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Montiel EE, Badenhorst D, Lee L, Valenzuela N. Evolution and dosage compensation of nucleolar organizing regions (NORs) mediated by mobile elements in turtles with female (ZZ/ZW) but not with male (XX/XY) heterogamety. J Evol Biol 2022; 35:1709-1720. [PMID: 35877473 PMCID: PMC10087745 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.14064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the evolution and regulation of nucleolar organizing regions (NORs) is important to elucidate genome structure and function. This is because ribosomal gene (rDNA) copy number and activity mediate protein biosynthesis, stress response, ageing, disease, dosage compensation and genome stability. Here, we found contrasting dosage compensation of sex-linked NORs in turtles with male and female heterogamety. Most taxa examined exhibit homomorphic rRNA gene clusters in a single autosome pair (determined by 28S rDNA fluorescence in situ hybridization), whereas NORs are sex-linked in Apalone spinifera, Pelodiscus sinensis and Staurotypus triporcatus. Full-dosage compensation upregulates the male X-NOR (determined via silver staining-AgNOR) in Staurotypus (who lacks Y-NOR) compared with female X-AgNORs. In softshell Apalone and Pelodiscus, who share homologous ZZ/ZW micro-chromosomes, their enlarged W-NOR is partially active (due to 28S rDNA invasion by R2 retroelements), whereas their smaller Z-NOR is silent in females but active in both male-Zs (presumably because the W-NOR meets cellular demands and excessive NOR activity is costly). We hypothesize that R2 disruption favoured W enlargement to add intact 28S-units, perhaps facilitated by reduced recombination during sex chromosome evolution. The molecular basis of the potentially adaptive female Z-silencing is likely intricate and perhaps epigenetic, as non-ribosomal Z genes are active in Apalone females. Yet, Emydura maquarii exhibit identical heteromorphism in their autosomal NOR (R2 invaded 28S-units and the small-autosome NOR is silent), suggesting that the softshell turtle pattern can evolve independent of sex chromosome evolution. Our study illuminates the complex sex chromosome evolution and dosage compensation of non-model systems that challenges classic paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia E Montiel
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA.,Department of Experimental Biology (Genetics Area), University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - Daleen Badenhorst
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - LingSze Lee
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Nicole Valenzuela
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
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Bista B, Valenzuela N. Turtle Insights into the Evolution of the Reptilian Karyotype and the Genomic Architecture of Sex Determination. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E416. [PMID: 32290488 DOI: 10.3390/genes11040416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Sex chromosome evolution remains an evolutionary puzzle despite its importance in understanding sexual development and genome evolution. The seemingly random distribution of sex-determining systems in reptiles offers a unique opportunity to study sex chromosome evolution not afforded by mammals or birds. These reptilian systems derive from multiple transitions in sex determination, some independent, some convergent, that lead to the birth and death of sex chromosomes in various lineages. Here we focus on turtles, an emerging model group with growing genomic resources. We review karyotypic changes that accompanied the evolution of chromosomal systems of genotypic sex determination (GSD) in chelonians from systems under the control of environmental temperature (TSD). These transitions gave rise to 31 GSD species identified thus far (out of 101 turtles with known sex determination), 27 with a characterized sex chromosome system (13 of those karyotypically). These sex chromosomes are varied in terms of the ancestral autosome they co-opted and thus in their homology, as well as in their size (some are macro-, some are micro-chromosomes), heterogamety (some are XX/XY, some ZZ/ZW), dimorphism (some are virtually homomorphic, some heteromorphic with larger-X, larger W, or smaller-Y), age (the oldest system could be ~195 My old and the youngest < 25 My old). Combined, all data indicate that turtles follow some tenets of classic theoretical models of sex chromosome evolution while countering others. Finally, although the study of dosage compensation and molecular divergence of turtle sex chromosomes has lagged behind research on other aspects of their evolution, this gap is rapidly decreasing with the acceleration of ongoing research and growing genomic resources in this group.
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Bruschi DP, Sousa DY, Soares A, de Carvalho KA, Busin CS, Ficanha NC, Lima AP, Andrade GV, Recco-Pimentel SM. Comparative cytogenetics of nine populations of the Rhinella genus (Anura, Bufonidae) with a highlight on their conservative karyotype. Genet Mol Biol 2019; 42:445-451. [PMID: 31259364 PMCID: PMC6726150 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2018-0139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Rhinella is one of the most diverse groups of bufonid toads, currently composed by 93 valid species and naturally distributed throughout different Neotropical ecoregions. Here, we analyze nine Brazilian populations of toads representing species of the Rhinella margaritifera and Rhinella marina groups. These new data include the first description of the R. hoogmoedi and R. proboscidae karyotypes, as well as other taxonomically unresolved forms. Chromosomal analysis of the populations revealed pronounced chromosomal uniformity (2n=22), including the diploid number and chromosomal morphology. Three different NOR-bearing chromosomes were identified: in the subterminal region of pair 10q in R. hoogmoedi, Rhinella sp. 1 and Rhinella sp. 2, in subterminal region of 7p in R. proboscidae and Rhinella cf. margaritifera while in R. henseli and R. icterica was detected in interstitial region of 7p. Karyotypic uniformity of the genus permits the inference of interspecific chromosome homologies and evolutionary changes in the NOR-bearing chromosome may represent an informative character in species group level. The review of the cytogenetic data of the Rhinella species together with the new karyotypes reported here contributes to the understanding of the chromosomal evolution of these toads, which karyotypes are highly conserved despite the ample distribution of many forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Pacheco Bruschi
- Departamento de Genética, Setor de Ciências Biológicas,
Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de
Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP,
Brazil
| | - Deborah Yasmim Sousa
- Departamento de Genética, Setor de Ciências Biológicas,
Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Amanda Soares
- Departamento de Genética, Setor de Ciências Biológicas,
Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Klélia Aparecida de Carvalho
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Microbiologia e
Imunologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP),
Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Carmen Sílvia Busin
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em
Ciências Ambientais (PPGCiAmb), Universidade de Passo Fundo (UPF), Passo Fundo,
RS, Brazil
| | - Natália Cristine Ficanha
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em
Ciências Ambientais (PPGCiAmb), Universidade de Passo Fundo (UPF), Passo Fundo,
RS, Brazil
| | | | - Gilda Vasconcellos Andrade
- Departamento de Biologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da
Saúde, Universidade Federal do Maranhão (UFMA), São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | - Shirlei Maria Recco-Pimentel
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de
Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP,
Brazil
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Borowska-Zuchowska N, Robaszkiewicz E, Wolny E, Betekhtin A, Hasterok R. Ribosomal DNA loci derived from Brachypodium stacei are switched off for major parts of the life cycle of Brachypodium hybridum. J Exp Bot 2019; 70:805-815. [PMID: 30481334 PMCID: PMC6363085 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Nucleolar dominance is an epigenetic phenomenon that occurs in some plant and animal allopolyploids and hybrids, whereby only one ancestral set of 35S rRNA genes retains the ability to form the nucleolus while the rDNA loci derived from the other progenitor are transcriptionally silenced. There is substantial evidence that nucleolar dominance is regulated developmentally. This study focuses upon the establishment and/or maintenance of nucleolar dominance during different stages of development in the model grass allotetraploid Brachypodium hybridum. Fluorescence in situ hybridization with a 25S rDNA probe to cells in three-dimensional cytogenetic preparations showed that nucleolar dominance is present not only in root meristematic and differentiated cells of this species, but also in male meiocytes at prophase I, tetrads of microspores, and different embryonic tissues. The inactive state of Brachypodium stacei-originated rDNA loci was confirmed by silver staining. Only B. distachyon-derived 35S rDNA loci formed nucleoli in the aforementioned tissues, whereas B. stacei-like loci remained highly condensed and thus transcriptionally suppressed. The establishment of nucleolar dominance during earlier stages of B. hybridum embryo development cannot be ruled out. However, we propose that gradual pseudogenization of B. stacei-like loci in the evolution of the allotetraploid seems to be more likely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Borowska-Zuchowska
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Ewa Robaszkiewicz
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Elzbieta Wolny
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Alexander Betekhtin
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Robert Hasterok
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
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Zhang H, Jiang Z, Qin R, Zhang H, Zou J, Jiang W, Liu D. Accumulation and cellular toxicity of aluminum in seedling of Pinus massoniana. BMC Plant Biol 2014; 14:264. [PMID: 25267390 PMCID: PMC4189629 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-014-0264-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Masson pine (Pinus massoniana) is one of the most important timber species with adaptable, fast growing, versatile advantages in southern China. Despite considerable research efforts, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of A1 toxicity and resistance in P. massoniana are still poorly understood. The effects of Al on uptake and translocation of Al and other minerals, cell division and nucleolus in P. massoniana were investigated. RESULTS The results indicated that Al accumulated mainly in the roots, and small amounts were transported to aboveground organs. In the presence of Al, the contents of Mg and Fe in stems increased and decreased in roots. Accumulation of Mn in the organs was inhibited significantly. Evidence from cellular experiments showed that Al had an inhibitory effect on the root growth at all concentrations (10⁻⁵ - 10⁻² M) used. Chromosome fragments, chromosome bridges, C-mitosis and chromosome stickiness were induced during mitosis in the root tip cells. Al induced the formation of abnormal microtubule (MT) arrays, consisting of discontinuous wavy MTs or short MT fragments at the cell periphery. MT organization and function of the mitotic spindle and phragmoplast were severely disturbed. The nucleolus did not disaggregate normally and still remained its characteristic structure during metaphase. Nucleolar particles containing argyrophilic proteins were accumulated and leached out from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Evidence confirmed that these proteins contained nucleophosmin (B23), nucleolin (C23) and fibrillarin. Western immunoblot analysis revealed that the contents of three nucleolar proteins increased significantly. CONCLUSION Based on the information provided in this article, it is concluded that root tips of plants are the most sensitive organ to environmental stresses and the accumulation of Al ions primarily is in roots of P. massoniana, and small amounts of Al are transported to aboveground. Root apical meristems play a key role in the immediate reaction to stress factors by activating signal cascades to the other plant organs. Al induces a series of the cellular toxic changes concerning with cell division and nucleolus. The data presented above can be also used as valuable and early markers in cellular changes induced by metals for the evaluation of metal contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Zhang
- />Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387 PR China
| | - Ze Jiang
- />Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387 PR China
| | - Rong Qin
- />Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387 PR China
- />School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangzhou 510631 PR China
| | - Huaning Zhang
- />Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387 PR China
| | - Jinhua Zou
- />Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387 PR China
| | - Wusheng Jiang
- />Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387 PR China
| | - Donghua Liu
- />Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387 PR China
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