 10.1007/s10709-005-7408-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2005] [Accepted: 05/17/2005] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This work describes the karyotype and chromosomal location of the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) of Pecten maximus and Mimachlamys varia, two commercial scallop species from Europe. According to the chromosome centromeric index values found, the karyotype of P. maximus is composed of 1 metacentric, 2 metacentric-submetacentric, 1 telocentric-subtelocentric and 15 telocentric pairs, and that of M. varia of 4 metacentric, 2 subtelocentric-submetacentric, 9 subtelocentric, 3 subtelocentric-telocentric and 1 telocentric-subtelocentric pairs. In P. maximus, 18S-28S rDNA was located by FISH on a metacentric-submetacentric pair, and in M. varia on a subtelocentric-submetacentric pair using both silver staining and FISH. PCR amplification of the 5S rDNA unit yielded a single product of about 460 bp (P. maximus) and 450 bp (M. varia), that used as probe revealed a 5S rDNA site on a telocentric pair in P. maximus and a subtelocentric pair in M. varia. Two-color FISH or sequential silver staining of 5S rDNA-FISH-metaphases corroborated that the two gene families are located on different chromosomes in both species. A comparative analysis of the data allowed the inference of karyotypic relationships within scallops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Insua
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Universidade da Coruña, A Zapateira s/n, 15071, A Coruña, Spain.
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Araújo D, Cella MD, Brescovit DA. Cytogenetic analysis of the neotropical spider Nephilengys cruentata (Araneomorphae, Tetragnathidae): standard staining nors, C-bands and base-specific fluorochromes. BRAZ J BIOL 2005; 65:193-202. [PMID: 16097721 DOI: 10.1590/s1519-69842005000200002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work is to characterize Nephilengys cruentata in relation to the diploid number, chromosome morphology, type of sex determination chromosome system, chromosomes bearing the Nucleolar Organizer Regions (NORs), C-banding pattern, and AT or GC repetitive sequences. The chromosome preparations were submitted to standard staining (Giemsa), NOR silver impregnation, C-banding technique, and base-specific fluorochrome staining. The analysis of the cells showed 2n = 24 and 2n = 26 chromosomes in the embryos, and 2n = 26 in the ovarian cells, being all the chromosomes acrocentric. The long arm of the pairs 1, 2 and 3 showed an extensive negative heteropycnotic area when the mitotic metaphases were stained with Giemsa. The sexual chromosomes did not show differential characteristics that allowed to distinguish them from the other chromosomes of the complement. Considering the diploid numbers found in N. cruentata and the prevalence of X1X2 sex determination chromosome system in Tetragnathidae, N. cruentata seems to possess 2n = 24 = 22 + X1X2 in the males, and 2n = 26 = 22 + X1X1X2X2 in the females. The pairs 1, 2 and 3 showed NORs which are coincident with the negative heteropycnotic patterns. Using the C-banding technique, the pericentromeric region of the chromosomes revealed small quantity or even absence of constitutive heterochromatin, differing of the C-banding pattern described in other species of spiders. In N. cruentata the fluorochromes DAPI/DA, DAPI/MM and CMA3/DA revealed that the constitutive heterochromatin is rich in AT bases and the NORs possess repetitive sequences of GC bases.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Araújo
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Biologia, Av. 24A, 1515, CEP 13506-900, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil.
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22
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López-Piñón MJ, Insua A, Méndez J. Chromosome Analysis and Mapping of Ribosomal Genes by One- and Two-Color Fluorescent in situ Hybridization in Hinnites distortus (Bivalvia: Pectinidae). J Hered 2004; 96:52-8. [PMID: 15598716 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esi001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Metaphase chromosomes of the scallop Hinnites distortus were analyzed using Giemsa staining, chromosome measurements, silver staining, one- and two-color fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) ribosomal DNA (rDNA) probes, and 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) banding compatible with in situ hybridization. The karyotype (2n = 38) consists of three submetacentric-metacentric, one submetacentric, one subtelocentric-submetacentric, and 14 subtelocentric pairs. The 18S-28S rDNA maps at the centromeric level of two subtelocentric pairs, but not more than two nucleolus organizer region (NOR)-bearing chromosomes were transcriptionally active. The 5S rDNA seems to show a conventional tandem arrangement with a repeat unit of about 450 bp and it maps at the pericentromeric region of the long arm of one subtelocentric pair. Two-color FISH demonstrated that 18S-28S rDNA and 5S rDNA are not syntenic. Sequential FISH/Giemsa staining and subsequent chromosome pairing allow us to propose that pairs 9 and 12 carry the 18S-28S rDNA and pair 13 carries the 5S rDNA. All chromosomes are characterized as containing constitutive heterochromatin at the centromeric region. The data provided are the first contribution toward construction of the molecular karyotype of H. distortus and will be useful in assessing evolutionary relationships within scallops.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J López-Piñón
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Universidade da Coruña, A Zapateira s/n, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
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23
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Kavalco KF, Pazza R, Bertollo LAC, Moreira-Filho O. Karyotypic diversity and evolution of Loricariidae (Pisces, Siluriformes). Heredity (Edinb) 2004; 94:180-6. [PMID: 15562288 DOI: 10.1038/sj.hdy.6800595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We present cytogenetic analyses of four fish species, belonging to four Loricariidae subfamilies: Neoplecostomus microps (Neoplecostominae) with 2n=54 chromosomes, Harttia loricariformis (Loricariinae) with 2n=56 chromosomes, Hypostomus affinis (Hypostominae) with 2n=66 chromosomes and Upsilodus sp. (Upsilodinae), with 2n=96 chromosomes. In addition to karyotypes, data on the location of 18s rDNA sites are presented, derived from indirect (silver nitrate impregnation) and direct (FISH) methods. There is only one pair of nucleolar organizing regions (NORs) per species, except in H. affinis. Diversity and NOR macrokaryotypic evolution in the species analyzed are discussed in relation to the evolution of the Loricariidae as a whole. In addition, a revision of the cytogenetic data available for this family is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- K F Kavalco
- Departamento de Biologia/Genética, Instituto de Biociências, USP-Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, 277-Edifício André Dreyfus, Cidade Universitária, ZIP 05508090, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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24
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Meywald T, Scherthan H, Nagl W. Increased specificity of colloidal silver staining by means of chemical attenuation. Hereditas 2004; 124:63-70. [PMID: 8690615 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5223.1996.00063.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A modification of the silver staining procedure of Howell and Black (1980) is reported which makes use of teleostean gelatin as protective colloid and renders a high signal-to-noise ratio. We demonstrate that this ratio can be further increased by subsequent attenuation with a chemical reducer consisting of a mixture of potassium ferricyanide (III) and sodium thiosulphate. It is shown that slight changes of the concentration of the reactive compounds of the chemical reducer make the protocol applicable to human, plant (Aliium cepa, Rhinanthus minor) as well as meiotic insect (Acheta domesticus) chromosome preparations. Due to its broad applicability, the method could find utilization in studies on chromatin and chromosome functions in many species.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Meywald
- Dept. of Cell Biology, The University, Kaiserslautern, Germany
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25
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Abstract
In order to go in depth into the analysis of holocentric chromosome structure, atomic force microscopy (AFM) was applied to metaphase plates of the aphid Megoura viciae. AFM showed that aphid chromatids adhere to one another without any prominent structure detectable between them and without any evidence of chromosomal constrictions. AFM thus provided new and reliable evidences at a nanomolecular level concerning the holocentric structure of aphid chromosomes, without any of the artefacts due to sample staining or coating that are usually associated with electron microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Mandrioli
- Dipartimento di Biologia Animale, Università di Modena, Modena, Italy.
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26
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Kavalco KF, Pazza R. A rapid alternative technique for obtaining silver-positive patterns in chromosomes. Genet Mol Biol 2004. [DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47572004000200012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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27
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Fontana F, Tagliavini J, Congiu L. Sturgeon genetics and cytogenetics: recent advancements and perspectives. Genetica 2002; 111:359-73. [PMID: 11841180 DOI: 10.1023/a:1013711919443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this review is to introduce current knowledge in the field of sturgeon genetics. The first section deals with sturgeon cytogenetics, reviewing karyotype organization and polyploidization events during evolution of Acipenseriformes. The second section concerns the results of applications of molecular biology to studies of phylogenetic relationships between extant species, intraspecific analysis of wild populations and stocks for conservation purposes, together with characterization of molecular markers for species identification, relevant to forensic and conservation issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Fontana
- Dipartimento di Biologia Università di Ferrara, Italy.
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28
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Cuoghi B, Marini M. Ultrastructural and cytochemical features of the supramedullary neurons of the pufferfish Diodon holacanthus (L.) (Osteichthyes). Tissue Cell 2001; 33:491-9. [PMID: 11949785 DOI: 10.1054/tice.2001.0203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Exceptionally high DNA contents were found in supramedullary neuron (SN) nuclei of the pufferfish Diodon holacanthus by quantitative microfluorimetric assay. This phenomenon has been explained by endoreplication, the functional significance of which is still unclear. In this view, the peptidergic nature and large dimensions make the teleostean clustered SN an interesting model for investigating the relationships between endoreplication, nuclear morphology and biosynthetic cellular activity. In this paper, we present a cytochemical and ultrastructural study on the SN of D. holacanthus (Tetraodontiformes). The nucleolar and nucleus structures suggest an intense production of ribosomal components in order to satisfy high cellular demands for protein synthesis. Accordingly, the cytoplasmic compartment presents an extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum, well-developed Golgi apparatus and a remarkable vesicular traffic. These features suggest that SN are engaged in an intense process of protein biosynthesis. The SN are completely surrounded by processes of different types of glial cells. The glial cells may be considered part of the SN cluster.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Cuoghi
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy.
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29
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai B. Rubtsov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences of Russia, Siberian Department, Novosibirsk, Russia
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30
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Mandrioli M, Cuoghi B, Marini M, Manicardi GC. Cytogenetic analysis of the pufferfish Tetraodon fluviatilis (Osteichthyes). Chromosome Res 2000; 8:237-42. [PMID: 10841051 DOI: 10.1023/a:1009257131091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Because of their compact genome, pufferfish (Tetraodontiformes) have been proposed as a model for the study of the vertebrate genome. The genome of pufferfish is peculiar as it has the structural complexity of the genomes of higher vertebrates, but has small introns and lacks large clusters of highly repetitive sequences. Despite such interest, information about the genetics of pufferfish is still scanty. To fill this gap, we have performed a cytogenetic analysis of the pufferfish, Tetraodon fluviatilis, which can be maintained in an aquarium for a long time and, unlike the pufferfish, Fugu rubripes, it is not difficult to obtain. Karyotype analysis shows that T. fluviatilis has 2n = 42 with two metacentric chromosomes, four submetacentrics, two subtelocentrics and 34 acrocentrics. C-banding, followed by DAPI staining, showed that heterochromatin is essentially AT-rich and is located at centromeres. Staining of the same metaphase plates with CMA3 showed the presence of four heterochromatic regions located on two pairs of submetacentric chromosomes. Silver staining and FISH with a 28S rDNA probe showed that these GC-rich regions are nucleolar organizing regions (NORs). Finally, regardless of the technique used, no difference in the chromosome complement was found between males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mandrioli
- Dipartimento di Biologia Animale, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
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31
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Mandrioli M, Bizzaro D, Giusti M, Manicardi GC, Bianchi U. The role of rDNA genes in X chromosome association in the aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum. Genome 1999; 42:381-6. [PMID: 10382287 DOI: 10.1139/g98-145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Silver staining of mitotic metaphases of the aphid A. pisum reveals the presence of argentophilic bridges connecting the two X chromosomes. The presence of nucleolar material connecting sex chromosomes seems to be quite a common phenomenon in organisms belonging to very different phyla, and suggests a role of nucleolar proteins in chromosome association and disjunction. In somatic cells of A. pisum, bridges connecting X chromosomes are detectable not only after silver staining but also after CMA3 staining. This finding suggests that GC rich DNA is involved in this type of association. Molecular analysis of rDNA intergenic spacers shows several 247 bp repeats containing short sequences having a high level of homology with the chi sequence of Escherichia coli and with the consensus core region of human hypervariable minisatellites. Moreover, each 247 bp repeat presents a perfect copy of a promoter sequence for polymerase I. These aphid repeats show structural homologies with a 240 bp repeat, which is considered to be responsible for sex chromosome pairing in Drosophila, not only in view of their common presence within rDNA spacers but also for their length and structure. The presence of chi sequences in the IGS of A. pisum, by promoting unequal crossing-over between rDNA genes, could thus give rise to the nucleolar organizing region (NOR) heteromorphism described in different aphid species. Although X pairing at NORs is fundamental in aphid male determination, the presence of heteromorphism of rDNA genes does not inhibit male determination in the A. pisum clone utilized for our experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mandrioli
- Dipartimento di Biologia Animale, Università di Modena, Italy
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32
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Mandrioli M, Manicardi GC, Bizzaro D, Bianchi U. NOR heteromorphism within a parthenogenetic lineage of the aphid Megoura viciae. Chromosome Res 1999; 7:157-62. [PMID: 10328627 DOI: 10.1023/a:1009215721904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In parthenogenetic females of a clone of the aphid Megoura viciae (Homoptera, Aphididae), more than 50% of the cells show heteromorphism between homologous NORs which are located on one telomeric region of the two X chromosomes. Using different techniques, such as staining with the CG-specific fluorochrome chromomycin A3, silver staining and in-situ hybridization with an rDNA probe, we have shown that the observed heteromorphism is due to an unequal distribution of ribosomal genes between homologous NOR regions. The total number of rDNA genes per individual aphid remained constant. Moreover, the analysis of cells from single embroys has shown that the observed heteromorphism is not only intraclonal but also intraindividual. These data, together with the finding of X chromosomes connected by chromatin bridges between their NORs, allow us to suggest that mitotic unequal crossing over could be the main cause of NOR heteomorphism in this taxon.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mandrioli
- Dipartimento di Biologia Animale, Università di Modena, Italy
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33
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Affiliation(s)
- A Amores
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene 97403, USA
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34
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Insua A, Méndez J. Physical mapping and activity of ribosomal RNA genes in mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. Hereditas 1998; 128:189-94. [PMID: 9760868 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5223.1998.00189.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In bivalve molluscs, NOR analysis was carried out by silver staining, and extensive intra- and interindividual differences in the apparent number of NORs were reported. In this work, we determine the physical mapping of 18S and 28S ribosomal genes of the mussel M. galloprovincialis by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). We also apply silver staining to the same individuals in order to determine if structural changes are involved in the heteromorphism detected by this technique. Our results show that rDNA loci map on the telomeric region of the long arm of two submetacentric-subtelocentric chromosome pairs. In addition to variations in NOR expression, we found some cases of structural variations that affect the number of rDNA loci between individuals and the location of the rDNA locus between the cells of the individual. We suggest that FISH should be applied to other bivalves to assess the variation of rDNA loci and undertake more accurate interspecific comparisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Insua
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Universidad de A Coruña, Spain
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35
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Manicardi GC, Mandrioli M, Bizzaro D, Bianchi U. Patterns of DNase I sensitivity in the holocentric chromosomes of the aphid Megoura viciae. Genome 1998. [DOI: 10.1139/g97-112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Using the in situ nick translation technique, we looked for the presence of DNase I sensitive sites in Megoura viciae chromosomes, to study the distribution of active or potentially active genes in aphids, a group of insects possessing holocentric chromosomes. Cytological preparations obtained by the spreading of embryo cells were treated in situ with increasing concentrations (ranging from 5 to 200 ng/mL) of DNase I. At DNase I concentrations below 50 ng/mL, only one hypersensitive site was observed, and this was located on a telomeric region of the X chromosome that contains transcriptionally active nucleolar organizing regions, as assayed by silver staining. Interestingly, at intermediate concentrations of DNase, the incorporation of biotinylated nucleotide occurred uniformly throughout all chromosomes, whereas at concentrations above 100 ng/mL, a C-like banding pattern was produced. Our data differ from results obtained with mammalian, frog, and grasshopper chromosomes, where it was found that DNase I nicking is concentrated at the distal regions of all chromosomes.Key words: aphids, holocentric chromosomes, DNase I sensitivity, nick translation.
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36
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Chatterjee R, Mukhopadhyay D, Chakraborty RN, Mitra RB. Evaluation of argyrophilic nucleolar organizer regions (AgNORs) in oral carcinomas in relation to human papillomavirus infection and cytokinetics. J Oral Pathol Med 1997; 26:310-4. [PMID: 9250930 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.1997.tb00221.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The numbers of argyrophilic nucleolar organizer regions (AgNORs) were quantified in oral carcinomas (n = 39) with or without human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. The AgNOR counts of the HPV-positive samples (7.15 +/- 2.13) were not significantly (P = 0.09) higher than those of the HPV-negative ones (6.16 +/- 1.89). Furthermore, the lesions infected with multiple HPV types had greater counts than those with HPV type 16/18 infection alone. Significant differences were observed between the mean counts of the poorly (10.50 +/- 0.54), moderately (7.31 +/- 1.07) and well- (5.12 +/- 0.85) differentiated carcinomas. The mean AgNOR numbers in the oral carcinomas at TNM stages III/IV were found to be significantly (P < 0.01) higher than the numbers in corresponding stage II lesions. Cytokinetics of the lesions assessed by the bromodeoxyuridine (Brdu) labelling index (LI%) showed a linear correlation (r = 0.91; P < 0.0001) with their respective mean AgNOR counts.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Chatterjee
- Department of Tumor Virology, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Calcutta, India
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37
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Mariuzzi G, Mombello A, Capitanio A, Mariuzzi L, Morelli L, Rucco V, Pea M. Renal cell carcinoma: Pathological prognostic criteria. Urologia 1997. [DOI: 10.1177/039156039706400203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
– Pathological criteria so far employed in the prognosis of renal cell carcinoma provide no clinically useful information. This paper emphasises the possibilities offered by histopathology today for tackling this clinical problem more effectively. Nuclear analysis, with objective and quantitative evaluation of the degree of distortion, may provide extremely useful information. The authors correctly classified 90% of the 50 cases of renal cell carcinoma considered and whose follow-up at 5 years was known.
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Affiliation(s)
- G.M. Mariuzzi
- Istituto di Anatomia Patologica - Università di Verona
| | - A. Mombello
- Istituto di Anatomia Patologica - Università di Verona
| | - A. Capitanio
- Servizio di Anatomia Patologica - Ospedale di Rovereto (Trento)
| | - L. Mariuzzi
- Istituto di Anatomia Patologica - Università di Udine
| | - L. Morelli
- Istituto di Anatomia Patologica - Università di Verona
| | - V. Rucco
- Istituto di Anatomia Patologica - Università di Verona
| | - M. Pea
- Istituto di Anatomia Patologica - Università di Verona
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38
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Zurita F, Sánchez A, Burgos M, Jiménez R, Díaz de la Guardia R. Interchromosomal, intercellular and interindividual variability of NORs studied with silver staining and in situ hybridization. Heredity (Edinb) 1997; 78 ( Pt 3):229-34. [PMID: 9119702 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.1997.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the relationship between transcriptional activity and the quantity of ribosomal cistrons of the nucleolar organizing regions (NORs) in chromosomal pair 3 of the Spanish mole Talpa occidentalis. Transcriptional activity was estimated by the size of conventional silver-staining signals. The number of ribosomal cistrons was estimated by the size of the in situ hybridization signals obtained with a ribosomal DNA probe. A sample of cells was studied with each method in four different individuals, and the results obtained with the two techniques were compared. Furthermore, sequential analysis on the same cells was carried out to study the association of interstitial nucleolar constrictions with silver staining and in situ hybridization. Interchromosomal, intercellular and interindividual variability were found with both silver staining and in situ hybridization methods. Our results show that transcriptional activity of NORs does not depend exclusively on the number of ribosomal cistrons they have as a high percentage of cells had two NORs with abundant ribosomal cistrons, only one of which was active. Additional factors, probably responsible for the activation of transcription, may be involved in this variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Zurita
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Spain
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39
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Pascoe PL, Patton SJ, Critcher R, Dixon DR. Robertsonian polymorphism in the marine gastropod, Nucella lapillus: advances in karyology using rDNA loci and NORs. Chromosoma 1996; 104:455-60. [PMID: 8601340 DOI: 10.1007/bf00352269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies of the Robertsonian polymorphism in the Atlantic dog-whelk, Nucella lapillus (2n = 26-36), have been limited by the inability to identify unequivocally individual chromosomes in the karyotype. This species, as with many other marine invertebrates, has proven largely refractory to the standard (mammalian) chromosome-banding techniques. In this study, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using a rDNA probe was applied to the metaphase chromosomes of the 2n = 26 and 2n = 36 forms of N. lapillus. The results were compared with silver-staining of the nucleolar organizer regions (NORs). The FISH technique was shown to be more sensitive and less intrinsically prone to variation than the silver-staining method. An additional NOR/rDNA locus was observed in the 2n = 36 form which, to date, has not been seen in any 2n = 26 population. The 2n = 36 karyotype is described for a south-west UK population that differs from that reported previously in the literature. After fission, Robertsonian metacentrics are shown to correspond to at least one subtelocentric product.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Pascoe
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth, Devon, PL1 2PB, UK
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40
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Barth PJ, Müller B, Wagner U, Bittinger A. Assessment of proliferative activity in type II pneumocytes after inhalation of NO2 by AgNOR-analysis. EXPERIMENTAL AND TOXICOLOGIC PATHOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE GESELLSCHAFT FUR TOXIKOLOGISCHE PATHOLOGIE 1994; 46:335-42. [PMID: 7894245 DOI: 10.1016/s0940-2993(11)80113-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Adult male Sprague Dawley rats were exposed to 0.8, 5 and 10 ppm NO, alternatively for 1 or 3 days. After exposure the proliferative activity of the airway epithelium was assessed by means of BrdU incorporation and AgNOR-analysis at three different airway levels--in the bronchial, the bronchiolar epithelium and in Type 2 cells. The BrdU-labeling index (BrdU-LI), and AgNOR-number (AgNOR-N) were used to quantify the epithelial proliferation. Cytologic specimens of Type II cells showed a significant increase of the AgNOR-number and BrdU-LI after exposure to 5 ppm NO2 for 3 days and 10 ppm for 1 and 3 days. In the bronchiolar epithelium both, the AgNOR-number and BrdU-LI were significantly elevated in all the exposure groups. In the bronchial epithelium a significant response of the AgNOR-number was found after exposure to 10 ppm for 3 days. The correlation between AgNOR-number and BrdU-LI was 0.78 (p < 0.005).
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Barth
- Department of Pathology, Philipps-University Marburg/Lahn, Germany
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41
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Yagi A, Paranko J. Extractions reveal specific argentophilic proteins in rat and bull sperm heads. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 1994; 239:126-36. [PMID: 7520218 DOI: 10.1002/ar.1092390203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Silver-stainability (argentophilia) of cytoplasmic structures occurring in spermatids have been localized into the organizing perinuclear theca, but the biochemical nature and structural associations of these proteins with the cytoskeletal and membranous elements are unresolved and, therefore, were the aim of the present study. METHODS Light and electron microscopic analysis of the silver-stainability in the rat spermatids and spermatozoa was carried out in the intact testis tissue and epididymal spermatozoa and after their chemical and mechanical extraction. Correlation of argentophilia with specific proteins of rat and bovine spermatids and spermatozoa was investigated using a recently developed technique for silver nitrate staining of proteins on nitrocellulose. RESULTS Sequential formation of the silver-stainable domains seemed to proceed from the argentophilic acrosomal ring. Various extractions indicated that argentophilia in the spermatids and spermatozoa was mainly associated with the perinuclear theca and to some extent to the plasma membrane. Hyamine-soluble extract from spermatozoa of rat and bull revealed only a single argentophilic protein of 130 kDa. Hyamine and SDS-soluble extracts of rat testis tissue contained an additional group of argentophilic polypeptides of lower molecular weight (115, 94, 36, 23, and 21 kDa). CONCLUSIONS Reduction in the number of argentophilic proteins appears to be involved in a series of changes in the cyto-architecture of developing spermatids. Tentative cytoskeletal nature of argentophilic proteins remains to be identified. Nevertheless, they may have important physical relations with the higher-order organization of the sperm head cytoskeleton and overlying membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Yagi
- Department of Anatomy, University of Turku, Finland
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42
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Abstract
Malignant neurinomas can be induced in BD IX rats by transplacental application of ethylnitroso-urea during pregnancy. Tumors develop in the offspring in trigeminal and spinal nerves and can be easily transplanted upon rats of the same strain. During the first passages a considerable shortening of subsequent induction periods takes place. Concurrently, silver stained Nucleolar Organizer Regions (AgNORs) increase in number and other measured AgNOR parameters change in a similar way. The number of cells that express the proliferation marker PCNA equally becomes more frequent during the first subcutaneously transplanted generations. There is high correlation between AgNOR parameters, number of PCNA expressing cells, induction times and passage. It is concluded that the first generations of the transplantation model of these tumors can be used to test the validity of proliferation indicators. Our results show further that AgNORs in fact belong to the group of markers of proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H D Mennel
- Department of Neuropathology, Medical Center of Pathology, Philippsuniversität, Marburg, FRG
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43
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Miyaguchi M, Kawahara T, Sakai S, Kuwabara H, Sakamoto H. A correlation of argyrophilic nucleolar organizer regions with prognoses in patients with maxillary sinus squamous cell carcinoma. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 1994; 251:229-32. [PMID: 7522478 DOI: 10.1007/bf00628429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Argyrophilic nucleolar organizer regions (AgNORs) were determined by a semiautomatic image analyzer in a group of 28 patients with T2 or T3 maxillary sinus squamous cell carcinoma. The group was separated into recurrent and non-recurrent groups, metastatic and non-metastatic groups, as well as groups strongly or weakly positive for epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). The mean number and area of AgNOR dots per nucleus and the mean size of each dot were calculated. The mean number and area were significantly greater than those in normal cells (P < 0.001), but not in recurrent and non-recurrent groups, metastatic and non-metastatic groups and groups separated by EGFR. There was also no difference found in the mean sizes of tumor and normal cells. These results suggest that AgNOR is related to malignant transformation, but not prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Miyaguchi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Kagawa Medical School, Japan
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44
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Qü M, Lü Z, Zilles K. Aging of nucleolar organizer region in rat basal forebrain neurons related to learning and memory. Ann Anat 1994; 176:39-43. [PMID: 8304590 DOI: 10.1016/s0940-9602(11)80412-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The nucleolar organizer of rat basal forebrain neurons was studied with histochemical and morphometrical techniques, in order to analyze quantitatively the morphological correlate of activity as it changes during learning and aging of the brain. The learning abilities of adult (2 months) and senile (30 months) rats were tested with a conditioned response learning paradigm. Four groups of rats were defined: one group consisted of untrained adults, a second group consisted of trained adults, and the senile rats were subdivided into one group, which was able to learn and another group which was not able to perform the test. Frozen sections through the basal nucleus were silver stained to visualize the nucleolar organizer and the area of its profile was measured. The data showed that the nucleolar organizer in both the trained adult and the senile rats who were able to learn, was much larger than that in the untrained adults and the senile rats who were not able to learn. In the latter groups the nucleolar organizers were of equal size. An additional finding was, that the senile rats who could not be trained, showed a lower neuronal density in the basal nucleus compared with that of the trainable senile and adult rats. The changes in the size of the nucleolar organizer are interpreted as a morphological sign of learning-induced increases in transcription and synthesis of ribosomal RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Qü
- Department of Cell Biology, Medical University, Beijing, PRC
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45
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Abramova E, Vyguinnyi S, Mamaeva S. Increased frequency of acrocentric chromosome association during colcemid treatment. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 1993; 68:52-9. [PMID: 8330283 DOI: 10.1016/0165-4608(93)90074-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The effect of Colcemid on satellite association frequencies was investigated in human cell lines U-937 GTB, SC-N-MC, HL-60, and Raji by silver staining method. Cell cultures were exposed to Colcemid at a concentration of 0.02 mg/ml for 15-60 minutes. As exposure time to Colcemid was increased, both the frequency of cells with satellite associations and the number of chromosomes involved in satellite associations increased significantly. Furthermore, the mean number of silver-stained chromosomes decreased with longer exposure time. Without Colcemid, we were able to obtain an adequate number of good-quality metaphase spreads. The data obtained may be of help in furthering research concerning satellite associations and in obtaining better quality chromosome preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Abramova
- Institute of Cytology, Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
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46
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Warnakulasuriya KA, Johnson NW. Nucleolar organiser region (NOR) distribution as a diagnostic marker in oral keratosis, dysplasia and squamous cell carcinoma. J Oral Pathol Med 1993; 22:77-81. [PMID: 8445547 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.1993.tb00048.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Nucleolar organiser regions (NORs) were quantified from a range of oral mucosal biopsies (n = 40) consisting of benign, reactive, dysplastic and carcinomatous lesions, using silver (Ag) staining, to see if AgNOR counts were helpful in distinguishing them. Mean counts were greater in carcinomas (8.37 +/- 6.11) compared to epithelial dysplasias (5.61 +/- 4.63) or benign keratoses (4.51 +/- 2.57). Although these differences were significant, counts in each diagnostic group overlapped so much that they were of no practical value in distinguishing between individual lesions. However, the higher counts found in many carcinomas were due to dispersion of AgNORs within the nucleoplasm, so that the AgNOR type is helpful in making such a distinction. Whether those dysplastic lesions with higher and more dispersed counts represent those at greater risk of malignant transformation awaits longitudinal study.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Warnakulasuriya
- Department of Dental Sciences, Hunterian Institute, Royal College of Surgeons, London, England
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47
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Neerman-Arbez M, DeLozier-Blanchet CD, Bolle JF, Rondez R, Morris M. High incidence of ectopic nucleolar organizer regions in human testicular tumors. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 1993; 65:58-63. [PMID: 8381712 DOI: 10.1016/0165-4608(93)90059-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Eight primary testicular germ cell tumors, one teratocarcinoma cell line, and one Leydig cell tumor were studied to determine the importance of modifications of the nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) in human testicular tumors. Cytogenetic analysis after silver staining showed active ectopic NORs in two primary embryonal carcinomas (EC) in the cell line and in single cells of each of two seminomas (S). In one EC, an ectopic NOR was localized to chromosomal region 1q4; the others were on unidentified rearranged chromosomes. All tumors in which ectopic NORs were observed were hyperdiploid and possessed marker chromosomes typical of human germ cell tumors. Quantitative DNA analysis was performed on three tumors: a teratocarcinoma (TC) and the Leydig cell tumor, which had provided no analyzable mitoses, and a seminoma which was cytogenetically diploid. In all three cases, the major populations were hyperdiploid. The results, in combination with those of an earlier study, provide evidence that active ectopic NORs are common in human testicular tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Neerman-Arbez
- Division of Medical Genetics, University of Geneva, Switzerland
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48
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Nonomura A, Mizukami Y, Oda M, Shimizu J, Watanabe Y, Kamimura R, Takashima T. Demonstration of nucleolar organizer regions in lung carcinoma by silver staining. Surg Today 1993; 23:486-90. [PMID: 8358192 DOI: 10.1007/bf00730621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) were investigated in lung carcinomas by silver staining. This method was applied to 111 lung carcinoma specimens, including 40 with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), 42 with adenocarcinoma (ADENO), 8 with adenosquamous carcinoma (ADESQ), 8 with small cell carcinoma (SMCC), 6 with large cell carcinoma (LGCC), and 7 with typical carcinoid tumors (CAOID). The mean AgNOR counts of ADENO, SCC, ADESQ, SMCC, and LGCC were significantly higher than those of the normal bronchial surface and those of the glandular or alveolar epithelium. The mean AgNOR count of CAOID was significantly higher than those of the normal glandular and alveolar epithelium but not that of the surface epithelium. The mean AgNOR count of SCC was significantly higher than that of bronchial squamous metaplasia, and the count of SMCC was significantly higher than that of CAOID. Within the same cancer category, the mean number of AgNORs increased in parallel with the histological tumor grades. These results indicate that the AgNOR method is useful for differentiating lung carcinoma from its normal counterparts and for evaluating histological tumor grades in the same lineage of lung carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nonomura
- Pathology Section, Kanazawa University Hospital, School of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Japan
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49
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Zhang CZ, Young WG, Li H, Rolinson S, Waters MJ. Growth hormone regulates nucleolar organizer regions during odontogenesis in the rat. J Oral Pathol Med 1992; 21:395-400. [PMID: 1432733 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.1992.tb01026.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Nucleolar organizers are major sites of ribosomal RNA synthesis and provide an index of transcriptional activity. In order to further define growth hormone actions on nucleolar organizer regions in tooth forming cells, hypophysectomized rats treated with growth hormone for 4 and 24 h, hypophysectomized and sham-operated animals were used. After demineralization and standard paraffin embedding, longitudinal sections of maxillary incisors were stained by a silver stain technique to reveal nucleolar organizer regions. The area of these regions per nucleus was measured using a modified microdensitometer. Analyses of variance of the resulting data showed that preameloblasts and preodontoblasts have greater silver stained nucleolar organizer region values than ameloblasts and odontoblasts. Hypophysectomy reduced and growth hormone partly restored the level of nucleolar organizer regions in preameloblasts and preodontoblasts, but not in mature ameloblasts or odontoblasts. In the case of the younger preameloblasts and preodontoblasts, the effect of growth hormone was seen within 4 h of growth hormone injection. In conclusion, rRNA synthesis, as revealed by the specific silver staining of nucleolar organizer regions in tooth forming cells, appears to be regulated by growth hormone over a relatively short time frame.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Z Zhang
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Queensland, Australia
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50
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Goldoni D, Bergamini M, Benvenuti M, Fontana F. Amplification of ribosomal DNA in oocytes of Reticulitermes iucifugus(Isoptera Rhinotermitidae) revealed by silver impregnation. ETHOL ECOL EVOL 1992. [DOI: 10.1080/03949370.1992.10721956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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