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Haberyan KA. Observations on the Fall Movements of Isabella Moth Larvae (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae) in Northwest Missouri. AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST 2022. [DOI: 10.1674/0003-0031-188.2.244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kurt A. Haberyan
- Department of Natural Sciences, Northwest Missouri State University, Maryville, 64468
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2
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Cao R, Lu G, Zhang T, Li Z, Wu X, Sun S. Invertebrate herbivory accelerates shift towards forbs caused by warming in a sedge‐dominated alpine meadow. Ecosphere 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Cao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco‐Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection Huaiyin Normal University Huaian China
- Department of Ecology, School of Life Sciences Nanjing University Nanjing China
| | - Guihua Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco‐Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection Huaiyin Normal University Huaian China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco‐Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection Huaiyin Normal University Huaian China
| | - Zhengpeng Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco‐Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection Huaiyin Normal University Huaian China
| | - Xinwei Wu
- Department of Ecology, School of Life Sciences Nanjing University Nanjing China
| | - Shucun Sun
- Department of Ecology, School of Life Sciences Nanjing University Nanjing China
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3
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Konvicka M, Kuras T, Liparova J, Slezak V, Horázná D, Klečka J, Kleckova I. Low winter precipitation, but not warm autumns and springs, threatens mountain butterflies in middle-high mountains. PeerJ 2021; 9:e12021. [PMID: 34532158 PMCID: PMC8404571 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-elevation mountains represent unique model systems to study species endangered by climate warming, such as subalpine and alpine species of butterflies. We aimed to test the effect of climate variables experienced by Erebia butterflies during their development on adult abundances and phenology, targeting the key climate factors determining the population dynamics of mountain insects. We analysed data from a long-term monitoring of adults of two subalpine and alpine butterfly species, Erebia epiphron and E. sudetica (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae) in the Jeseník Mts and Krkonoše Mts (Czech Republic). Our data revealed consistent patterns in their responses to climatic conditions. Lower precipitation (i.e., less snow cover) experienced by overwintering larvae decreases subsequent adult abundances. Conversely, warmer autumns and warmer and drier springs during the active larval phase increase adult abundances and lead to earlier onset and extended duration of the flight season. The population trends of these mountain butterflies are stable or even increasing. On the background of generally increasing temperatures within the mountain ranges, population stability indicates dynamic equilibrium of positive and detrimental consequences of climate warming among different life history stages. These contradictory effects warn against simplistic predictions of climate change consequences on mountain species based only on predicted increases in average temperature. Microclimate variability may facilitate the survival of mountain insect populations, however the availability of suitable habitats will strongly depend on the management of mountain grasslands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Konvicka
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.,Institute of Entomology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Biology Centre, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Kuras
- Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Liparova
- Institute of Entomology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Biology Centre, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Vit Slezak
- Jeseníky Protected Landscape Area Administration, Jesenik, Czech Republic
| | - Dita Horázná
- Institute of Entomology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Biology Centre, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Klečka
- Institute of Entomology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Biology Centre, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Irena Kleckova
- Institute of Entomology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Biology Centre, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
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4
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Tremblay P, MacMillan HA, Kharouba HM. Autumn larval cold tolerance does not predict the northern range limit of a widespread butterfly species. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:8332-8346. [PMID: 34188890 PMCID: PMC8216912 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change is driving range shifts, and a lack of cold tolerance is hypothesized to constrain insect range expansion at poleward latitudes. However, few, if any, studies have tested this hypothesis during autumn when organisms are subjected to sporadic low-temperature exposure but may not have become cold-tolerant yet. In this study, we integrated organismal thermal tolerance measures into species distribution models for larvae of the Giant Swallowtail butterfly, Papilio cresphontes (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae), living at the northern edge of its actively expanding range. Cold hardiness of field-collected larvae was determined using three common metrics of cold-induced physiological thresholds: the supercooling point, critical thermal minimum, and survival following cold exposure. P. cresphontes larvae were determined to be tolerant of chilling but generally die at temperatures below their SCP, suggesting they are chill-tolerant or modestly freeze-avoidant. Using this information, we examined the importance of low temperatures at a broad scale, by comparing species distribution models of P. cresphontes based only on environmental data derived from other sources to models that also included the cold tolerance parameters generated experimentally. Our modeling revealed that growing degree-days and precipitation best predicted the distribution of P. cresphontes, while the cold tolerance variables did not explain much variation in habitat suitability. As such, the modeling results were consistent with our experimental results: Low temperatures in autumn are unlikely to limit the distribution of P. cresphontes. Understanding the factors that limit species distributions is key to predicting how climate change will drive species range shifts.
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5
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Dion-Phénix H, Charmantier A, de Franceschi C, Bourret G, Kembel SW, Réale D. Bacterial microbiota similarity between predators and prey in a blue tit trophic network. THE ISME JOURNAL 2021; 15:1098-1107. [PMID: 33580209 PMCID: PMC8115664 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-020-00836-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Trophic networks are composed of many organisms hosting microbiota that interact with their hosts and with each other. Yet, our knowledge of the factors driving variation in microbiota and their interactions in wild communities is limited. To investigate the relation among host microbiota across a trophic network, we studied the bacterial microbiota of two species of primary producers (downy and holm oaks), a primary consumer (caterpillars), and a secondary consumer (blue tits) at nine sites in Corsica. To quantify bacterial microbiota, we amplified 16S rRNA gene sequences in blue tit feces, caterpillars, and leaf samples. Our results showed that hosts from adjacent trophic levels had a more similar bacterial microbiota than hosts separated by two trophic levels. Our results also revealed a difference between bacterial microbiota present on the two oak species, and among leaves from different sites. The main drivers of bacterial microbiota variation within each trophic level differed across spatial scales, and sharing the same tree or nest box increased similarity in bacterial microbiota for caterpillars and blue tits. This study quantifies host microbiota interactions across a three-level trophic network and illustrates how the factors shaping bacterial microbiota composition vary among different hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Dion-Phénix
- grid.38678.320000 0001 2181 0211Département des sciences biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC Canada
| | - Anne Charmantier
- grid.433534.60000 0001 2169 1275CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, France
| | - Christophe de Franceschi
- grid.433534.60000 0001 2169 1275CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, France
| | - Geneviève Bourret
- grid.38678.320000 0001 2181 0211Département des sciences biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC Canada
| | - Steven W. Kembel
- grid.38678.320000 0001 2181 0211Département des sciences biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC Canada
| | - Denis Réale
- grid.38678.320000 0001 2181 0211Département des sciences biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC Canada
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6
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Acclimation temperature affects thermal reaction norms for energy reserves in Drosophila. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21681. [PMID: 33303846 PMCID: PMC7729904 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78726-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Organisms have evolved various physiological mechanisms to cope with unfavourable environmental conditions. The ability to tolerate non-optimal thermal conditions can be substantially improved by acclimation. In this study, we examined how an early-life acclimation to different temperatures (19 °C, 25 °C and 29 °C) influences thermal reaction norms for energy stores in Drosophila adults. Our results show that acclimation temperature has a significant effect on the amount of stored fat and glycogen (and their relative changes) and the optimal temperature for their accumulation. Individuals acclimated to 19 °C had, on average, more energy reserves than flies that were initially maintained at 25 °C or 29 °C. In addition, acclimation caused a shift in optimal temperature for energy stores towards acclimation temperature. We also detected significant population differences in this response. The effect of acclimation on the optimal temperature for energy stores was more pronounced in flies from the temperate climate zone (Slovakia) than in individuals from the tropical zone (India). Overall, we found that the acclimation effect was stronger after acclimation to low (19 °C) than to high (29 °C) temperature. The observed sensitivity of thermal reaction norms for energy reserves to acclimation temperature can have important consequences for surviving periods of food scarcity, especially at suboptimal temperatures.
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7
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Walker R, Wilder SM, González AL. Temperature dependency of predation: Increased killing rates and prey mass consumption by predators with warming. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:9696-9706. [PMID: 33005340 PMCID: PMC7520176 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Temperature dependency of consumer-resource interactions is fundamentally important for understanding and predicting the responses of food webs to climate change. Previous studies have shown temperature-driven shifts in herbivore consumption rates and resource preference, but these effects remain poorly understood for predatory arthropods. Here, we investigate how predator killing rates, prey mass consumption, and macronutrient intake respond to increased temperatures using a laboratory and a field reciprocal transplant experiment. Ectothermic predators, wolf spiders (Pardosa sp.), in the lab experiment, were exposed to increased temperatures and different prey macronutrient content (high lipid/low protein and low lipid/high protein) to assess changes in their killing rates and nutritional demands. Additionally, we investigate prey mass and lipid consumption by spiders under contrasting temperatures, along an elevation gradient. We used a field reciprocal transplant experiment between low (420 masl; 26°C) and high (2,100 masl; 15°C) elevations in the Ecuadorian Andes, using wild populations of two common orb-weaver spider species (Leucauge sp. and Cyclosa sp.) present along the elevation gradient. We found that killing rates of wolf spiders increased with warmer temperatures but were not significantly affected by prey macronutrient content, although spiders consumed significantly more lipids from lipid-rich prey. The field reciprocal transplant experiment showed no consistent predator responses to changes in temperature along the elevational gradient. Transplanting Cyclosa sp. spiders to low- or high-elevation sites did not affect their prey mass or lipid consumption rate, whereas Leucauge sp. individuals increased prey mass consumption when transplanted from the high to the low warm elevation. Our findings show that increases in temperature intensify predator killing rates, prey consumption, and lipid intake, but the responses to temperature vary between species, which may be a result of species-specific differences in their hunting behavior and sensitivity to temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Walker
- Department of BiologyRutgers UniversityCamdenNJUSA
| | - Shawn M. Wilder
- Department of Integrative BiologyOklahoma State UniversityStillwaterOKUSA
| | - Angélica L. González
- Department of BiologyRutgers UniversityCamdenNJUSA
- Center for Computational and Integrative BiologyRutgers UniversityCamdenNJUSA
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8
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Nelson D, Benstead JP, Huryn AD, Cross WF, Hood JM, Johnson PW, Junker JR, Gíslason GM, Ólafsson JS. Thermal niche diversity and trophic redundancy drive neutral effects of warming on energy flux through a stream food web. Ecology 2020; 101:e02952. [PMID: 31840236 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Climate warming is predicted to alter routing and flows of energy through food webs because of the critical and varied effects of temperature on physiological rates, community structure, and trophic dynamics. Few studies, however, have experimentally assessed the net effect of warming on energy flux and food web dynamics in natural intact communities. Here, we test how warming affects energy flux and the trophic basis of production in a natural invertebrate food web by experimentally heating a stream reach in southwest Iceland by ~4°C for 2 yr and comparing its response to an unheated reference stream. Previous results from this experiment showed that warming led to shifts in the structure of the invertebrate assemblage, with estimated increases in total metabolic demand but no change in annual secondary production. We hypothesized that elevated metabolic demand and invariant secondary production would combine to increase total consumption of organic matter in the food web, if diet composition did not change appreciably with warming. Dietary composition of primary consumers indeed varied little between streams and among years, with gut contents primarily consisting of diatoms (72.9%) and amorphous detritus (19.5%). Diatoms dominated the trophic basis of production of primary consumers in both study streams, contributing 79-86% to secondary production. Although warming increased the flux of filamentous algae within the food web, total resource consumption did not increase as predicted. The neutral net effect of warming on total energy flow through the food web was a result of taxon-level variation in responses to warming, a neutral effect on total invertebrate production, and strong trophic redundancy within the invertebrate assemblage. Thus, food webs characterized by a high degree of trophic redundancy may be more resistant to the effects of climate warming than those with more diverse and specialized consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Nelson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, 35487, USA
| | - Jonathan P Benstead
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, 35487, USA
| | - Alexander D Huryn
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, 35487, USA
| | - Wyatt F Cross
- Department of Ecology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, 59717, USA
| | - James M Hood
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, The Aquatic Ecology Laboratory, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43212, USA
| | - Philip W Johnson
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, 35487, USA
| | - James R Junker
- Department of Ecology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, 59717, USA
| | - Gísli M Gíslason
- Institute of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Jón S Ólafsson
- Marine and Freshwater Research Institute, Reykjavík, Iceland
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9
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Abstract
Temperature has a profound impact on animal physiology. In this study, we examined the effect of ambient temperature on the energy stores of the model organism Drosophila melanogaster. By exposing adult males to 11 temperatures between 13 °C and 33 °C, we found that temperature significantly affects the amount of energy reserves. Whereas flies increase their fat stores at intermediate temperatures, exposure to temperatures below 15 °C or above 27 °C causes a reduction of fat reserves. Moreover, we found that glycogen stores followed a similar trend, although not so pronounced. To elucidate the underlying mechanism of these changes, we compared the temperature dependence of food consumption and metabolic rate. This analysis revealed that food intake and metabolic rate scale with temperature equally, suggesting that the temperature-induced changes in energy reserves are probably not caused by a mismatch between these two traits. Finally, we assessed the effect of temperature on starvation resistance. We found that starvation survival is a negative exponential function of temperature; however we did not find any clear evidence that implies the relative starvation resistance is compromised at non-optimal temperatures. Our results indicate that whilst optimal temperatures can promote accumulation of energy reserves, exposure to non-optimal temperatures reduces Drosophila energy stores.
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10
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Effect of chronic low body temperature on feeding and gut passage in a plethodontid salamander. J Therm Biol 2017; 69:319-324. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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11
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Hammer TJ, Janzen DH, Hallwachs W, Jaffe SP, Fierer N. Caterpillars lack a resident gut microbiome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:9641-9646. [PMID: 28830993 PMCID: PMC5594680 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1707186114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Many animals are inhabited by microbial symbionts that influence their hosts' development, physiology, ecological interactions, and evolutionary diversification. However, firm evidence for the existence and functional importance of resident microbiomes in larval Lepidoptera (caterpillars) is lacking, despite the fact that these insects are enormously diverse, major agricultural pests, and dominant herbivores in many ecosystems. Using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and quantitative PCR, we characterized the gut microbiomes of wild leaf-feeding caterpillars in the United States and Costa Rica, representing 124 species from 15 families. Compared with other insects and vertebrates assayed using the same methods, the microbes that we detected in caterpillar guts were unusually low-density and variable among individuals. Furthermore, the abundance and composition of leaf-associated microbes were reflected in the feces of caterpillars consuming the same plants. Thus, microbes ingested with food are present (although possibly dead or dormant) in the caterpillar gut, but host-specific, resident symbionts are largely absent. To test whether transient microbes might still contribute to feeding and development, we conducted an experiment on field-collected caterpillars of the model species Manduca sexta Antibiotic suppression of gut bacterial activity did not significantly affect caterpillar weight gain, development, or survival. The high pH, simple gut structure, and fast transit times that typify caterpillar digestive physiology may prevent microbial colonization. Moreover, host-encoded digestive and detoxification mechanisms likely render microbes unnecessary for caterpillar herbivory. Caterpillars illustrate the potential ecological and evolutionary benefits of independence from symbionts, a lifestyle that may be widespread among animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobin J Hammer
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309;
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309
| | - Daniel H Janzen
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Winnie Hallwachs
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | | | - Noah Fierer
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309
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Birkemoe T, Bergmann S, Hasle TE, Klanderud K. Experimental warming increases herbivory by leaf-chewing insects in an alpine plant community. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:6955-6962. [PMID: 28725372 PMCID: PMC5513215 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate warming is predicted to affect species and trophic interactions worldwide, and alpine ecosystems are expected to be especially sensitive to changes. In this study, we used two ongoing climate warming (open-top chambers) experiments at Finse, southern Norway, to examine whether warming had an effect on herbivory by leaf-chewing insects in an alpine Dryas heath community. We recorded feeding marks on the most common vascular plant species in warmed and control plots at two experimental sites at different elevations and carried out a brief inventory of insect herbivores. Experimental warming increased herbivory on Dryas octopetala and Bistorta vivipara. Dryas octopetala also experienced increased herbivory at the lower and warmer site, indicating an overall positive effect of warming, whereas B. vivipara experienced an increased herbivory at the colder and higher site indicating a mixed effect of warming. The Lepidoptera Zygaena exulans and Sympistis nigrita were the two most common leaf-chewing insects in the Dryas heath. Based on the observed patterns of herbivory, the insects life cycles and feeding preferences, we argue that Z. exulans is the most important herbivore on B. vivipara, and S. nigrita the most important herbivore on D. octopetala. We conclude that if the degree of insect herbivory increases in a warmer world, as suggested by this study and others, complex interactions between plants, insects, and site-specific conditions make it hard to predict overall effects on plant communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tone Birkemoe
- Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management Norwegian University of Life Sciences P.O. Box 5003 N-1432 Ås Norway
| | - Saskia Bergmann
- Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management Norwegian University of Life Sciences P.O. Box 5003 N-1432 Ås Norway
| | - Toril E Hasle
- Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management Norwegian University of Life Sciences P.O. Box 5003 N-1432 Ås Norway
| | - Kari Klanderud
- Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management Norwegian University of Life Sciences P.O. Box 5003 N-1432 Ås Norway
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Van De Velde H, Nijs I, Bonte D. Warming affects different components of plant-herbivore interaction in a simplified community but not net interaction strength. OIKOS 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.03415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Helena Van De Velde
- Research group Plant and Vegetation Ecology, Dept of Biology; Univ. of Antwerp; Universiteitsplein 1 BE-2610 Wilrijk Belgium
- Dept of Biology; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
| | - Ivan Nijs
- Research group Plant and Vegetation Ecology, Dept of Biology; Univ. of Antwerp; Universiteitsplein 1 BE-2610 Wilrijk Belgium
| | - Dries Bonte
- Dept of Biology; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
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14
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Marvin GA, Davis K, Dawson J. Effect of acute low body temperature on predatory behavior and prey-capture efficiency in a plethodontid salamander. Physiol Behav 2016; 158:121-7. [PMID: 26939728 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The low-temperature limit for feeding in some salamander species (Desmognathus, Plethodontidae) has been inferred from field studies of seasonal variation in salamander activity and gut contents, which could not determine whether feeding is more dependent on environmental conditions influencing salamander foraging behavior or prey availability and movement. We performed two controlled laboratory experiments to examine the effect of short-term (acute) low body temperature on predatory behavior and prey-capture efficiency in a semiaquatic plethodontid salamander (Desmognathus conanti). In the first experiment, we quantified variation in the feeding responses of cold salamanders (at 1, 3, 5 and 7°C) to a video recording of a walking, warm (15°C) cricket to determine the lower thermal limit for predatory behavior, independent of any temperature effect on movement of prey. Experimental-group salamanders exhibited vigorous feeding responses at 5 and 7°C, large variation in feeding responses both among and within individuals (over time) at 3°C, and little to no feeding response at 1°C. Feeding responses at both 1 and 3°C were significantly less than at each higher temperature, whereas responses of control-group individuals at 15°C did not vary over time. In the second experiment, we quantified feeding by cold salamanders (at 3, 5, 7 and 11°C) on live, warm crickets to examine thermal effects on prey-capture ability. The mean feeding response to live crickets was significantly less at 3°C than at higher temperatures; however, 50% of salamanders captured and ingested prey with high efficiency at this temperature. We conclude that many individuals stalk and capture prey at very low temperatures (down to 3°C). Our results support a growing body of data that indicate many plethodontid salamanders feed at temperatures only a few degrees above freezing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn A Marvin
- Department of Biology, University of North Alabama, Box 5048, 1 Harrison Plaza, Florence, AL 35632-0002, USA.
| | - Kayla Davis
- Department of Biology, University of North Alabama, Box 5048, 1 Harrison Plaza, Florence, AL 35632-0002, USA
| | - Jacob Dawson
- Department of Biology, University of North Alabama, Box 5048, 1 Harrison Plaza, Florence, AL 35632-0002, USA
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15
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Barrio IC, Bueno CG, Hik DS. Warming the tundra: reciprocal responses of invertebrate herbivores and plants. OIKOS 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.02190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel C. Barrio
- Dept of Biological Sciences; Univ. of Alberta; Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9 Canada
| | - C. Guillermo Bueno
- Dept of Biological Sciences; Univ. of Alberta; Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9 Canada
| | - David S. Hik
- Dept of Biological Sciences; Univ. of Alberta; Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9 Canada
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16
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Kozlov MV, Filippov BY, Zubrij NA, Zverev V. Abrupt changes in invertebrate herbivory on woody plants at the forest–tundra ecotone. Polar Biol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-015-1655-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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18
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Barrio IC, Hik DS, Peck K, Bueno CG. After the frass: foraging pikas select patches previously grazed by caterpillars. Biol Lett 2013; 9:20130090. [PMID: 23616644 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2013.0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions among herbivores can shape the structure of their communities and drive their dynamics. However, detecting herbivore interactions can be challenging when they are deferred in space or time. Moreover, interactions among distantly related groups of herbivores, such as vertebrates and invertebrates, are poorly understood. We investigated the effect of invertebrate herbivory on the subsequent foraging choices of a small alpine-dwelling vertebrate, the collared pika (Ochotona collaris). We carried out a field experiment within pika territories, by presenting them with a choice of foraging sites following manipulation of invertebrate (caterpillar) herbivory. Pikas actively selected areas with increased, recent invertebrate herbivory. While the underlying mechanisms behind this interaction remain unknown, our results demonstrate a positive effect of invertebrate herbivores on subsequent vertebrate foraging preferences for the first time. Even among distantly related taxa, such interactions where one herbivore is cueing on the foraging of another, could drive the creation of herbivory hotspots, with cascading consequences for ecosystem processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel C Barrio
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada T6G2E9.
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Pincebourde S, Casas J. Leaf miner-induced changes in leaf transmittance cause variations in insect respiration rates. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2006; 52:194-201. [PMID: 16293262 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2005.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2005] [Revised: 09/15/2005] [Accepted: 10/04/2005] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Very little is known about alterations in microclimate when an herbivore feeds on host plant. Modifications of leaf transmittance properties induced by feeding activity of the leaf miner Phyllonorycter blancardella F. were measured using a spectrometer. Their effects on the herbivore's body temperature and respiration rate have been determined under controlled conditions and varying radiation level employing an infrared gas analyser. By feeding within leaf tissues, a miner induces the formation of feeding windows which transmit a large portion of incoming radiations within a mine. As a result, body temperature and respiration rate increase with radiation level when positioned below feeding windows. Therefore, the miner is not always protected from radiations despite living within plant tissues. The amount of CO(2) released by larvae below feeding windows at high radiation levels is about five-fold that recorded in the dark. By contrast, body temperature and respiration rate increase only slightly with radiation level when the insect is positioned below intact tissues through which radiation is only weakly transmitted. A mine offers its inhabitant a heterogeneous light environment that allows the insect larva to thermoregulate through behavioural modification. Our results highlight the importance of physical feedbacks induced by herbivory which alter significantly an insect's metabolism independently of its nutritional state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Pincebourde
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte (IRBI, CNRS UMR 6035), Université François Rabelais, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, 37200 Tours, France.
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Nice CC, Fordyce JA. How caterpillars avoid overheating: behavioral and phenotypic plasticity of pipevine swallowtail larvae. Oecologia 2005; 146:541-8. [PMID: 16133191 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-005-0229-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2005] [Accepted: 07/25/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that larvae of the pipevine swallowtail butterfly, Battus philenor, employ behavioral and phenotypic plasticity as thermoregulatory strategies. These larvae are phenotypically varied across their range with predominantly black larvae (southeastern USA and California) and red larvae (western Texas, Arizona) occurring in different regions. Two years of field observations in south Texas indicate that the proportion of red larvae increases with increasing daily temperatures as the growing season progresses. Larvae were also observed to shift their microhabitats by climbing on non-host vegetation and avoided excessive heat in their feeding microhabitat. Larvae of ten half-sib families from populations in south Texas and California, reared under different temperature regimes in common garden experiments, exhibited plasticity in larval phenotype, with larvae from both populations producing the red phenotype at temperatures greater than 30 degrees C and maintaining the black phenotype at cooler temperatures. However, larvae from Texas were more tolerant of higher temperatures, showing no decrease in growth rate in the highest temperature (maximum seasonal temperature) treatment, compared to the California population. In a field experiment, black larvae were found to have higher body temperatures when exposed to sunlight compared to red larvae. These results suggest that microhabitat shifts and the color polyphenism observed in pipevine swallowtail larvae may be the adaptive strategies that enable larvae to avoid critical thermal maximum temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris C Nice
- Department of Biology, Population and Conservation Biology Program, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, 78666, USA.
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Loon JJAV. Nutritional ecology of insect-plant interactions: persistent handicaps and the need for innovative approaches. OIKOS 2005. [DOI: 10.1111/j.0030-1299.2005.13079.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Levin DB, Danks HV, Barber SA. Variations in mitochondrial DNA and gene transcription in freezing-tolerant larvae of Eurosta solidaginis (Diptera: Tephritidae) and Gynaephora groenlandica (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae). INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2003; 12:281-289. [PMID: 12752662 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2583.2003.00413.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Respiration, mitochondrial (mt)DNA content, and mitochondrial-specific RNA expression in fat body cells from active and cold-adapted larvae of the goldenrod gall fly, Eurosta solidaginis, and the Arctic woolly bear caterpillar, Gynaephora groenlandica, were compared. Reduced amounts of mtDNA were observed in cold-adapted larvae of both E. solidaginis and G. groenlandica collected in fall or winter, compared with summer-collected larvae. mtDNA increased to levels similar to those of summer-collected larvae after incubation at 10 degrees C or 15 degrees C for 5 h. Mitochondrial-specific RNAs (COI and 16S) were observed in fat body cells of both active and cold-adapted E. solidaginis larvae. Our results suggest that mitochondrial proteins required for respiration may be restored rapidly from stable RNAs present in overwintering larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Levin
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, B.C., Canada.
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Zalucki MP, Clarke AR, Malcolm SB. Ecology and behavior of first instar larval Lepidoptera. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2002; 47:361-93. [PMID: 11729079 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ento.47.091201.145220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Neonate Lepidoptera are confronted with the daunting task of establishing themselves on a food plant. The factors relevant to this process need to be considered at spatial and temporal scales relevant to the larva and not the investigator. Neonates have to cope with an array of plant surface characters as well as internal characters once the integument is ruptured. These characters, as well as microclimatic conditions, vary within and between plant modules and interact with larval feeding requirements, strongly affecting movement behavior, which may be extensive even for such small organisms. In addition to these factors, there is an array of predators, pathogens, and parasitoids with which first instars must contend. Not surprisingly, mortality in neonates is high but can vary widely. Experimental and manipulative studies, as well as detailed observations of the animal, are vital if the subtle interaction of factors responsible for this high and variable mortality are to be understood. These studies are essential for an understanding of theories linking female oviposition behavior with larval survival, plant defense theory, and population dynamics, as well as modern crop resistance breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myron P Zalucki
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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Abstract
Host plant quality is a key determinant of the fecundity of herbivorous insects. Components of host plant quality (such as carbon, nitrogen, and defensive metabolites) directly affect potential and achieved herbivore fecundity. The responses of insect herbivores to changes in host plant quality vary within and between feeding guilds. Host plant quality also affects insect reproductive strategies: Egg size and quality, the allocation of resources to eggs, and the choice of oviposition sites may all be influenced by plant quality, as may egg or embryo resorption on poor-quality hosts. Many insect herbivores change the quality of their host plants, affecting both inter- and intraspecific interactions. Higher-trophic level interactions, such as the performance of predators and parasitoids, may also be affected by host plant quality. We conclude that host plant quality affects the fecundity of herbivorous insects at both the individual and the population scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline S Awmack
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 237 Russell Labs, 1630 Linden Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
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Kukal O. Winter mortality and the function of larval hibernacula during the 14-year life cycle of an arctic moth,Gynaephora groenlandica. CAN J ZOOL 1995. [DOI: 10.1139/z95-077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Larvae of the arctic moth Gynaephora groenlandica stop feeding and spin silk hibernacula before the peak of summer season in the Canadian High Arctic Archipelago. This study examines the function of these hibernacula in relation to the biotic and abiotic mortality factors of parasitism and temperature. Winter mortality of 10% among larvae in cages on the tundra was compared with previous results on parasitism (56% mortality). Prior to winter, the cages were used to record larval behaviour and the location of hibernacula. The majority of the larvae (81%) spun hibernacula, most of which were concealed between the stems of arctic heather, Cassiope tetragona. Fewer hibernacula were found on the primary host plant, arctic willow, Salix arctica, than on C. tetragona or Dryas integrifolia, which formed the dominant plant cover. Nearly one-half of all the larvae that spun hibernacula made joint hibernacula with other larvae. Frequency of larvae sharing hibernacula declined with increasing numbers of larvae per cage. At low population density about half of the larvae occupied communal hibernacula, whereas only one-quarter of the larvae at high density shared hibernacula. In most cases only 2 larvae spun a common hibernaculum, 3 larvae shared hibernacula less frequently, and greater numbers of larvae were rarely found in a single hibernaculum. Unlike the high excess body temperatures usually achieved through thermoregulation by feeding larvae and pupae, temperatures within hibernacula were nearly identical with those of the surrounding substrate over 18 h and rose < 5 °C during the afternoon. This study suggests that larval hibernacula lower summer and winter mortality of G. groenlandica larvae. Hibernacula are an effective barrier to parasitism, which is the primary mortality factor. Furthermore, the behavioural shift from feeding to spinning hibernacula may prevent energy depletion by inducing metabolic depression during mid to late summer, which may be essential for winter survival.
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Kukal O, Duman JG, Serianni AS. Cold-induced mitochondrial degradation and cryoprotectant synthesis in freeze-tolerant arctic caterpillars. J Comp Physiol B 1989; 158:661-71. [PMID: 2715455 DOI: 10.1007/bf00693004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The larvae of Gynaephora groenlandica, a long-lived moth endemic to the high arctic, are perennially freeze-tolerant and able to increase their freeze-tolerance by synthesizing glycerol. Cold-induced mitochondrial changes were correlated (using electron microscopy, DNA staining, cytochrome c assay, and oxygen uptake) with glycerol production (using NMR spectroscopy) in larvae under different acclimations and in the field. Hypometabolism in summer- or warm-acclimated larvae led to glycerol accumulation. Extended exposure to near-zero or freezing temperatures caused mitochondrial degradation and glycerol accumulation. Rapid freezing of warm-acclimated larvae did not result in mitochondrial breakdown. Mitochondrial reconstitution upon warm-acclimation occurred much more rapidly (less than 1 week) than did degradation (greater than 2 months). Concomitant with mitochondrial breakdown was reduced oxidative metabolism, but the cytochrome c concentration remained independent of acclimation temperature. The adaptive response to cold by mitochondrial degradation and glycerol accumulation by G. groenlandica may be linked to diapause in other species of ectotherms.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Kukal
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Indiana 46556
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Kukal O, Serianni AS, Duman JG. Glycerol metabolism in a freeze-tolerant arctic insect: an in vivo 13C NMR study. J Comp Physiol B 1988; 158:175-83. [PMID: 3170824 DOI: 10.1007/bf01075831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Freeze-tolerance in larvae of Gynaephora groenlandica is enhanced by the accumulation of glycerol in the winter. Since summer larvae remain freeze-tolerant despite the lack of glycerol, we investigated glycerol metabolism as a function of acclimation and body temperature using noninvasive 13C NMR spectroscopy. Major constituents of hemolymph isolated from cold- and warm-acclimated larvae were identified with the aid of standard NMR spectra and confirmed by TLC and GLC. Spectra obtained on live, warm-acclimated larvae showed the presence of lipids, glycogen, glucose, trehalose and amino acids. Similar spectra of cold-acclimated or previously frozen larvae showed the additional presence of glycerol. In vitro time-lapse 13C spectra of D-[1-13C]glucose added separately to hemolymph or extracted fat body tissue showed that glycerol is synthesized from glucose in the fat body tissue and distributed to the peripheral tissue via hemolymph. In vivo time-lapse 13C spectra of cold- and warm-acclimated larvae were obtained after injection with D-[1-13C]glucose to monitor the production of labeled metabolic intermediates and end-products. [13C]Glycerol was produced between -30 degrees C and 30 degrees C but accumulated only below 5 degrees C. Above 5 degrees C glycerol was degraded and the 13C label incorporated mainly into glycogen. The mechanism underlying temperature control of glycerol biosynthesis and degradation may provide a clue to the role of glycerol in enhancing freeze-tolerance in these insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Kukal
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Indiana 46556
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