1
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Gauthier AE, Rotjan RD, Kagan JC. Lipopolysaccharide detection by the innate immune system may be an uncommon defence strategy used in nature. Open Biol 2022; 12:220146. [PMID: 36196535 PMCID: PMC9533005 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.220146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the publication of the Janeway's Pattern Recognition hypothesis in 1989, study of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and their immuno-stimulatory activities has accelerated. Most studies in this area have been conducted in model organisms, which leaves many open questions about the universality of PAMP biology across living systems. Mammals have evolved multiple proteins that operate as receptors for the PAMP lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Gram-negative bacteria, but LPS is not immuno-stimulatory in all eukaryotes. In this review, we examine the history of LPS as a PAMP in mammals, recent data on LPS structure and its ability to activate mammalian innate immune receptors, and how these activities compare across commonly studied eukaryotes. We discuss why LPS may have evolved to be immuno-stimulatory in some eukaryotes but not others and propose two hypotheses about the evolution of PAMP structure based on the ecology and environmental context of the organism in question. Understanding PAMP structures and stimulatory mechanisms across multi-cellular life will provide insights into the evolutionary origins of innate immunity and may lead to the discovery of new PAMP variations of scientific and therapeutic interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E. Gauthier
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Randi D. Rotjan
- Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jonathan C. Kagan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, and Boston Children's Hospital, Division of Immunology, Division of Gastroenterology, USA
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2
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Thit A, Grønlund SN, Trudsø LL, Hansen BW, Herzog SD, Nielsen SL, Oturai NG, Posselt D, Ramasamy PK, Sandgaard MH, Syberg K, Selck H, Lyngsie G. Particles as carriers of matter in the aquatic environment: Challenges and ways ahead for transdisciplinary research. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 838:155831. [PMID: 35568170 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A diverse array of natural and anthropogenic particles found in the aquatic environment, can act as carriers of co-transported matter (CTM), such as nutrients, genetic material and contaminants. Thus, understanding carrier particle transport will increase our understanding of local and global fluxes of exogenous CTM (affiliated with the particle) and endogenous CTM (an inherent part of the particle). In the present contribution, researchers from multiple disciplines collaborated to provide perspectives on the interactions between carrier particles and CTM, and the fundamentals of transport of particles found in the aquatic environment and the generic spherical smooth particles, often used to make predictions about particle behavior in suspension. Evidently, the particles in the aquatic environment show a great variety of characteristics and vary greatly from each other as well as from the generic particle. However, in spite of these differences, many fundamental concepts apply to particles in general. We emphasize the importance of understanding the basic concepts of transport of particle-associated CTM, and the main assumptions in the generic-founded models, which are challenged by the diverging characteristics of particles found in the aquatic environment, as paramount moving forward. Additionally, we identified the need for a conceptual and semantic link between different scientific fields of particle research and initiated the formation of a consistent terminology. Disciplinary and organizational (academic and funding) barriers need to be overcome to enable individual researchers to move beyond their knowledge sphere, to stimulate future interdisciplinary collaborations and to avoid research silos. Hereby, we can foster faster and better progress of evolving research fields on new and emerging anthropogenic carrier particles, and stimulate the development of solutions to the technological and environmental challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalie Thit
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Denmark.
| | - Sara Nicoline Grønlund
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Denmark; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Søren Laurentius Nielsen
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Denmark; Ocean Institute, Læderstræde 20, 1201 København K, Denmark
| | | | - Dorthe Posselt
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Denmark
| | | | | | - Kristian Syberg
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Denmark
| | - Henriette Selck
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Denmark
| | - Gry Lyngsie
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Denmark.
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3
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Weber A, von Randow M, Voigt AL, von der Au M, Fischer E, Meermann B, Wagner M. Ingestion and toxicity of microplastics in the freshwater gastropod Lymnaea stagnalis: No microplastic-induced effects alone or in combination with copper. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 263:128040. [PMID: 33297056 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of microplastics with freshwater biota and their interaction with other stressors is still not very well understood. Therefore, we investigated the ingestion, excretion and toxicity of microplastics in the freshwater gastropod Lymnaea stagnalis. MP ingestion was analyzed as tissues levels in L. stagnalis after 6-96 h of exposure to 5-90 μm spherical polystyrene (PS) microplastics. To understand the excretion, tissue levels were determined after 24 h of exposure followed by a 12 h-7 d depuration period. To assess the toxicity, snails were exposed for 28 d to irregular PS microplastics (<63 μm, 6.4-100,000 particles mL-1), both alone and in combination with copper as additional stressor. To compare the toxicity of natural and synthetic particles, we also included diatomite particles. Microplastics ingestion and excretion significantly depended on the particle size and the exposure/depuration duration. An exposure to irregular PS had no effect on survival, reproduction, energy reserves and oxidative stress. However, we observed slight effects on immune cell phagocytosis. Exposure to microplastics did not exacerbate the reproductive toxicity of copper. In addition, there was no pronounced difference between the effects of microplastics and diatomite. The tolerance towards microplastics may originate from an adaptation of L. stagnalis to particle-rich environments or a general stress resilience. In conclusion, despite high uptake rates, PS fragments do not appear to be a relevant stressor for stress tolerant freshwater gastropods considering current environmental levels of microplastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annkatrin Weber
- Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Department of Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Max-von-Laue-Straße 13, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Marvin von Randow
- Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Department of Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Max-von-Laue-Straße 13, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Anna-Lisa Voigt
- Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Department of Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Max-von-Laue-Straße 13, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Marcus von der Au
- Federal Institute of Hydrology, Department Aquatic Chemistry, Am Mainzer 1, 56068, Koblenz, Germany; Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Division Inorganic Trace Analysis, Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Emily Fischer
- Federal Institute of Hydrology, Department Aquatic Chemistry, Am Mainzer 1, 56068, Koblenz, Germany
| | - Björn Meermann
- Federal Institute of Hydrology, Department Aquatic Chemistry, Am Mainzer 1, 56068, Koblenz, Germany; Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Division Inorganic Trace Analysis, Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Wagner
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Biology, Høgskoleringen 5, 7491, Trondheim, Norway.
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4
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Rybicki M, Jungmann D. Direct and indirect effects of pesticides on a benthic grazer during its life cycle. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES EUROPE 2018; 30:35. [PMID: 30294514 PMCID: PMC6153858 DOI: 10.1186/s12302-018-0165-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Macroinvertebrates in aquatic ecosystems are repeatedly exposed to pesticides during their life cycle. Effects of consecutive exposure during different life stages and possible synergistic effects are not addressed in the standardized hazard assessment. The present study investigated two environmentally relevant exposure scenarios in batch (microcosm) and artificial indoor stream (mesocosm) experiments using the larvae of the mayfly Rhithrogena semicolorata (grazer) and natural aufwuchs. Grazers were analysed regarding growth, physiological condition, and drift behaviour, while the aufwuchs was analysed in terms of biomass using the particulate organic carbon as well as the chlorophyll a content. The aim was to reveal direct and indirect effects of an herbicide exposure during autumn on juvenile grazers and an insecticide exposure during spring on semi-juvenile grazers. RESULTS Direct and indirect effects were found in both exposure scenarios at environmentally relevant concentrations. In the herbicide exposure scenario with terbutryn, clear direct effects on the aufwuchs community with a LOEC of 0.38 µg L-1 were found. Effect levels of grazers due to indirect effects were equal, with the overnight drift being the most sensitive grazer endpoint. In the insecticide exposure scenario, clear lethal and sub lethal effects of lambda-cyhalothrin were evident. Derived LC50 values for the artificial indoor stream and batch experiment were 2.42 µg g-1 OC (69 days) and 1.2 µg g-1 OC (28 days), respectively. Sub lethal effects in terms of increased drift as well-reduced growth and triglyceride levels were found at concentrations of 1.4 and 0.09 µg g-1 OC (LOECs). These results were confirmed by the batch experiment, which revealed effect values in the similar range. Finally, a clear indirect effect of the insecticide on the aufwuchs was evident in the batch experiment with an LOEC at 0.9 µg g-1 OC. CONCLUSION Toxicity Exposure Ratios calculated with the derived effect values indicate a risk for the investigated grazer by both pesticides. Moreover, observed indirect effects during the herbicide exposure seem to be able to affect the grazers during a second exposure with an insecticide, due to reduced physiological conditions. We suggest further research with time-shifted exposure scenarios to gain a better understanding of the complex interactions of pesticides with the life cycle and the food webs of macroinvertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Rybicki
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Technische Universität Dresden, Zellescher Weg 40, 01217 Dresden, Germany
| | - Dirk Jungmann
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Technische Universität Dresden, Zellescher Weg 40, 01217 Dresden, Germany
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Magalhães TRF, Neves RAF, Valentin JL, Figueiredo GM. Do the changes in temperature and light affect the functional response of the benthic mud snail Heleobia australis (Mollusca: Gastropoda)? AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2014; 86:1197-206. [PMID: 25014915 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201420130093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the influence of temperature increase combined to conditions of light incidence on functional response of Heleobia australis. Experiments were conducted using nine to ten food concentrations for each treatment: 20°C without light; 30°C without light and, 30°C under low light intensity. For each experiment, the functional response type III (sigmoidal) was fitted and equation parameters were determined. Results suggest that, if the sediment temperature increases, H. australis will not have its ingestion rates affected negatively, whilst its feeding behavior seems to be negatively affected by light. Ingestion rates estimated for organic content in the Guanabara Bay were: 0.34 µgC ind-1h-1 at 20°C without light, 1.44 µgC ind-1h-1 at 30°C without light and 0.64 µgC ind-1h-1 at 30°C under light incidence. Higher ingestion rates were estimated at the high temperature, even under light incidence, and temperature seems to have outweighed the light effect. In contrast, if higher carbon content is considered, despite high temperature, the experiment conducted with light incidence showed lower ingestion rates than those from the experiment at 20°C without light. This study provides the first quantification of H. australis ingestion rates and the effects that changes in temperature and light have on its feeding behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaisa R F Magalhães
- Laboratório de Zooplâncton Marinho, Departamento de Biologia Marinha, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Raquel A F Neves
- Laboratório de Ecologia Trófica, Departamento de Biologia Marinha, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Jean L Valentin
- Laboratório de Zooplâncton Marinho, Departamento de Biologia Marinha, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Gisela M Figueiredo
- Laboratório de Ecologia Trófica, Departamento de Biologia Marinha, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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6
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Prado P, Ibáñez C, Caiola N, Reyes E. Evaluation of seasonal variability in the food-web properties of coastal lagoons subjected to contrasting salinity gradients using network analyses. Ecol Modell 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2013.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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7
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Zimmermann MR, Luth KE, Esch GW. Shedding patterns of Daubaylia potomaca (Nematoda: Rhabditida). J Parasitol 2013; 99:966-9. [PMID: 23947626 DOI: 10.1645/13-260.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Daubaylia potomaca is a nematode parasite that exhibits an unusual direct life cycle in planorbid snails in which adult females are the infective stage, after being shed from a definitive host. The present study examined the shedding patterns of this nematode to determine what cues or mechanisms might lead to the parasite leaving its host. A correlation was found between host death and the frequency and number of D. potomaca shed, suggesting that the nematodes can detect that the host is dying and may leave in search of a new host. Furthermore, elevated intensities of D. potomaca in the snail induce shedding earlier, suggesting that competition for space and resources may also play a role in the shedding patterns of the nematode, but not when time to death is controlled. Finally, nematodes shed a longer time before host death were significantly longer and more likely to be gravid than those shed as time to snail death approached, implying that the nematode reaching maturity or being inseminated might also be cues for D. potomaca to leave its snail host. In summary, the shedding patterns of D. potomaca appear to be a complex mix of host death detection, competition, and nematode maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Zimmermann
- Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27106
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8
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Soppelsa O, Raia P, Maselli V, Fulgione D. The study of ontogenetic trajectory reveals the timing of reproductive events inAncylus fluviatilis(Gastropoda: Planorbidae). MOLLUSCAN RESEARCH 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/13235818.2013.777889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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9
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Schuwirth N, Acuña V, Reichert P. Development of a mechanistic model (ERIMO-I) for analyzing the temporal dynamics of the benthic community of an intermittent Mediterranean stream. Ecol Modell 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2010.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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10
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Turner AM, Turner RR, Ray SR. Competition and intraguild egg predation among freshwater snails: re-examining the mechanism of interspecific interactions. OIKOS 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.0030-1299.2007.15883.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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11
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Zurawell RW, Holmes CFB, Prepas EE. Elimination of the cyanobacterial hepatotoxin microcystin from the freshwater pulmonate snail Lymnaea stagnalis jugularis (say). JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2006; 69:303-18. [PMID: 16407089 DOI: 10.1080/15287390500227498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
It has been suggested that little to no microcystin (MC), a cyanobacterial hepatotoxin, accumulates within freshwater pulmonate snails because the toxin is associated primarily with undigested gut contents that are eliminated from the animal via egestion. To test this, Lymnaea stagnalis exposed to MC-containing cyanobacteria were placed into toxin-free environments and sampled over short (24 h at 21 degrees C) and long (30 d at 22 and 10 degrees C) time periods. Within 8 h after being removed from exposure to microcystin-containing phytoplankton, the gizzard and cecal string fractions of the feces were eliminated, accounting for 57% of the initial MC concentration. However, detectable concentrations remained beyond 24 h, likely in association with the digestive-gland contents, which can be retained up to 100 h. Long-term MC loss was biphasic at two ambient temperatures. The greatest change (fast phase) occurred over the first 3 d after exposure. By 6 d, the cumulative MC loss from L. stagnalis was 80 and 95% at 10 and 22 degrees C, respectively. Toxin loss over this period was attributed to egestion of indigestible cells/colonies from gizzard and cecum, as well as elimination of unassimilated MC-laden fragments and vacuolate excretion of residues from the digestive gland. The fast-phase depuration rate constant was significantly higher at 22 than at 10 degrees C, indicating an influence of ambient temperature on the rate of toxin loss from pulmonate snails. Depuration continued at slower rates until 30 d, when most (97.5 and 99.5% at 10 and 22 degrees C, respectively) of the initial MC was eliminated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald W Zurawell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta.
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12
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Thomas J. Particle selection by snail hosts of human schistosomes in relation to their survival strategies and possible control by ‘environmental antibodies’. J Appl Ecol 2001. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2664.2001.00622.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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13
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Complex Fish-Snail-Epiphyton Interactions and Their Effects on Submerged Freshwater Macrophytes. THE STRUCTURING ROLE OF SUBMERGED MACROPHYTES IN LAKES 1998. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4612-0695-8_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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14
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The feeding strategies of juvenile and adult
Biomphalaria glabrata
(Say) under simulated natural conditions and their relevance to ecological theory and snail control. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1098/rspb.1985.0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Aspects of the feeding biology of the freshwater pulmonate snail
Biomphalaria glabrata
were studied under simulated natural conditions in the laboratory by examining crop and rectal contents, the mouth parts of the snail and its method of feeding when presented with a variety of potential food items. The results confirm the generalization that freshwater pulmonate snails, such as
B
.
glabrata
, subsist mainly by selecting decaying macrophyte tissue, colonial diatoms and smaller green algae in preference to living macrophyte tissue, filamentous green algae, or small adpressed forms of epiphytic diatoms and epiphytic bacteria. The generalist feeding strategy adopted by
B
.
glabrata
can be related to the morphology of the mouth parts and to its feeding behaviour. The adult snail has a total of about 4425 radula teeth (in 75 transverse rows each with 59 teeth) whose dimensions are of the same order of magnitude as diatoms, with narrow gaps in between, thus making the radula an ideal system for scraping the larger, colonial diatoms from the surface of freshwater macrophytes, but not the smaller adpressed diatoms or bacteria. The snails show considerable flexibility in the use of the mouth parts. Thus, the extent of the area grazed by the radula can be regulated by changes in the direction or velocity of the head movements. The latter may be either straight or pendular while the number of bites per sweep can be varied from two to nine. The dorsal mandible may also be used independently for scraping epiphytic algae. Living macrophyte tissue is cut by the backwardly directed power stroke of the radula, sometimes acting in opposition to the dorsal mandible, whereas the flaccid decaying macrophyte tissue can be ingested by a pumping action with minimal use of the radula. The costs and benefits of the various strategies are discussed. There are marked differences between the feeding niches of juvenile and adult
B
.
glabrata
as the former eat less living macrophyte tissue and fewer species of large diatoms but much larger quantities of decaying plant material than their adult conspecifics. These ontogenetic changes can be related to variations in the relative growth rate of the odontophore and their chemoreception niches. The ratio of the abundance of food items in the crop to the rectum indicate that macrophyte tissue is probably used almost completely but that the green algae
Scenedesmus
and
Rhizoclonium
may pass through the gut undigested. Many of the diatom species are also resistant to digestion. The sizes of particles ingested vary from 0.026 to 0.78 mm
2
the latter being the largest the snails are capable of swallowing. As the snails prefer flaccid material it is suggested that controlled release formulations, designed to kill target snails selectively, should be of this consistency and the above size range. The results are discussed within the context of the hypothesis that the snails, the macrophytes, their epiphytic algae and the bacteria involved in decomposition are components of a module with six subsets (Paine 1980). Evidence is given that the linkage between each of the subsets are strongly mutualistic, and that they involve the release and use of dissolved organic matter. It is argued that these positive interactions must be taken into account when constructing models to explain stability and complexity of communities.
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15
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Streit B. Energy flow and community structure in freshwater ecosystems. Cell Mol Life Sci 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02143196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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16
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Rueda AA, Slansky F, Wheeler GS. Compensatory feeding response of the slug Sarasinula plebeia to dietary dilution. Oecologia 1991; 88:181-188. [PMID: 28312130 DOI: 10.1007/bf00320809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/1991] [Accepted: 05/28/1991] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Like many polyphagous herbivores, individuals of Sarasinula plebeia (Fischer) (Soleolifera: Veronicellidae) consume a variety of plant species that may differ in nutritional content. In this study we determined the ability of these slugs to compensate for such variation in diet composition. Dilution with water of an agar-based diet containing commercial guinea pig food or carrot root to obtain dry weights (dw) of 90, 70, 40 and 10% of diet fresh weight (fw), caused immature slugs to consume increasingly more fresh weight of food [as much as 4.7-(guinea pig) to 6.1-fold (carrot) more]. Dry weight consumption and body mass-relative dry weight consumption rate also increased at intermediate dilutions, buth with further dilution, dry weight intake declined despite the greater fresh weight consumption. At each dilution level, slugs fed the guinea pig diet consumed from ca. 5-to 6.4-fold more fresh weight than the carrotfed slugs. The former grew substantially, with their final biomass and body mass-relative growth rate varying curvilinearly with diet % dw. If these slugs had not fed more but instead maintained the same fresh weight consumption as slugs in the 90% dw tretments, without altering food utilization efficiencies, then their biomass gain in the 70, 40 and 10% dw treatments would have been only about 62, 43, and 21%, respectively, of the values actually attained. In contrast, carrot-fed slugs did not grow and were only able to maintain their initial biomass. For each diet, slug tissue water (% fw) was highest in the most diluted treatment but did not differ significantly among the other dilution levels. Approximate digestibility of the carrot diet was highest at intermediate dilution levels (ca. 75% of ingested food was digested and absorbed); for the guinea pig diet, this efficiency declined linearly from about 66% to 59% with increased dilution. For slugs that grew (i.e., those fed the guinea pig diet), effeciences of converting digested (29-52%) and ingested (18-33%) food to dry biomass were both curvilinearly related to diet % dw. Thus, S. plebeia, like many other herbivores, has the capacity to increase food consumption substantially inresponse to reduced dietary nutrient level, allowing the slugs to cope with variable nutrient content in their food plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo A Rueda
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, 32611, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Frank Slansky
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, 32611, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Gregory S Wheeler
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, 32611, Gainesville, FL, USA
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19
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Thomas J. The comparative ecological biochemistry of sugar chemoreception and transport in freshwater snails and other aquatic organisms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(89)90050-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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20
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21
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Thomas JD, Kowalczyk C, Somasundaram B. The biochemical ecology of Biomphalaria glabrata, a snail host of Schistosoma mansoni: short chain carboxylic and amino acids as phagostimulants. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. A, COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 1989; 93:899-911. [PMID: 2570673 DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(89)90516-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
1. A buccal mass olfactometer was used to investigate the responses of the fresh-water pulmonate snail Biomphalaria glabrata to carboxylic and amino acids. 2. The snails proved very discriminating as only 6 (14.6%) of the 41 chemical species tested were effective as phagostimulants. These are ranked as follows in order of potency:- butanoate greater than propanoate greater than D-malate greater than 2-hydroxybutanoate = L-tartrate = L-aspartate. 3. The structure-activity relationships of the active compounds, and their significance to the ecology and control of the snails are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Thomas
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, UK
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22
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Thomas JD. An evaluation of the interactions between freshwater pulmonate snail hosts of human schistosomes and macrophytes. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 1987; 315:75-125. [PMID: 2883688 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.1987.0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
An account is given of a laboratory investigation designed to evaluate the extent to which the freshwater pulmonate snail Biomphalaria glabrata (Say) can utilize various species of aquatic plants, mainly macrophytes, when presented in the following forms over different time scales: normal plants; dried plant material; homogenized plant material in calcium alginate matrices; water-soluble filtrates of plant homogenates in the medium. The following propositions, derived from the theory of phased coevolution of components of the module consisting of the epiphytic bacteria, algae, snails and macrophytes, are evaluated on the basis of the present results and others including those obtained in this laboratory. That as the snails had become specialized to exploit surface communities of epiphytic algae, decaying plant material and dissolved organic matter (DOM) early in their evolutionary history they would continue to exploit these resources when they later become associated with aquatic macrophytes. That pulmonate snails would tend to be feeding generalists capable of adapting to food of varying chemical composition, given sufficient time, provided it was sufficiently small or flaccid. That although macrophytes and snails show a strong positive relationship, the living macrophyte tissue would be little used by the snails. That the hard outer envelope, inherited from their terrestrial ancestors, would remain as the major defence mechanism of aquatic macrophytes against attack by snails and other aquatic invertebrates. That aquatic macrophytes would invest little in the nutrient deficiency strategy to reduce attack by invertebrates such as snails. That truly aquatic submerged macrophytes would not possess secondary plant compounds (SPC) that would be molluscicidal. Emergent parts of subaquatic or aquatic plants might be expected to be better sources of SPC with molluscicidal factors than submerged aquatic plants. Species of epiphytic or planktonic algae might be better sources of SPC with molluscicidal effects than aquatic macrophytes. That the strategies developed by pulmonate snails for obtaining their energy supplies would not be conducive to rapid speciation. The analysis of the present and other related results supports these propositions. Predictions based on the theory of mutualism involving the snails, macrophytes and other components of the module also receive some support from an analysis of the present results. The additional empirical work that could be undertaken to test this theory is briefly discussed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Groenendijk A. Consumption of eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) by the isopod idotea chelipes (pallas) in lake Grevelingen, after the growing season. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/0077-7579(84)90011-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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24
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Aspects of feeding, including estimates of gut residence time, in three mytilid species (Bivalvia, Mollusca) at two contrasting sites in the Cape Peninsula, South Africa. Oecologia 1984; 64:26-33. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00377539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/1984] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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25
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Resource allocation and time budgeting in adults of the cockroach,Periplaneta americana: The interaction of behaviour and metabolic reserves. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1984. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02515514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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26
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27
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Rushton SP, Hassall M. Food and feeding rates of the terrestrial isopod Armadillidium vulgare (Latreille). Oecologia 1983; 57:415-419. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00377189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/1982] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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28
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The role of coprophagy in the feeding strategies of terrestrial isopods. Oecologia 1982; 53:374-381. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00389017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/1981] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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The effects of food and density on the nocturnal behaviour ofArion ater andAriolimax columbianus (Pulmonata: Stylommatophora). POPUL ECOL 1981. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02515633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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31
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Ingestion rate: An empirical model for aquatic deposit feeders and detritivores. Oecologia 1979; 44:303-310. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00545232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/1979] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Changes in protein, lipid, and carbohydrate content during starvation in the fresh-water limpetAncylus fluviatils (Basommatophora). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1978. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00687843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Lopez GR, Levinton JS. The availability of microorganisms attached to sediment particles as food for Hydrobia ventrosa Montagu (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia). Oecologia 1978; 32:263-275. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00345106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/1977] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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35
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Energy flow in four different field populations of Ancylus fluviatilis (Gastropoda-Basommatophora). Oecologia 1976; 22:261-273. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00344796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/1975] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Butler AJ. A shortage of food for the terrestrial snail Helicella virgata in South Australia. Oecologia 1976; 25:349-371. [PMID: 28309201 DOI: 10.1007/bf00345608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/1976] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Two field experiments were conducted to investigate the likelihood of snails experiencing a shortage of food. In the first experiment and in one by a previous worker, various measures of growth, reproduction, activity or survival decreased with increasing density of snails. These results appear inconsistent with the hypothesis of an absolute shortage of completely-accessible food. They could be explained by a modification of that hypothesis or by the hypothesis that snails at high density interfere with each other by means other than competition for food.The results of the second experiment suggest that the food naturally available on the study-area is of poor quality; the snails may experience a relative shortage of food, of the kind where food is abundant but much of it is low in nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Butler
- Department of Zoology, University of Adelaide, G.P.O., Box 498D, 5001, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Townsend CR. Strategic aspects of time allocation in the ecology of a freshwater pulmonate snail. Oecologia 1975; 19:105-115. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00369095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/1975] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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39
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Defaecation strategies of two freshwater gastropods, Ancylus fluviatilis M�ll. and Planorbis contortus Linn. (Pulmonata) with a comparsion of field and laboratory estimates of food absorption rate. Oecologia 1975; 20:51-63. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00364321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/1974] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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