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Ruirui K, Ray P, Yang M, Wen P, Zhu L, Liu J, Fushimi K, Kar A, Liu Y, He R, Kuo D, Wu JY. Alternative Pre-mRNA Splicing, Cell Death, and Cancer. Cancer Treat Res 2013; 158:181-212. [PMID: 24222359 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-31659-3_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Alternative splicing is one of the most powerful mechanisms for generating functionally distinct products from a single genetic loci and for fine-tuning gene activities at the post-transcriptional level. Alternative splicing plays important roles in regulating genes critical for cell death. These cell death genes encode death ligands, cell surface death receptors, intracellular death regulators, signal transduction molecules, and death executor enzymes such as caspases and nucleases. Alternative splicing of these genes often leads to the formation of functionally different products, some of which have antagonistic effects that are either cell death-promoting or cell death-preventing. Differential alternative splicing can affect expression, subcellular distribution, and functional activities of the gene products. Molecular defects in splicing regulation of cell death genes have been associated with cancer development and resistance to treatment. Studies using molecular, biochemical, and systems-based approaches have begun to reveal mechanisms underlying the regulation of alternative splicing of cell death genes. Systematic studies have begun to uncover the multi-level interconnected networks that regulate alternative splicing. A global picture of the complex mechanisms that regulate cell death genes at the pre-mRNA splicing level has thus begun to emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kong Ruirui
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
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Law JH, Dunn PE, Kramer KJ. Insect proteases and peptidases. ADVANCES IN ENZYMOLOGY AND RELATED AREAS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 45:389-425. [PMID: 335821 DOI: 10.1002/9780470122907.ch5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- I F Zhimulev
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
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Clarke PG. Developmental cell death: morphological diversity and multiple mechanisms. ANATOMY AND EMBRYOLOGY 1990; 181:195-213. [PMID: 2186664 DOI: 10.1007/bf00174615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1097] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Physiological cell death is a widespread phenomenon in the development of both vertebrates and invertebrates. This review concentrates on an aspect of developmental cell death that has tended to be neglected, the manner in which the cells are dismantled. It is emphasized that the dying cells may adopt one of at least three different morphological types: "apoptotic", "autophagic", and "non-lysosomal vesiculate". These probably reflect a corresponding multiplicity of intracellular events. In particular, the destruction of the cytoplasm in these three types appears to be achieved primarily by heterophagy, by autophagy and by non-lysosomal degradation, respectively. The various mechanisms underlying both nuclear and cytoplasmic destruction are reviewed in detail. The multiplicity of destructive mechanisms needs to be born in mind in studies of other aspects of cell death such as the signals which trigger it, since different signals probably trigger different types of cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- P G Clarke
- Institut d'Anatomie, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Curtis SK, Benner DB, Cowden RR. Ultrastructure of the larval salivary glands ofMegaselia scalaris Loew (Diptera, Phoridae). J Morphol 1987; 191:265-288. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.1051910307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Levy M, Bautz AM. Degeneration of larval salivary glands during metamorphosis of the blowfly, Calliphora erythrocephala Meigen (Diptera : Calliphoridae). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-7322(85)90043-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Bridges AR, Owen MD. The morphology of the honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) venom gland and reservoir. J Morphol 1984; 181:69-86. [PMID: 30037163 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.1051810107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Hymenopteran venom glands are epidermal glands that have evolved from female accessory reproductive glands. In the honey bee, Apis mellifera L., the venom gland shows many of the fine structural features of primitive glands. A honey bee venom gland is a simple, long, thin, distally bifurcated structure, opening into an ovoid reservoir. Along most of the length of the gland are similar secretory units that have four major components (secretory cells, duct cells, ducts, and end apparatuses), except in the part of the gland proximal to the venom reservoir, where the secretory units resemble those around the venom reservoir. In the latter secretory units a funnel structure occurs between the duct (which is shorter than that of the secretory units of the gland) and the end apparatus. This funnel may be important in protecting the secretory cells around the reservoir from the cytolytic activity of the complex chemical mixture constituting the venom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne R Bridges
- Department of Zoology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
| | - Michael D Owen
- Department of Zoology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
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Thyberg J, Sierakowska H, Edström JE, Burvall K, Pigon A. Mitochondrial distribution and ATP levels in Chironomus salivary gland cells as related to growth, metabolic activity, and atmospheric oxygen tension. Dev Biol 1982; 90:31-42. [PMID: 6460655 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(82)90209-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Pipan N, Rakovec V. Cell death in the midgut epithelium of the worker honey bee (Apis mellifem carnica) during metamorphosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1980. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01081936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Grossbach U. The salivary gland of Chironomus (Diptera): a model system for the study of cell differentiation. Results Probl Cell Differ 1977; 8:147-96. [PMID: 335466 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-37332-2_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Owen MD, Bridges AR. Aging in the venom glands of queen and worker honey bees (Apis mellifera L.): some morphological and chemical observations. Toxicon 1976; 14:1-5. [PMID: 1258064 DOI: 10.1016/0041-0101(76)90113-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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12
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Bautz AM. Growth and degeneration of the larval abdominal epidermis in Calliphora erythrocephala (meig.) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) during larval life and metamorphosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1975. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-7322(75)90027-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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13
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Jurand A, Pavan C. Ultrastructural aspects of histolytic processes in the salivary gland cells during metamorphic stages in Rhynchosciara hollaenderi (Diptera, Sciaridae). CELL DIFFERENTIATION 1975; 4:219-36. [PMID: 1182806 DOI: 10.1016/0045-6039(75)90028-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The cytoplasm of Rhynchosciara hollaenderi late larval, prepupal and pupal salivary gland cells was studied at the ultrastructural level. In the second half of the 4th instar, evidence of an intensive secretory activity is visible in the form of numerous secretory granules in the apical area of the cells. At the same stage, the endoplasmic reticulum cisternae adjacent to Golgi groups are active in the transfer of vesicular elements. At later stages this activity rapidly diminishes. Before the appearance of the DNA puffs, i.e. at the end of the 4th instar, mitochondria begin to show a granular deposit and normal mitochondria decrease in number. These with the granular deposit form clusters and initiate formation of single autophagic vacuoles before the appearance of the DNA puffs. Later, at the time, when the 2B puff opens, the autophagic vacuoles appear in great number. Simultaneously with the formation of the autophagic vacuoles the presence of acid phosphatase in the Golgi vesicles and in autophagic vacuoles was shown. In the last stages investigated (late pupae) acid phosphatase is present free in the cytoplasm and at the same time disappearance of free ribosomes, pycnosis of polytene chromosomes and breakage of nuclear membranes occur. It is concluded that the histolysis of the salivary gland cells begins before the large DNA puffs appear, then it becomes very intensive and continues after these puffs undergo regression.
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Lockshin RA, Beaulation J. Programmed cell death. Cytochemical evidence for lysosomes during the normal breakdown of the intersegmental muscles. JOURNAL OF ULTRASTRUCTURE RESEARCH 1974; 46:43-62. [PMID: 4813269 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5320(74)80021-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Schin K, Laufer H. Studies of programmed salivary gland regression during larval-pupal transformation in Chironomus thummi. I. Acid hydrolase activity. Exp Cell Res 1973; 82:335-40. [PMID: 4765248 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(73)90350-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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19
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da Cunha A, Riess R, Pavan C, Biesele J, Morgante J, Garrido M. Studies on Cytology and Differentiation in Sciaridae. Differentiation 1973. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-0436.1973.tb00109.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Tung AS, Pipa RL. Insect neurometamorphosis. V. Fine structure of axons and neuroglia in the transforming interganglionic connectives of Galleria mellonella (L.) (Lepid optera). JOURNAL OF ULTRASTRUCTURE RESEARCH 1972; 39:556-67. [PMID: 4338500 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5320(72)90121-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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22
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Harrod MJ, Kastritsis CD. Developmental studies in Drosophila. II. Ultrastructural analysis of the salivary glands of Drosophila pseudoobscura during some stages of development. JOURNAL OF ULTRASTRUCTURE RESEARCH 1972; 38:482-99. [PMID: 4335117 DOI: 10.1016/0022-5320(72)90086-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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23
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Fristrom D. Chemical modification of cell death in the Bar eye of Drosophila. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1972; 115:10-8. [PMID: 4622964 DOI: 10.1007/bf00272212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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24
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Puffs and salivary gland function: The fine structure of the larval and prepupal salivary glands ofDrosophila melanogaster. Dev Genes Evol 1972; 169:216-238. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00582554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/1971] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Hourdry J. [Histochemical study of some lysosomal hydrolases of the intestinal epithelium during the development of the tadpole of Discoglossus pictus Otth, anuran amphibian. II. Electron microscopy study]. HISTOCHEMIE. HISTOCHEMISTRY. HISTOCHIMIE 1971; 26:142-59. [PMID: 5559570 DOI: 10.1007/bf00293504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Clever U, Storbeck I. Chromosome activity and cell function in polytenic cells. IV. Polyribosomes and their sensitivity to actinomycin. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1970; 217:108-19. [PMID: 4994282 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(70)90127-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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28
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Kelley RO. An electron microscopic study of mesenchyme during development of interdigital spaces in man. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 1970; 168:43-53. [PMID: 5469561 DOI: 10.1002/ar.1091680104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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29
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Bultmann H, Clever U. Chromosomal control of foot pad development in Sarcophaga bullata. II. Cuticle formation and tanning. Dev Biol 1970; 22:601-21. [PMID: 5460490 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(70)90171-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Kloetzel JA, Laufer H. Developmental changes in fine structure associated with secretion in larval salivary glands of Chironomus. Exp Cell Res 1970; 60:327-37. [PMID: 5422963 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(70)90525-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Darrow JM, Clever U. Chromosome activity and cell function in polytenic cells. 3. Growth and replication. Dev Biol 1970; 21:331-48. [PMID: 5436897 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(70)90128-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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32
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Cheetham RD, Mooré DJ, Yunghans WN. Isolation of a Golgi apparatus-rich fraction from rat liver. II. Enzymatic characterization and comparison with other cell fractions. J Cell Biol 1970; 44:492-500. [PMID: 4313570 PMCID: PMC2107974 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.44.3.492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Enzymatic activities associated with Golgi apparatus-, endoplasmic reticulum-, plasma membrane-, mitochondria-, and microbody-rich cell fractions isolated from rat liver were determined and used as a basis for estimating fraction purity. Succinic dehydrogenase and cytochrome oxidase (mitochondria) activities were low in the Golgi apparatus-rich fraction. On the basis of glucose-6-phosphatase (endoplasmic reticulum) and 5'-nucleotidase (plasma membrane) activities, the Golgi apparatus-rich fraction obtained directly from sucrose gradients was estimated to contain no more than 10% endoplasmic reticulum- and 11% plasma membrane-derived material. Total protein contribution of endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, plasma membrane, microbodies (uric acid oxidase), and lysosomes (acid phosphatase) to the Golgi apparatus-rich fraction was estimated to be no more than 20-30% and decreased to less than 10% with further washing. The results show that purified Golgi apparatus fractions isolated routinely may exceed 80% Golgi apparatus-derived material. Nucleoside di- and triphosphatase activities were enriched 2-3-fold in the Golgi apparatus fraction relative to the total homogenate, and of a total of more than 25 enzyme-substrate combinations reported, only thiamine pyrophosphatase showed a significantly greater enrichment.
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Fristrom D. Cellular degeneration in the production of some mutant phenotypes in Drosophila melanogaster. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1969; 103:363-79. [PMID: 4979601 DOI: 10.1007/bf00383486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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34
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Kloetzel JA, Laufer H. A fine-structural analysis of larval salivary gland function in Chironomus thummi (Diptera). JOURNAL OF ULTRASTRUCTURE RESEARCH 1969; 29:15-36. [PMID: 4900224 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5320(69)80053-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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35
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36
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Hourdry J. Remaniements ultrastructuraux de l'�pith�lium intestinal chez la larve d'un amphibien anoure en m�tamorphose, Alytes obstetricans Laur. Cell Tissue Res 1969. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00335267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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37
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Kendall MD. The fine structure of the salivary glands of the desert locust Schistocerca gregarii Forskål. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ZELLFORSCHUNG UND MIKROSKOPISCHE ANATOMIE (VIENNA, AUSTRIA : 1948) 1969; 98:399-420. [PMID: 4900456 DOI: 10.1007/bf00346683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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38
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Fristrom D. Cellular degeneration in wing development of the mutant vestigial of Drosophila melanogaster. J Cell Biol 1968; 39:488-91. [PMID: 5692588 PMCID: PMC2107531 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.39.2.488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
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