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Takabayashi S, Nozaki M, Ishikawa K, Noguchi M. Theter/terGonadal Somatic Cells Cause Apoptosis inter/terPrimordial Germ Cells (PGCs) with Normal Survivability and Proliferation Ability in the Mouse: Evidence from PGC-Somatic Cell “Exchange-Co-Culture”. Zoolog Sci 2001. [DOI: 10.2108/zsj.18.695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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2
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Laundy GJ, Bidwell JL. Mouse cytokine gene nucleotide sequence alignments, 2000. Part I. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF IMMUNOGENETICS : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE BRITISH SOCIETY FOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY AND IMMUNOGENETICS 2000; 27:165-223. [PMID: 10998086 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2370.2000.00217.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G J Laundy
- University of Bristol, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK
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3
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Jetten AM, Suter U. The peripheral myelin protein 22 and epithelial membrane protein family. PROGRESS IN NUCLEIC ACID RESEARCH AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2000; 64:97-129. [PMID: 10697408 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6603(00)64003-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The peripheral myelin protein 22 (PMP22) and the epithelial membrane proteins (EMP-1, -2, and -3) comprise a subfamily of small hydrophobic membrane proteins. The putative four-transmembrane domain structure as well as the genomic structure are highly conserved among family members. PMP22 and EMPs are expressed in many tissues, and functions in cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis have been reported. EMP-1 is highly up-regulated during squamous differentiation and in certain tumors, and a role in tumorigenesis has been proposed. PMP22 is most highly expressed in peripheral nerves, where it is localized in the compact portion of myelin. It plays a crucial role in normal physiological and pathological processes in the peripheral nervous system. Progress in molecular genetics has revealed that genetic alterations in the PMP22 gene, including duplications, deletions, and point mutations, are responsible for several forms of hereditary peripheral neuropathies, including Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1A (CMT1A), Dejerine-Sottas syndrome (DDS), and hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies (HNPP). The natural mouse mutants Trembler and Trembler-J contain a missense mutation in different hydrophobic domains of PMP22, resulting in demyelination and Schwann cell proliferation. Transgenic mice carrying many copies of the PMP22 gene and PMP22-null mice display a variety of defects in the initial steps of myelination and/or maintenance of myelination, whereas no pathological alterations are detected in other tissues normally expressing PMP22. Further characterization of the interactions of PMP22 and EMPs with other proteins as well as their regulation will provide additional insight into their normal physiological function and their roles in disease and possibly will result in the development of therapeutic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Jetten
- Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
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4
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Collavin L, Buzzai M, Saccone S, Bernard L, Federico C, DellaValle G, Brancolini C, Schneider C. cDNA characterization and chromosome mapping of the human GAS2 gene. Genomics 1998; 48:265-9. [PMID: 9521882 DOI: 10.1006/geno.1997.5172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Murine Gas2 is a microfilament-associated protein whose expression is increased at growth arrest in mammalian cells. During apoptosis, Gas2 is specifically cleaved at its C-terminus by a still unknown ICE-like protease, and the processed protein induces dramatic rearrangements in the cytoskeleton when overexpressed in several cell types. Here we report the characterization of a cDNA encoding the human homologue of Gas2, showing high conservation with the murine counterpart at the protein level. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis and radiation hybrid mapping localized the GAS2 gene on human chromosome 11p14.3-p15.2, in a region homologous to the gas2 region on mouse chromosome 7.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Collavin
- Laboratorio Nazionale Consorzio Interuniversitario Biotecnologie, Trieste, Italy
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5
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Watkins-Chow DE, Buckwalter MS, Newhouse MM, Lossie AC, Brinkmeier ML, Camper SA. Genetic mapping of 21 genes on mouse chromosome 11 reveals disruptions in linkage conservation with human chromosome 5. Genomics 1997; 40:114-22. [PMID: 9070927 DOI: 10.1006/geno.1996.4532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We report a high-resolution genetic map of 21 genes on the central region of mouse Chr 11. These genes were mapped by segregation analysis of more than 1650 meioses from three interspecific backcrosses. The order of these genes in mouse was compared to the previously established gene order in human. Eighteen of the 21 genes map to human Chr 5, and 2 of the genes define a proximal border for the region of homology between mouse Chr 11 and human Chr 17. Our results indicate a minimum of four rearrangements within the 10-cM region of synteny homology between mouse Chr 11 and human Chr 5. In addition, the linkage conservation is disrupted by groups of genes that map to mouse Chrs 13 and 18. These data demonstrate that large regions of conserved linkage can contain numerous chromosomal microrearrangements that have occurred since the divergence of mouse and human ancestors. Comparison of the mouse and human maps with data for other species provides an emerging picture of mammalian chromosome evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Watkins-Chow
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor 48109, USA
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6
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Rinchik EM, Carpenter DA, Handel MA. Pleiotropy in microdeletion syndromes: neurologic and spermatogenic abnormalities in mice homozygous for the p6H deletion are likely due to dysfunction of a single gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995; 92:6394-8. [PMID: 7604002 PMCID: PMC41524 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.92.14.6394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Variability and complexity of phenotypes observed in microdeletion syndromes can be due to deletion of a single gene whose product participates in several aspects of development or can be due to the deletion of a number of tightly linked genes, each adding its own effect to the syndrome. The p6H deletion in mouse chromosome 7 presents a good model with which to address this question of multigene vs. single-gene pleiotropy. Mice homozygous for the p6H deletion are diluted in pigmentation, are smaller than their littermates, and manifest a nervous jerky-gait phenotype. Male homozygotes are sterile and exhibit profound abnormalities in spermiogenesis. By using N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (EtNU) mutagenesis and a breeding protocol designed to recover recessive mutations expressed hemizygously opposite a large p-locus deletion, we have generated three noncomplementing mutations that map to the p6H deletion. Each of these EtNU-induced mutations has adverse effects on the size, nervous behavior, and progression of spermiogenesis that characterize p6H deletion homozygotes. Because EtNU is thought to induce primarily intragenic (point) mutations in mouse stem-cell spermatogonia, we propose that the trio of phenotypes (runtiness, nervous jerky gait, and male sterility) expressed in p6H deletion homozygotes is the result of deletion of a single highly pleiotropic gene. We also predict that a homologous single locus, quite possibly tightly linked and distal to the D15S12 (P) locus in human chromosome 15q11-q13, may be associated with similar developmental abnormalities in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Rinchik
- Biology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, TN 37831-8077, USA
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7
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Liehr T, Rautenstrauss B. Regional localization of rat peripheral myelin protein 22 (Pmp22) gene to chromosome 10q22 by FISH. Mamm Genome 1995; 6:489. [PMID: 7579898 DOI: 10.1007/bf00360665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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8
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Orr-Urtreger A, Seldin MF, Baldini A, Beaudet AL. Cloning and mapping of the mouse alpha 7-neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Genomics 1995; 26:399-402. [PMID: 7601470 DOI: 10.1016/0888-7543(95)80228-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We report the isolation of cDNA clones for the mouse alpha 7 neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit (gene symbol Acra7), the only nicotinic receptor subunit known to bind alpha-bungarotoxin in mammalian brain. This gene may have relevance to nicotine sensitivity and to some electrophysiologic findings in schizophrenia. The mouse alpha 7 subunit gene encodes a protein of 502 amino acids with substantial identity to the rat (99.6%), human (92.8%), and chicken (87.5%) amino acid sequences. The alpha 7 gene was mapped to mouse chromosome 7 near the p locus with the following gene order from proximal to distal: Myod1-3.5 +/- 1.7 cM-Gas2-0.9 cM +/- 0.9 cM-D7Mit70-1.8 +/- 1.2 cM-Acra7-4.4 +/- 1.0 cM-Hras1-ps1/Igf1r/Snrp2a. The human gene was confirmed to map to the homologous region of human chromosome 15q13-q14.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Orr-Urtreger
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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9
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Ferrero M, Desiderio MA, Martinotti A, Melani C, Bernelli-Zazzera A, Colombo MP, Cairo G. Expression of a growth arrest specific gene (gas-6) during liver regeneration: molecular mechanisms and signalling pathways. J Cell Physiol 1994; 158:263-9. [PMID: 8106563 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1041580208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A set of growth arrest-specific (gas) genes negatively regulated by serum has been identified. To define the role of gas genes in a model of cell proliferation in vivo we analyzed the expression of one of these genes (gas-6) during liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy (PH). We found that gas-6 mRNA was down-regulated 4 hours after PH, within the G0 to G1 transition. Later on, gas-6 mRNA increased over the level found in normal liver with a peak at 16 hours, before the onset of DNA synthesis. This surge was probably triggered by an inflammatory response caused by the surgical trauma, because an increase of similar extent occurring with the same time course was present in livers of sham-operated and turpentine-treated rats. Comparison of mRNA steady state levels with nuclear transcription rates indicated that gas-6 expression is post-transcriptionally regulated. As we found that down-regulation of gas-6 expression was prevented by treatment with Actinomycin D, a labile protein might be involved in the determination of gas-6 mRNA stability. To investigate the mitogenic signals controlling gas-6 expression during liver regeneration we treated hepatectomized rats with a specific alpha-1-adrenoceptor blocker (prazosin) as well as with drugs which modify intracellular calcium levels. The decrease of gas-6 mRNA 4 hours after PH was prevented by prazosin and by neomycin, an inhibitor of calcium release from endogenous stores. These findings suggest that down-regulation of gas-6 expression during hepatic regeneration is triggered by catecholamines interaction with alpha-1-adrenergic receptors and by subsequent calcium release. In addition we found that the rise of gas-6 gene expression occurring at 16 hours after PH was not affected by prazosin but was inhibited by trifluoperazine. Therefore, we suggest that up-regulation of gas-6 gene expression is mediated by the interaction of calcium with calmodulin, independently of catecholamines.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ferrero
- Centro di Studio sulla Patologia Cellulare C.N.R. Università di Milano, Italy
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10
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Roses AD, Pericak-Vance MA, Saunders AM, Schmechel D, Goldgaber D, Strittmatter W. Complex genetic disease: can genetic strategies in Alzheimer's disease and new genetic mechanisms be applied to epilepsy? Epilepsia 1994; 35 Suppl 1:S20-8. [PMID: 8293721 DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1994.tb05925.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Strategies used in molecular genetics have changed modern neurology. The gene or genes responsible for several major neurologic diseases have now been identified using "reverse" or positional genetics. Unexpected new genetic mechanisms have been discovered in human neurologic diseases, including (a) identical mutations of the prion protein gene in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and fatal familial insomnia with the phenotypic expression directed by an accompanying polymorphism; (b) stable duplications of chromosome 17 in Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (type 1A) that involve many genes, only one of which appears to cause neuropathy; and (c) highly variable, dynamic mutations in myotonic dystrophy, fragile X syndrome, and Kennedy's syndrome that modulate variable expressivity in multiple tissues. There is growing recognition that neurologic diseases are often complex genetic diseases with multifactorial rather than simple modes of inheritance. For example, genetic association/linkage strategies have interacted with biochemistry and immunopathology studies to produce new insights into the disease mechanism of late-onset Alzheimer's disease. The role of apolipoprotein E in late-onset Alzheimer's disease is an example of how new analytical techniques of genetic disease can be applied to dissect multiple genes. Similar research strategies are suggested for the study of epilepsy as a complex disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Roses
- Joseph and Kathleen Bryan Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Department of Medicine (Neurology), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710-2900
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11
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Evdokiou A, Webb GC, Peters GB, Dobrovic A, O'Keefe DS, Forbes IJ, Cowled PA. Localization of the human growth arrest-specific gene (GAS1) to chromosome bands 9q21.3-q22, a region frequently deleted in myeloid malignancies. Genomics 1993; 18:731-3. [PMID: 8307588 DOI: 10.1016/s0888-7543(05)80388-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Evdokiou
- Department of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Australia
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12
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The heat stable antigen (mouse CD24) gene is differentially regulated but has a housekeeping promoter. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)49469-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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13
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Abstract
Recent molecular genetic studies have provided new insights into the structure and function of 2 of the major integral membrane proteins of myelin--the proteolipid protein (PLP) and protein zero (P0)--and have uncovered a third such protein--PMP22/gas3. The rumpshaker mouse has been shown to carry a point mutation in the PLP gene that uncouples a deleterious effect on CNS myelin assembly, which these mice exhibit, from oligodendrocyte degeneration and cell death, which they do not. The developmental importance of the P0 protein in PNS myelination has been dramatically demonstrated by the analysis of loss-of-function mutations engineered through the expression of antisense RNA and through the insertional inactivation of the P0 gene by homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells and the generation of P0-deficient mice. The cloned promoter of the P0 gene has been shown to drive quantitative, Schwann cell-specific expression of heterologous genes in transgenic mice. The PMP22/gas3 gene, previously cloned from fibroblast cell lines, has been found to encode an axonally regulated Schwann cell protein that is assembled into PNS myelin. Importantly, this gene appears to be the target of mutations that result in the Trembler alleles in mice, and in Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease Type 1a, the most common inherited peripheral neuropathy in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Lemke
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
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14
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Gregor P, Reeves RH, Jabs EW, Yang X, Dackowski W, Rochelle JM, Brown RH, Haines JL, O'Hara BF, Uhl GR. Chromosomal localization of glutamate receptor genes: relationship to familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and other neurological disorders of mice and humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1993; 90:3053-7. [PMID: 8464923 PMCID: PMC46235 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.90.7.3053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Receptors for the major excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate may play key roles in neurodegeneration. The mouse Glur-5 gene maps to chromosome 16 between App and Sod-1. The homologous human GLUR5 gene maps to the corresponding region of human chromosome 21, which contains the locus for familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. This location, and other features, render GLUR5 a possible candidate gene for familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. In addition, dosage imbalance of GLUR5 may have a role in the trisomy 21 (Down syndrome). Further characterization of the murine glutamate receptor family includes mapping of Glur-1 to the same region as neurological mutants spasmodic, shaker-2, tipsy, and vibrator on chromosome 11; Glur-2 near spastic on chromosome 3; Glur-6 near waltzer and Jackson circler on chromosome 10; and Glur-7 near clasper on chromosome 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Gregor
- Molecular Neurobiology Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224
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15
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Gregor P, Patel A, Shimada S, Lin CL, Rochelle JM, Kitayama S, Seldin MF, Uhl GR. Murine serotonin transporter: sequence and localization to chromosome 11. Mamm Genome 1993; 4:283-4. [PMID: 8507984 DOI: 10.1007/bf00417438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P Gregor
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
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16
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Nielsen PJ, Rochelle JM, Seldin MF. The functional genes for protein synthesis initiation factor 4AI and 4AII map to mouse chromosomes 11 and 16. Mamm Genome 1993; 4:185-6. [PMID: 8439732 DOI: 10.1007/bf00352237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P J Nielsen
- Max Planck Institut für Immunobiologie, Freiburg, Federal Republic of Germany
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17
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Webb GC, Cowled PA, Evdokiou A, Ford JH, Forbes IJ. Assignment, by in situ hybridization, of the growth arrest-specific gene, Gas-1, to mouse chromosome 13, bands B3-C2. Genomics 1992; 14:548-9. [PMID: 1427878 DOI: 10.1016/s0888-7543(05)80267-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G C Webb
- Department of Medicine, University of Adelaide, South Australia
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18
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Timmerman V, Nelis E, Van Hul W, Nieuwenhuijsen BW, Chen KL, Wang S, Ben Othman K, Cullen B, Leach RJ, Hanemann CO. The peripheral myelin protein gene PMP-22 is contained within the Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1A duplication. Nat Genet 1992; 1:171-5. [PMID: 1303230 DOI: 10.1038/ng0692-171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT1) is the most common form of inherited peripheral neuropathy. Although the disease is genetically heterogeneous, it has been demonstrated that the gene defect is the most frequent type (CMT1A) is the result of a partial duplication of band 17p11.2. Recent studies suggested that the peripheral hypomyelination syndrome in the trembler (Tr) mouse, a possible animal model for CMT1 disease, is associated with a point mutation in the peripheral myelin protein-22 gene (pmp-22). Expression of pmp-22 is particularly high in Schwann cells, and the protein is found in peripheral myelin. We now report that the human PMP-22 gene is contained within the CMT1A duplication. We therefore, suggest that increased dosage of the PMP-22 gene may be the cause of CMT1A neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Timmerman
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Born Bunge Foundation, University of Antwerp, Belgium
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19
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Suter U, Moskow JJ, Welcher AA, Snipes GJ, Kosaras B, Sidman RL, Buchberg AM, Shooter EM. A leucine-to-proline mutation in the putative first transmembrane domain of the 22-kDa peripheral myelin protein in the trembler-J mouse. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1992; 89:4382-6. [PMID: 1374899 PMCID: PMC49086 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.89.10.4382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral myelin protein PMP-22 is a potential growth-regulating myelin protein that is expressed by Schwann cells and predominantly localized in compact peripheral myelin. A point mutation in the Pmp-22 gene of inbred trembler (Tr) mice was identified and proposed to be responsible for the Tr phenotype, which is characterized by paralysis of the limbs as well as tremors and transient seizures. In support of this hypothesis, we now report the fine mapping of the Pmp-22 gene to the immediate vicinity of the Tr locus on mouse chromosome 11. Furthermore, we have found a second point mutation in the Pmp-22 gene of trembler-J (TrJ) mice, which results in the substitution of a leucine residue by a proline residue in the putative first transmembrane region of the PMP-22 polypeptide. Tr and TrJ were previously mapped genetically as possible allelic mutations giving rise to similar, but not identical, phenotypes. This finding is consistent with the discovery of two different mutations in physicochemically similar domains of the PMP-22 protein. Our results strengthen the hypothesis that mutations in the Pmp-22 gene can lead to heterogeneous forms of peripheral neuropathies and offer clues toward possible explanations for the dominant inheritance of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Suter
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305-5401
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20
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Rinchik EM, Magnuson T, Holdener-Kenny B, Kelsey G, Bianchi A, Conti CJ, Chartier F, Brown KA, Brown SD, Peters J. Mouse chromosome 7. Mamm Genome 1992; 3 Spec No:S104-20. [PMID: 1498426 DOI: 10.1007/bf00648425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E M Rinchik
- Biology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tennessee 37831-8077
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21
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Reeves
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
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22
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Buchberg
- Jefferson Cancer Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107-5541
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23
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Justice
- Mammalian Genetics Laboratory, ABL-Basic Research Program, National Cancer Institute-Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center, Maryland 21702
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24
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Ceci
- Mammalian Genetics Laboratory, National Cancer Institute-Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center, ABL-Basic Research Program, Maryland 21702
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25
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