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Fan XY, Wang XH, Xie FY, Ma JY, Ou XH, Luo SM. Cytokinesis During the First Division of a Mouse Embryo. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:815599. [PMID: 35178404 PMCID: PMC8843819 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.815599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell division consists of nuclear division (mitosis for somatic cells and meiosis for germ cells) and cytoplasmic division (cytokinesis). Embryonic developments are highly programmed, and thus, each cellular event during early embryo development is stable. For mouse embryos, the first time of mitosis is completed about 22 h after fertilization. However, it remains unclear when the embryo completes its first cytokinesis. Here, we microinjected only one cell in the 2-cell stage mouse embryos with mRNA, which encodes green fluorescence protein (GFP). By monitoring the GFP protein transport dynamics between the two cells, we demonstrated that the first time of cytokinesis in mouse embryos is completed about 15 h after mitosis, namely 37 h after fertilization. In addition, our results indicate that the cytoplasmic protein transport between daughter cells is very effective, which relies on microtubules instead of microfilaments in 2-cell mouse embryos. These results should enrich people’s understanding of the first cell division and cytoskeleton in mouse embryos and then learn more about the mechanisms of early embryo development in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yan Fan
- Fertility Preservation Lab, Reproductive Medicine Center, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong-Hong Kong Metabolism & Reproduction Joint Laboratory, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xing-Hua Wang
- Fertility Preservation Lab, Reproductive Medicine Center, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong-Hong Kong Metabolism & Reproduction Joint Laboratory, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feng-Yun Xie
- Fertility Preservation Lab, Reproductive Medicine Center, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong-Hong Kong Metabolism & Reproduction Joint Laboratory, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun-Yu Ma
- Fertility Preservation Lab, Reproductive Medicine Center, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong-Hong Kong Metabolism & Reproduction Joint Laboratory, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiang-Hong Ou
- Fertility Preservation Lab, Reproductive Medicine Center, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong-Hong Kong Metabolism & Reproduction Joint Laboratory, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shi-Ming Luo
- Fertility Preservation Lab, Reproductive Medicine Center, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong-Hong Kong Metabolism & Reproduction Joint Laboratory, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China
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Hawdon A, Aberkane A, Zenker J. Microtubule-dependent subcellular organisation of pluripotent cells. Development 2021; 148:272646. [PMID: 34710215 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
With the advancement of cutting-edge live imaging technologies, microtubule remodelling has evolved as an integral regulator for the establishment of distinct differentiated cells. However, despite their fundamental role in cell structure and function, microtubules have received less attention when unravelling the regulatory circuitry of pluripotency. Here, we summarise the role of microtubule organisation and microtubule-dependent events required for the formation of pluripotent cells in vivo by deciphering the process of early embryogenesis: from fertilisation to blastocyst. Furthermore, we highlight current advances in elucidating the significance of specific microtubule arrays in in vitro culture systems of pluripotent stem cells and how the microtubule cytoskeleton serves as a highway for the precise intracellular movement of organelles. This Review provides an informed understanding of the intrinsic role of subcellular architecture of pluripotent cells and accentuates their regenerative potential in combination with innovative light-inducible microtubule techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azelle Hawdon
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Asma Aberkane
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Jennifer Zenker
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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Huang TT, Huang DH, Ahn HJ, Arnett C, Huang CT. Early blastocyst expansion in euploid and aneuploid human embryos: evidence for a non-invasive and quantitative marker for embryo selection. Reprod Biomed Online 2019; 39:27-39. [PMID: 31130402 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2019.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
RESEARCH QUESTION How can the kinetics of human blastocyst expansion be used to evaluate an embryo's ploidy identified using preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A)? DESIGN This was a retrospective observational study of 188 autologous blastocysts from 34 sequential treatment cycles using PGT-A and blastocyst biopsy. Using time-lapse imaging, blastocyst expansion was evaluated using a quantitative standardized expansion assay (qSEA). Trophectoderm cell division was examined in selected, unbiopsied embryos (n = 7) to evaluate the contribution of mitosis to the expansion rate. RESULTS The averaged euploid blastocyst expansion rate was significantly (52.8%) faster than in aneuploid blastocysts (P = 0.0041). Scatterplots, representing 'expansion maps', revealed that both populations showed a similarly overlapping distribution of blastocyst formation times at 80-140 h from fertilization. Euploidy and aneuploidy were better distinguished in regions of higher and lower expansion, respectively, in expansion maps. Based upon the expansion slopes, rank-ordering of individual embryos within cohorts resulted in more than 90% euploid embryos in the first two ranks in patients less than 35 years of age. Additional detailed time-lapse image analysis provided evidence that rapid expansion was associated with robust, integrative cellular mitosis in trophectoderm cells. CONCLUSIONS The kinetics of human blastocyst expansion are related to an embryo's ploidy. These preliminary observations describe a new quantitative, non-invasive approach to embryo assessment that may be useful to identify single blastocysts for transfer, particularly in younger patient groups. However, this approach may also be useful for euploid embryo selection after PGT-A. The results support the hypothesis that aneuploidy universally impairs general cellular processes, including cell division, in differentiated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Tf Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Women's Health, John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu Hawaii, USA; Pacific In Vitro Fertilization Institute, Honolulu Hawaii, USA.
| | - David H Huang
- Pacific In Vitro Fertilization Institute, Honolulu Hawaii, USA
| | - Hyeong J Ahn
- Department of Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Hawaii John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu Hawaii, USA
| | - Christina Arnett
- Advanced Reproductive Center of Hawaii, Kapiolani Medical Center for Women and Children, Honolulu Hawaii, USA
| | - Christopher Tf Huang
- Advanced Reproductive Center of Hawaii, Kapiolani Medical Center for Women and Children, Honolulu Hawaii, USA
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Zenker J, White MD, Templin RM, Parton RG, Thorn-Seshold O, Bissiere S, Plachta N. A microtubule-organizing center directing intracellular transport in the early mouse embryo. Science 2018; 357:925-928. [PMID: 28860385 DOI: 10.1126/science.aam9335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The centrosome is the primary microtubule-organizing center (MTOC) of most animal cells; however, this organelle is absent during early mammalian development. Therefore, the mechanism by which the mammalian embryo organizes its microtubules (MTs) is unclear. We visualize MT bridges connecting pairs of cells and show that the cytokinetic bridge does not undergo stereotypical abscission after cell division. Instead, it serves as scaffold for the accumulation of the MT minus-end-stabilizing protein CAMSAP3 throughout interphase, thereby transforming this structure into a noncentrosomal MTOC. Transport of the cell adhesion molecule E-cadherin to the membrane is coordinated by this MTOC and is required to form the pluripotent inner mass. Our study reveals a noncentrosomal form of MT organization that directs intracellular transport and is essential for mammalian development.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zenker
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - M D White
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - R M Templin
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences and Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - R G Parton
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences and Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - O Thorn-Seshold
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - S Bissiere
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - N Plachta
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore. .,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Cruz YP. Role of ultrastructural studies in the analysis of cell lineage in the mammalian pre-implantation embryo. Microsc Res Tech 1992; 22:103-25. [PMID: 1617205 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.1070220108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Ultrastructural studies have contributed significantly to our understanding of cell lineage differentiation in the mammalian pre-implantation embryo. Such studies have documented, and continue to document, morphological, biochemical, and physiological characteristics of the cell lineages established during the pre-implantation period in eutherian embryos, principally that of the mouse. This review evaluates these contributions and identifies areas of study in which ultrastructural analysis is most likely to have an important role in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y P Cruz
- Department of Biology, Oberlin College, Ohio 44074
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Watson AJ, Damsky CH, Kidder GM. Differentiation of an epithelium: factors affecting the polarized distribution of Na+,K(+)-ATPase in mouse trophectoderm. Dev Biol 1990; 141:104-14. [PMID: 2167855 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(90)90105-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Na+,K(+)-ATPase is a marker of the basolateral plasma membrane domain of polarized epithelial cells, including the mural trophectoderm of the mammalian blastocyst (Watson and Kidder (1988). Dev. Biol. 126, 80-90). We have used this marker to explore the factors governing the establishment and maintenance of apical/basolateral polarity during differentiation of trophectoderm. A polyclonal antiserum (anti-GP80) against human cell-CAM 120/80, a homolog of the mouse cell-cell adhesion protein, uvomorulin, was used to prevent cell flattening (compaction) and formation of the epithelial junctional complex. The majority of treated embryos failed to develop a blastocoel; instead their blastomeres developed fluid-filled cavities that expanded while untreated control embryos were cavitating. Immunocytochemistry revealed that the catalytic subunit of Na+,K(+)-ATPase was contained within the membranes lining these cavities, as well as within numerous punctate foci in the cytoplasm. The down-regulation of expression of the enzyme that normally occurs in the ICM and polar trophectoderm did not take place, since the immunoreactivity remained equally strong in all blastomeres. The enzyme could not be detected in plasma membranes. We conclude that uvomorulin-mediated cell adhesion is involved in spatially restricting the expression of the catalytic subunit and is a prerequisite for the insertion of enzyme-laden vesicles into plasma membranes, but not for expression of the catalytic subunit gene. When fully developed blastocysts were treated with cytochalasins to disrupt the epithelial junctional complex, the catalytic subunit shifted from the basolateral to the apical plasma membrane. This finding suggests a primary role for the apical plasma membrane in the process of polarization, and implies that tight junctions are a manifestation of polarity that serve to maintain the separation between apical and basolateral markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Watson
- Department of Zoology, University of Western Ontario, London
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Abstract
Metaphase II (M II) mouse oocytes were subjected to a parthenogenetic stimulus (8% ethanol) or fertilized in vitro at various times following the extrusion of the first polar body. The oocytes progressively develop the ability for full activation. Their responsiveness to activation stimuli not only increases, but also changes qualitatively with time. Newly arrested oocytes do not respond at all; then, when the ability to undergo meiotic anaphase II first develops, the response is defective: following extrusion of the second polar body (II PB), the oocyte does not enter interphase but arrests again at metaphase (M III-arrest). Finally, oocytes gain the ability for full activation including the entry to interphase. Depending on the type of activating stimulus, oocytes exhibit the capacity for full activation at different ages. The oocyte arrest in M III is similar to M II and can be released by subsequent activation. Such oocytes undergo anaphase III, extrude a third polar body (III PB), and form an aneuploid female pronuclei.
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