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Hikspoors JPJM, Kruepunga N, Mommen GMC, Köhler SE, Anderson RH, Lamers WH. Human Cardiac Development. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1441:3-55. [PMID: 38884703 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-44087-8_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Many aspects of heart development are topographically complex and require three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction to understand the pertinent morphology. We have recently completed a comprehensive primer of human cardiac development that is based on firsthand segmentation of structures of interest in histological sections. We visualized the hearts of 12 human embryos between their first appearance at 3.5 weeks and the end of the embryonic period at 8 weeks. The models were presented as calibrated, interactive, 3D portable document format (PDF) files. We used them to describe the appearance and the subsequent remodeling of around 70 different structures incrementally for each of the reconstructed stages. In this chapter, we begin our account by describing the formation of the single heart tube, which occurs at the end of the fourth week subsequent to conception. We describe its looping in the fifth week, the formation of the cardiac compartments in the sixth week, and, finally, the septation of these compartments into the physically separated left- and right-sided circulations in the seventh and eighth weeks. The phases are successive, albeit partially overlapping. Thus, the basic cardiac layout is established between 26 and 32 days after fertilization and is described as Carnegie stages (CSs) 9 through 14, with development in the outlet component trailing that in the inlet parts. Septation at the venous pole is completed at CS17, equivalent to almost 6 weeks of development. During Carnegie stages 17 and 18, in the seventh week, the outflow tract and arterial pole undergo major remodeling, including incorporation of the proximal portion of the outflow tract into the ventricles and transfer of the spiraling course of the subaortic and subpulmonary channels to the intrapericardial arterial trunks. Remodeling of the interventricular foramen, with its eventual closure, is complete at CS20, which occurs at the end of the seventh week. We provide quantitative correlations between the age of human and mouse embryos as well as the Carnegie stages of development. We have also set our descriptions in the context of variations in the timing of developmental features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill P J M Hikspoors
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Nutmethee Kruepunga
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Present address: Department of Anatomy, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Greet M C Mommen
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - S Eleonore Köhler
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Robert H Anderson
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Wouter H Lamers
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Ginzel M, Huber N, Bauer L, Kluth D, Metzger R. Development of the foregut and the formation of the trachea and esophagus in rat embryos. A symphony of confusion. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1092753. [PMID: 36824366 PMCID: PMC9941168 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1092753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: During embryonic development, the trachea emerges from an area of the foregut, which is often referred to as "anterior" or "common" foregut tube or simply foregut. To explain this process of differentiation, four competing models exist to date. The outgrowth and watershed models propose a foregut that remains constant in length. In the outgrowth model, the trachea buds off and elongates from the foregut, while in the watershed model, a mesenchymal wedge splits the growing foregut into the trachea and esophagus. In contrast, the septation model proposes a cranial splitting and thus a shortening of the "common" foregut tube into the trachea and esophagus by an emerging septum. Finally, the splitting and extension model describes an interaction of cranial splitting of the foregut and simultaneous caudal tracheal and esophageal growth. Methods: Here we examine the development of the undifferentiated foregut by micro computed tomography, which allows precise measurements. Results: Our results show that this area of the foregut transforms into the larynx, a process, which is independent from tracheal and esophageal development. Discussion: These observations are only consistent with the outgrowth model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Ginzel
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Surgery, Paracelsus Medical University Hospital, Salzburg, Austria,*Correspondence: Marco Ginzel,
| | - Nana Huber
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Surgery, Paracelsus Medical University Hospital, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Leopold Bauer
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Surgery, Paracelsus Medical University Hospital, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Dietrich Kluth
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Roman Metzger
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Surgery, Paracelsus Medical University Hospital, Salzburg, Austria
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Wu H, Huang YF, Liu XH, Xu MH. Extrapancreatic solid pseudopapillary neoplasm followed by multiple metastases: Case report. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2017; 9:497-501. [PMID: 29290920 PMCID: PMC5740090 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v9.i12.497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Solid pseudopapillary neoplasm (SPN), also known as Gruber-Frantz tumor, is a rare form of neoplasm that almost exclusively occurs in the pancreas and in young females. While the potential of malignancy is low for SPN, these tumors can mimic other diseases and require a meticulous investigation and a standard treatment by total surgical resection. We present an unusual case of SPN arising in the mesentery of a 40-year-old man with subsequent multiple metastases. Histopathological examination showed similar properties of the mesenteric neoplasm to those of SPN in pancreas. Although the mass was surgically removed, the patient died of recurrent disease 4 years after the initial presentation. We speculate that SPN originates from pancreatic progenitor cells. Further histopathological analyses are required for the prediction of SPN recurrence after resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yan-Fen Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xiang-Hong Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan Province, China
| | - Mei-Hua Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan Province, China
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Ueno S, Yamada S, Uwabe C, Männer J, Shiraki N, Takakuwa T. The Digestive Tract and Derived Primordia Differentiate by Following a Precise Timeline in Human Embryos Between Carnegie Stages 11 and 13. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2016; 299:439-49. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.23314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saki Ueno
- Human Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine; Kyoto University; Kyoto
| | - Shigehito Yamada
- Human Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine; Kyoto University; Kyoto
- Congenital Anomaly Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine; Kyoto University; Kyoto
| | - Chigako Uwabe
- Congenital Anomaly Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine; Kyoto University; Kyoto
| | - Jörg Männer
- Deptartment of Anatomy and Embryology; Georg-August-University of Göttingen; Göttingen Germany
| | - Naoto Shiraki
- Human Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine; Kyoto University; Kyoto
| | - Tetsuya Takakuwa
- Human Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine; Kyoto University; Kyoto
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Rodrigues MN, Carvalho RC, Franciolli ALR, Rodrigues RF, Rigoglio NN, Jacob JCF, Gastal EL, Miglino MA. Prenatal Development of the Digestive System in the Horse. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2014; 297:1218-27. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.22929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcio N. Rodrigues
- Department of Surgery; School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo; Butanta 05508-270 Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Rafael C. Carvalho
- Department of Surgery; School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo; Butanta 05508-270 Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Andre L. R. Franciolli
- Department of Surgery; School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo; Butanta 05508-270 Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Rosângela F. Rodrigues
- Department of Surgery; School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo; Butanta 05508-270 Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Nathia N. Rigoglio
- Department of Surgery; School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo; Butanta 05508-270 Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Julio C. F. Jacob
- Department of Reproduction and Animal Evaluation; Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro; 23890-000 Seropedica Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Eduardo L. Gastal
- Department of Animal Science; Food and Nutrition, Southern Illinois University; 62901 Carbondale Illinois
| | - Maria A. Miglino
- Department of Surgery; School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo; Butanta 05508-270 Sao Paulo Brazil
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Hasegawa J, Nakamura M, Hamada S, Matsuoka R, Ichizuka K, Sekizawa A, Okai T. Relationship between the umbilical cord coiling index and the umbilical blood flow at 11-13 weeks of gestation. Prenat Diagn 2013; 33:764-9. [DOI: 10.1002/pd.4122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Hasegawa
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology; Showa University School of Medicine; Tokyo; Japan
| | - Masamitsu Nakamura
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology; Showa University School of Medicine; Tokyo; Japan
| | - Shoko Hamada
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology; Showa University School of Medicine; Tokyo; Japan
| | - Ryu Matsuoka
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology; Showa University School of Medicine; Tokyo; Japan
| | - Kiyotake Ichizuka
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology; Showa University School of Medicine; Tokyo; Japan
| | - Akihiko Sekizawa
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology; Showa University School of Medicine; Tokyo; Japan
| | - Takashi Okai
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology; Showa University School of Medicine; Tokyo; Japan
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Choe CP, Collazo A, Trinh LA, Pan L, Moens CB, Crump JG. Wnt-dependent epithelial transitions drive pharyngeal pouch formation. Dev Cell 2013; 24:296-309. [PMID: 23375584 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2012.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Revised: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The pharyngeal pouches, which form by budding of the foregut endoderm, are essential for segmentation of the vertebrate face. To date, the cellular mechanism and segmental nature of such budding have remained elusive. Here, we find that Wnt11r and Wnt4a from the head mesoderm and ectoderm, respectively, play distinct roles in the segmental formation of pouches in zebrafish. Time-lapse microscopy, combined with mutant and tissue-specific transgenic experiments, reveal requirements of Wnt signaling in two phases of endodermal epithelial transitions. Initially, Wnt11r and Rac1 destabilize the endodermal epithelium to promote the lateral movement of pouch-forming cells. Next, Wnt4a and Cdc42 signaling induce the rearrangement of maturing pouch cells into bilayers through junctional localization of the Alcama immunoglobulin-domain protein, which functions to restabilize adherens junctions. We propose that this dynamic control of epithelial morphology by Wnt signaling may be a common theme for the budding of organ anlagen from the endoderm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Pyo Choe
- Broad California Institute of Regenerative Medicine Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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De Wailly P, Metzler P, Sautot-Vial N, Olivier D, Meunier B, Faure JP. Pre-duodenal portal vein in polysplenia syndrome: clinical effects and surgical application. Surg Radiol Anat 2011; 33:451-4. [PMID: 21203763 DOI: 10.1007/s00276-010-0768-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Accepted: 12/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED STATING BACKGROUND: Pre-duodenal portal vein (PPV) is a rare congenital anomaly, usually asymptomatic and thus detected only incidentally in adults. It is often associated with other anomalies which can be included into polysplenic syndrome. METHODS In this case, a 56-year-old-female was admitted for a degenerative ampullome. The preoperative work-up shows a PPV vein, the absence of inferior vena cava retro-hepatic and the presence of an anastomosis between the inferior vena cava and the azygos system and a complete common mesentery. DISCUSSION Such a discovery is often incidental and of little import; however, it takes on major importance for surgeons because the accidental damage of PPV can lead to serious consequences. CONCLUSION The aim of this study, based on the embryology of the portal vein focused on a rare anomaly to keep it in mind because this anomaly in case of digestive surgery may need to adjust surgical techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- P De Wailly
- Service Chirurgie Viscérale Digestive et Endocrinienne, Hôpital Jean Bernard, CHU Poitiers, Université de Poitiers, 2 rue de la Miletrie BP 577, 86021, Poitiers cedex, France
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Shrestha BM, Brown PWG, Wilkie ME, Raftery AT. The anatomy and pathology of the lesser sac: implications for peritoneal dialysis. ARCH ESP UROL 2010; 30:496-501. [PMID: 20829547 DOI: 10.3747/pdi.2010.00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Pathological conditions involving the lesser sac of the peritoneal cavity in patients on peritoneal dialysis (PD) can pose significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Lack of appreciation of these challenges may delay diagnosis and compromise outcome. A case series by Li and colleagues in this issue of Peritoneal Dialysis International highlights the diagnostic challenges presented by lesser sac infection in PD patients, and in this accompanying commentary we discuss the development and anatomy of the lesser sac, as well as the pathological conditions and investigations relevant to the management of patients on PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Badri M Shrestha
- Sheffield Teaching Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK.
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Ploeger A, Raijmakers MEJ, van der Maas HLJ, Galis F. The association between autism and errors in early embryogenesis: what is the causal mechanism? Biol Psychiatry 2010; 67:602-7. [PMID: 19932467 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2009] [Revised: 09/23/2009] [Accepted: 10/01/2009] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The association between embryonic errors and the development of autism has been recognized in the literature, but the mechanism underlying this association remains unknown. We propose that pleiotropic effects during a very early and specific stage of embryonic development-early organogenesis-can explain this association. In humans early organogenesis is an embryonic stage, spanning Day 20 to Day 40 after fertilization, which is characterized by intense interactivity among body parts of the embryo. This implies that a single mutation or environmental disturbance affecting development at this stage can have several phenotypic effects (i.e., pleiotropic effects). Disturbances during early organogenesis can lead to many different anomalies, including limb deformities, craniofacial malformations, brain pathology, and anomalies in other organs. We reviewed the literature and found ample evidence for the association between autism and different kinds of physical anomalies, which agrees with the hypothesis that pleiotropic effects are involved in the development of autism. The proposed mechanism integrates findings from a variety of studies on autism, including neurobiological studies and studies on physical anomalies and prenatal influences on neurodevelopmental outcomes. The implication is that the origin of autism can be much earlier in embryologic development than has been frequently reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemie Ploeger
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, 1018 WB Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Blaas HGK, Eik-Nes SH. Sonographic development of the normal foetal thorax and abdomen across gestation. Prenat Diagn 2008; 28:568-80. [DOI: 10.1002/pd.1963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Nebot-Cegarra J, Fàbregas PJ, Sánchez-Pérez I. Cellular proliferation in the urorectal septation complex of the human embryo at Carnegie stages 13-18: a nuclear area-based morphometric analysis. J Anat 2006; 207:353-64. [PMID: 16191164 PMCID: PMC1571554 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00459.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to analyse the patterns of cellular proliferation both in the mesenchyme of the urorectal septum (URS) and in the adjacent territories (posterior urogenital mesenchyme, anterior intestinal mesenchyme and cloacal folds mesenchyme), as well as their contribution to the process of cloacal division, a computer-assisted method was used to obtain the nuclear area of 3874 mesenchymal cells from camera lucida drawings of nuclear contours of selected sections of human embryos [Carnegie stages (CSs) 13-18]. Based on changes in the size of the nucleus during the cellular cycle, we considered proliferating cells in each territory to be those with a nuclear area over the 75th percentile. The URS showed increasing cell proliferation, with proliferation patterns that coincided closely with cloacal folds mesenchyme, and with less overall proliferation than urogenital and intestinal mesenchymes. Furthermore, at CS 18, we observed the beginning of the rupture in the cloacal membrane; however, no fusion has been demonstrated either between the URS and the cloacal membrane or between the cloacal folds. The results suggest that cloacal division depends on a morphogenetic complex where the URS adjacent territories could determine septal displacement at the time that their mesenchymes could be partially incorporated within the proliferating URS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep Nebot-Cegarra
- Unitat d'Anatomia i d'Embriologia, Departament de Ciències Morfològiques, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
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Godlewski G, Gaubert J, Gaubert-Cristol R, Dauzat M, Aldréa F, Prudhomme M. Three-dimensional computer-assisted reconstruction of ductal plate in the rat embryo (Carnegie stages 19-23). Surg Radiol Anat 2004; 26:359-64. [PMID: 15257417 DOI: 10.1007/s00276-004-0239-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In bile duct morphogenesis it has been established that the extrahepatic bile ducts in human originate from hepatic diverticulum while intrahepatic bile ducts arise from the ductal plate (DP), a network of primitive biliary epithelium that develops in the periportal connective tissue. The aim of this work was to reconstruct in rat embryos, stages 19-23, the three-dimensional (3D) distribution of the DP by means of a computer-assisted method. Six specimens, stages 19-23, fixed, dehydrated and paraffin-embedded, were submitted to serial histological sections and stained by hematoxylin-eosin and Heidenhain techniques. The images were directly digitalized with a CCD camera. The serial views were aligned anatomically by software and the data were analyzed following segmentation and thresholding. At stage 19, the DP was not yet organized. The periportal mesoderm (M) was gaining ground with some cords of cubic cells evoking primitive ductal cells. At stage 20, a row of ductal cubic cells went around the transverse portal sinus at the junction between M and liver cells. At stage 21, the DP developed at the periphery of periportal connective tissue and appeared in direct continuity with the hepatic duct (HDu). Four evaginations emerged from the DP and were growing up in the hepatic parenchyma. At stage 23, the DP appeared as a large network in continuity with the HDu located at the periphery of periportal M and presenting several evaginations radiating in the liver parenchyma. This work in the rat embryo permits the clear visualization of the development of the junctional zone in the hepatic hilum. Three phenomena are observed: (1) proximal left and right hepatic ducts and their segmental branches are derived from DP and not from the HDu; (2) the extrahepatic biliary system is in contact with the developing hilar ducts; (3) ductal maturation begins at the hilum and proceeds centrifugally. These observations are of great relevance in explaining pathological changes appearing at the hepatic hilum of neonates: hepatic polycystic disease, intrahepatic bile duct agenesis or atresia, and cyst of the extrahepatic bile duct.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Godlewski
- Laboratory of Experimental Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine Montpellier-Nîmes, University of Montpellier I, 30907 Nîmes, France.
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Rogers DS, Paidas CN, Morreale RF, Hutchins GM. Septation of the anorectal and genitourinary tracts in the human embryo: crucial role of the catenoidal shape of the urorectal sulcus. TERATOLOGY 2002; 66:144-52. [PMID: 12353210 DOI: 10.1002/tera.10041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies of the tracheoesophageal sulcus and the sulci of the developing heart have suggested that the catenoidal or saddle-shaped configuration of the sulcus had mechanical properties that were important to developmental processes by causing regional growth limitation. We examined the development of the human perineal region to determine if a similar configuration exists in relation to the urorectal septum. We wished to re-examine the controversial issue of the role of the urorectal sulcus in the partitioning of the cloaca. METHODS Digitally scanned photomicrographs of serial histologic sections of embryos from Carnegie stages 13, 15, 18, and 22, obtained from the Carnegie Embryological Collection were used. Each image was digitally stacked, aligned, and isolated using image-editing software. Images were compiled using 3-D image-visualization software (T-Vox), into full 3-D voxel-based volume renderings. Similarly, digital models were made of the urogenital sinus, anorectum, cloaca, allantois, mesonephric ducts, ureters, and kidneys by isolating their associated epithelium in each histologic section and compiling the data in T-Vox. Methods were developed to create registration models for determining the exact position and orientation of outlined structures within the embryos. RESULTS Models were oriented and resectioned to determine the configuration of the urorectal sulcus. The results show that the urorectal sulcus maintains a catenoidal configuration during the developmental period studied and, thus, would be expected to limit caudal growth of the urorectal septum. CONCLUSION The observations support the concept that the urorectal septum is a passive structure that does not actively divide the cloaca into urogenital and anorectal components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Rogers
- Department of Art as Applied to Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland 21287-6901, USA
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Skulstad SM, Rasmussen S, Iversen OE, Kiserud T. The development of high venous velocity at the fetal umbilical ring during gestational weeks 11-19. BJOG 2001; 108:248-53. [PMID: 11281463 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2001.00067.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the occurrence of high venous velocities at the umbilical ring in the normal early second trimester, based on the assumption that a narrow umbilical ring may cause obstruction and increased venous blood velocity at the abdominal wall. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Hospital antenatal clinic. POPULATION One hundred and one low risk singleton pregnancies specifically recruited for the study. METHODS Ultrasound was used at 11-19 weeks to determine the diameter and velocity in the umbilical vein at the fetal end of the cord and at the inlet through the abdominal wall. Outcome measures 10th, 50th and 90th centiles were estimated for the time-averaged maximum velocity in the cord and at the abdominal inlet. The increase of velocity as the blood entered the abdominal wall was calculated in percent of the velocity in the cord. RESULTS During weeks 11-12 there was hardly any difference between blood velocity in the umbilical vein at the umbilical ring and that in the cord. From week 13 onwards it was increasingly common to find blood acceleration at the umbilical ring of 50-500%. Velocity increment >50% was found in 0/12 fetuses (0%) at 11-12 weeks, 5/20 (25%) at 13-14 weeks, and in 21/28 (75%) at 17-19 weeks. CONCLUSIONS Blood velocity is higher in the umbilical vein at the abdominal wall than the cord, particularly after 13 weeks of gestation. If acceleration of blood velocity at the umbilical ring is a sign of a narrow inlet, it seems that a progressive tightening occurs during the second trimester.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Skulstad
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Bergen University Hospital, Norway
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Skulstad SM, Rasmussen S, Iversen OE, Kiserud T. The development of high venous velocity at the fetal umbilical ring during gestational weeks 11–19. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0306-5456(00)00067-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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17
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Nebot-Cegarra J, Fàbregas PJ, Campillo M, Ricart S. Separation between the digestive and the respiratory lumina during the human embryonic period: morphometric study along the tracheo-oesophageal septum. J Anat 2001; 198:117-24. [PMID: 11215762 PMCID: PMC1468197 DOI: 10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19810117.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An isolated tracheo-oesophageal fistula could be caused by close proximity of the epithelia of both organs (O'Rahilly & Müller, 1984; Kluth et al. 1987) at certain embryonic stages, the most frequent location being the tracheal bifurcation. Thus the relative position and degree of separation between the digestive and the respiratory tubes throughout their development may be relevant to the origin of this anomaly. The aim of this study was to analyse along the different segments of the tracheo-oesophageal septum (TES) where the closest relationship between both lumina occurred and what degree of separation was present at each segment. Computer imaging techniques were applied on cross sections of a graded series of normal human embryos (Carnegie stages (CS) 13-23). In addition, the differentiation of the primitive TES was also studied (from CS 12) by light microscopy. Between CS 13 and 16 both tubes tended to separate (phase of separation), principally at the proximal segments of the laryngopharyngeal and the tracheo-oesophageal portions of the TES. During this phase the separation between the trachea and oesophagus was wider than between the larynx and pharynx. From CS 17 to CS 23 the digestive and respiratory lumina reached their widest separation at different levels of the laryngopharyngeal portion. Below these levels they tended to come closer together, principally at the proximal segment of the tracheo-oesophageal portion, but also at the distal part of the laryngopharyngeal portion. During this phase of approximation they reached their closest relationship at the proximal (CS 17) and the distal (from CS 18) segments of the tracheo-oesophageal portion. When finally the distal segment of the trachea (which includes the bifurcation) comes closest to the oesophagus, the coats of both organs have already undergone an appreciable differentiation. According to these observations, the origin of the most frequent isolated tracheo-oesophageal fistula at the bifurcation region could not be explained from the normal development of the TES.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Nebot-Cegarra
- Departament de Ciències Morfològiques, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
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Paidas CN, Morreale RF, Holoski KM, Lund RE, Hutchins GM. Septation and differentiation of the embryonic human cloaca. J Pediatr Surg 1999; 34:877-84. [PMID: 10359199 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3468(99)90391-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Limitations in methodologies have fostered controversy regarding the septation of the human embryonic cloaca. The aim of this study was to evaluate the septation of the human embryonic cloaca. METHODS Using the Carnegie Embryological Collection and specimens at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, the authors studied 12 embryos and five fetuses. Embryo photomicrographs were reconstructed using three-dimensional modeling. RESULTS In Carnegie stage 13 the authors observed a cloaca, distinct primitive urogenital sinus, and anorectum separated by the urorectal septum. The primitive urogenital sinus and anorectum enter the cloaca separated from the amniotic space by the cloacal membrane. As the embryo becomes a fetus it lengthens, grows, expands and rotates through a process called transformation. Transformation gives rise to a loss of caudal curvature and a decrease in distance between the septum and membrane, but these structures do not fuse. Disintegration of the cloacal membrane produces openings for the urogenital sinus and anorectum. CONCLUSIONS The observations suggest that the urogenital sinus and anorectum form early and are separated by the urorectal septum as a passive structure. There does not appear to be septation or differentiation of the cloaca itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- C N Paidas
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Godlewski G, Gaubert-Cristol R, Rouy S, Prudhomme M. Liver development in the rat and in man during the embryonic period (Carnegie stages 11-23). Microsc Res Tech 1997; 39:314-27. [PMID: 9407542 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0029(19971115)39:4<314::aid-jemt2>3.0.co;2-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic structures appearing during embryonic Carnegie stages 11-23 were analyzed and compared in OFA-IOPS rat and human embryos. The group of rats--crown-rump length (CRL) 2-16 mm, 10-16 days postcoitus--was composed of 127 specimens (52 of stages 11-12, 55 of stages 13-19, and 20 of stages 20-23), the human group of 9 embryos at stages 14-23--CRL 5-31 mm, age 32-57 days--and human stages 11-13 were described according to former literature. The specimens were subjected to serial histological sections with graphic reconstructions. In both series, stage 11 was characterized by hepatic diverticulum development, stage 12 and thereafter by cellular differentiation (septum transversum giving the liver stroma and hepatic diverticulum the hepatic trabeculae), and stage 13 by epithelial cord proliferation enmeshing stromal capillaries. From stage 14, the hepatic gland and its vascular channels presented considerable enlargement while hematopoietic function appeared. From this stage, the development of cystic primordium, never present in rat, was constant in man. At stage 18, after a period of obturation due to epithelial proliferation, the bile ducts became reorganized and ensured the continuity between liver cells and gut. From stages 18 to 23, biliary ductules developed in periportal connective tissue producing ductal plates that received biliary capillaries. Except for gallbladder, similarity and presence of the same hepatic structures in man and rat during the embryonic period stages 11-23 permit us to consider the rat as a good experimental model for liver development, for example, in studies on teratology and congenital anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Godlewski
- Laboratory of Experimental Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine Montpellier-Nîmes, University Montpellier I, France
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Affiliation(s)
- P Puri
- National Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
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Sutliff KS, Hutchins GM. Septation of the respiratory and digestive tracts in human embryos: crucial role of the tracheoesophageal sulcus. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 1994; 238:237-47. [PMID: 8154609 DOI: 10.1002/ar.1092380210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula, common malformations of the respiratory and digestive tracts, are of unsettled pathogenesis. Part of the difficulty in understanding these abnormalities arises from the uncertainties about the normal developmental processes in the region. This study examined the development and fate of the tracheoesophageal septum. Normal human embryos from the Carnegie Embryological Collection and fetuses from the Hopkins Pathology Collection were examined, and reconstructions of selected specimens were made from photomicrographs of serial histologic sections. The results show that the lung bud appears in Carnegie stage 12, rapidly enlarges, and bends caudally, thereby producing a sulcus between the foregut and the respiratory system on its caudal aspect. The cranial aspect of this tracheoesophageal sulcus remains fixed at the levels of the first cervical vertebra throughout subsequent embryonic and fetal development. At the same time the trachea and esophagus elongate to bring those part of the respiratory and digestive systems into their definitive anatomic positions. Examination of the tracheoesophageal sulcus shows that its growth-limiting properties may be explained by its catenoidal configuration. Catenoidal, or saddle-shape, sulci have been shown to have similar regional growth-limiting properties in the embryonic heart. These regions contrast with outwardly convex regions in both the developing heart and lung where growth of the tissues occurs. The observations made here suggest that the origin of the tracheoesophageal malformations must be sought in a configurational abnormality in the area of the developing lung bud in Carnegie stage 12.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Sutliff
- Department of Art as Applied to Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
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Rudé FP, Anderson L, Conley D, Gasser RF. Three-dimensional reconstructions of the primary palate region in normal human embryos. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 1994; 238:108-13. [PMID: 8116884 DOI: 10.1002/ar.1092380112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Our knowledge of the precise spatial relationships of human primary palate morphogenesis remains poorly defined. This is due to intrinsic difficulties that exist in the study of the subject matter and a lack of adequate methodologies. We present a novel new method to allow precise three-dimensional (3-D) visualization of developing embryonic structures in previously sectioned embryos. In our study we focus on human primary palate development. Five normal human embryos from the Carnegie collection were used. 3-D reconstructions appear similar to scanning electron micrographs (SEM); however, unlike in SEM studies, the original specimen has been previously sectioned histologically. 3-D reconstruction from serial sections involved 1) histological preparation of specimen, 2) projection onto digitizing board, 3) digitization, 4) automated reassembly, and 5) relay to interactive optical disc recorder. Detailed observations of each reconstruction were then made. Data generated in this manner may also be used in the near future for quantitative morphometrics. Thus, 3-D reconstruction techniques presented in this paper generated precise spatial information on the development of the human primary palate.
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Affiliation(s)
- F P Rudé
- Department of Orthodontics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599
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Diewert VM, Shiota K. Morphological observations in normal primary palate and cleft lip embryos in the Kyoto collection. TERATOLOGY 1990; 41:663-77. [PMID: 2353315 DOI: 10.1002/tera.1420410603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Normal developmental events during human primary palate formation and alterations associated with cleft lip remain poorly defined. The purpose of this study was to analyze serially sectioned human embryos to identify morphological changes during normal palatal closure and alterations associated with failure of palatal formation. Normal and cleft embryos from the histological collection at the Congenital Anomaly Research Center at the University of Kyoto were studied and photographed for detailed evaluation. Seven serially sectioned cleft lip embryos of stages shortly after primary palate formation (Streeter-O'Rahilly stages 19, 20, and 22) with unilateral or bilateral clefts with varying degrees of clefting were studied. In the normal Kyoto embryos, initial nasal fin (epithelial seam) formation was observed between the medial nasal process and the lateral nasal and maxillary processes at stage 17. During stages 18 and 19, the nasal fin epithelium was replaced by an enlarging mesenchymal bridge, as the maxillary processes united with the medial nasal processes to form the primary palate. The most prominent features observed in the cleft embryos were a reduced thickness of mesenchymal bridging between the medial nasal and maxillary processes, with an excessive amount of epithelium at the junctions between these processes. With ingrowth of the maxillary processes, greater cell dispersion and apparent extracellular matrix accumulation were observed in the medial nasal region. During closure of the primary palate, terminal branches of the maxillary nerve crossed the mesenchymal bridge to the medial nasal region. The partial clefts had reduced maxillary ingrowth and smaller union areas with the medial nasal process. Detailed studies of experimental animal models are required to identify regional growth required for contact between the facial prominences, to clarify the mechanisms of mesenchymal ingrowth and epithelial displacement during palatal formation, and to identify local and/or general factors causing alterations that lead to primary palatal clefting.
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Diewert
- Department of Clinical Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Abstract
Several studies have suggested that gastrointestinal peptides can produce trophic changes in the small intestine epithelium. In a previous study utilizing a rat fetal intestine transplant model, we reported that chronic, continuous, systemic administration of gastrin-17 increased carbohydrate absorption 2.5-fold and protein absorption 1.3-fold. The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of chronic luminal perfusion of gastrin on substrate absorption in rat mature small intestine. A 10-cm segment of mid small intestine was isolated with both ends brought out as abdominal wall stomas (creating a Thiry-Vella loop) and bowel continuity was established by end-to-end anastomosis. After a 1-week recovery, the tips of two catheters were positioned at approximately 3 and 6 cm from the proximal end of the isolated small intestine segment. A 14-day continuous luminal perfusion was accomplished by connecting the other ends of the catheters to subcutaneously placed osmotic pumps filled to deliver saline (control; N = 10) or gastrin-17 (13.5 nM/kg/day; N = 7). At the completion of the luminal perfusion, intestinal absorption was determined with labeled substrates [14C]galactose and [14C]glycine) using a closed, recirculation technique. Absorption (microM/cm2 small intestine) of galactose in the control animals was 1.44 +/- 0.18 and for the gastrin infused rats, it was 6.56 +/- 0.46. Glycine absorption was 1.63 +/- 0.31 for the control group and 7.83 +/- 0.62 for the gastrin infused group. Thus, in this rat model, intraluminal gastrin infusion was capable of increasing carbohydrate (galactose) absorption 456% (P less than 0.01) and protein (glycine) absorption 480% (P less than 0.01). These data represent the first demonstration that intraluminal gastrin can influence small intestine mucosal function by enhancing substrate absorption.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Abstract
A case of a previously undescribed anomaly of the larynx is presented and offers insight and support of current concepts of fetal laryngeal development. The patient possessed unilateral absence of true and false vocal cords, laryngeal ventricle, and saccule. Current concepts of embryological development would place the development of this anomaly and most of the patient's other multiple anomalies in the period of the 6th to 9th weeks of fetal life. This report lends substantiation to the stages of laryngeal development by demonstrating an aberration in the normal sequential development. Additionally, the time period of this maldevelopment is suggested by the concurrence of multiple other anomalies. Aspects of laryngeal embryology relevant to laryngeal maldevelopment are reviewed.
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O'Rahilly R, Müller F. Chevalier Jackson lecture. Respiratory and alimentary relations in staged human embryos. New embryological data and congenital anomalies. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1984; 93:421-9. [PMID: 6497234 DOI: 10.1177/000348948409300501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The early development of the digestive and respiratory systems is summarized in relation to embryonic staging. It has frequently been emphasized that the digestive and respiratory tubes do not arise from a common chamber, that they pursue separate courses as soon as the lung bud appears, that a mesenchymal septum comes to intervene between them, and that the two tubes rapidly acquire independent outer coats. Some commonly held views such as the supposed caudorostral separation of the trachea from the esophagus, have been shown to be incorrect. These ideas often arose from the use of unstable landmarks during development. It is pointed out that, for 3 weeks after its appearance, the tracheoesophageal separation point remains at a constant level, whereas the tracheal bifurcation descends. The application of valid embryological data to the interpretation of several congenital anomalies has been shown to be of value. Although the modes of origin in some instances are still obscure, considerable advance has been made in understanding the timing of the relevant events.
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O'Rahilly R, Müller F. The early development of the hypoglossal nerve and occipital somites in staged human embryos. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ANATOMY 1984; 169:237-57. [PMID: 6720613 DOI: 10.1002/aja.1001690302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Serial sections of 105 human embryos (including 20 silver preparations) from stage 11 (24 days) to stage 22 (54 days) were studied, and 23 graphic reconstructions were prepared. The hypoglossal nucleus is evident at stage 12 and becomes isolated from other efferent nuclei at stage 14. The first hypoglossal nerve fibers appear at stage 12. The roots unite at stage 14 and the main trunk arrives in the tongue at stage 15. Four occipital somites can be identified during stage 13, and the sclerotomic material forms two bilateral masses. The fourth sclerotome separates in stage 14 and develops like a vertebra. This and the remaining sclerotomic material form the basioccipital and exoccipital parts of the chondrocranium , which are the first to appear. Four occipital myotomes develop and grow towards the tongue as the "hypoglossal cord", which arrives prior to the hypoglossal nerve. The developmental similarity in the hypoglossal region between birds and mammals, combined with experimental studies in birds, renders it extremely likely that the hypoglossal musculature in mammals also is derived from occipital somites. The present study is the first in which this conclusion is adequately supported in the human. This investigation aids in the interpretation and timing of origin of variations (e.g., bipartite hypoglossal canal) and anomalies (e.g., persistent hypoglossal artery).
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