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Ke C, Gong LX, Geng Y, Wang ZQ, Zhang WJ, Feng J, Jiang TL. Patterns and correlates of potential range shifts of bat species in China in the context of climate change. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2024:e14310. [PMID: 38842221 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.14310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Climate change may diminish biodiversity; thus, it is urgent to predict how species' ranges may shift in the future by integrating multiple factors involving more taxa. Bats are particularly sensitive to climate change due to their high surface-to-volume ratio. However, few studies have considered geographic variables associated with roost availability and even fewer have linked the distributions of bats to their thermoregulation and energy regulation traits. We used species distribution models to predict the potential distributions of 12 bat species in China under current and future greenhouse gas emission scenarios (SSP1-2.6 and SSP5-8.5) and examined factors that could affect species' range shifts, including climatic, geographic, habitat, and human activity variables and wing surface-to-mass ratio (S-MR). The results suggest that Ia io, Rhinolophus ferrumequinum, and Rhinolophus rex should be given the highest priority for conservation in future climate conservation strategies. Most species were predicted to move northward, except for I. io and R. rex, which moved southward. Temperature seasonality, distance to forest, and distance to karst or cave were the main environmental factors affecting the potential distributions of bats. We found significant relationships between S-MR and geographic distribution, current potential distribution, and future potential distribution in the 2050s. Our work highlights the importance of analyzing range shifts of species with multifactorial approaches, especially for species traits related to thermoregulation and energy regulation, to provide targeted conservation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Ke
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology of Education Ministry, Institute of Grassland Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Li-Xin Gong
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology of Education Ministry, Institute of Grassland Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Yang Geng
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology of Education Ministry, Institute of Grassland Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Wang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology of Education Ministry, Institute of Grassland Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Wen-Jun Zhang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology of Education Ministry, Institute of Grassland Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiang Feng
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology of Education Ministry, Institute of Grassland Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Ting-Lei Jiang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology of Education Ministry, Institute of Grassland Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
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2
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Zuo Y, Southard M, Xu Q, Zhang G, Skibinski E, Moon N, Gan L, Chen Y, Jiang L. Cell size-dependent species sensitivity to nanoparticles underlies changes in phytoplankton diversity and productivity. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2024; 30:e17049. [PMID: 37988188 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticle pollution has been shown to affect various organisms. However, the effects of nanoparticles on species interactions, and the role of species traits, such as body size, in modulating these effects, are not well-understood. We addressed this issue using competing freshwater phytoplankton species exposed to copper oxide nanoparticles. Increasing nanoparticle concentration resulted in decreased phytoplankton species growth rates and community productivity (both abundance and biomass). Importantly, we consistently found that nanoparticles had greater negative effects on species with smaller cell sizes, such that nanoparticle pollution weakened the competitive dominance of smaller species and promoted species diversity. Moreover, nanoparticles reduced the growth rate differences and competitive ability differences of competing species, while having little effect on species niche differences. Consequently, nanoparticle pollution reduced the selection effect on phytoplankton community abundance, but increased the selection effect on community biomass. Our results suggest cell size as a key functional trait to consider when predicting phytoplankton community structure and ecosystem functioning in the face of increasing nanopollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiping Zuo
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Michael Southard
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Qianna Xu
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Guangxing Zhang
- The Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Emily Skibinski
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Lan Gan
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Yongsheng Chen
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Lin Jiang
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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3
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Couret M, Landeira JM, Tuset VM, Sarmiento-Lezcano AN, Vélez-Belchí P, Hernández-León S. Mesozooplankton size structure in the Canary Current System. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 188:105976. [PMID: 37054510 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2023.105976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Changes in plankton composition influences the dynamics of marine food webs and carbon sinking rates. Understanding the core structure and function of the plankton distribution is of paramount importance to know their role in trophic transfer and efficiency. Here, we studied the zooplankton distribution, abundance, composition, and size spectra for the characterization of the community under different oceanographic conditions in the Canaries-African Transition Zone (C-ATZ). This region is a transition zone between the coastal upwelling and the open ocean showing a high variability because of the physical, chemical, and biological changes between eutrophic and oligotrophic conditions through the annual cycle. During the late winter bloom (LWB), chlorophyll a and primary production were higher compared to that of the stratified season (SS), especially in the upwelling influenced area. Abundance distribution analysis clustered stations into two main groups according to the season (productive versus stratified season), and one group sampled in the upwelling influenced area. Size-spectra analysis showed steeper slopes during daytime in the SS, suggesting a less structured community and a higher trophic efficiency during the LWB due to the favorable oceanographic conditions. We also observed a significant difference between day and nighttime size spectra due to community change during diel vertical migration. Cladocera were the key taxa differentiating an Upwelling-group, from a LWB- and SS-group. These two latter groups were differentiated by Salpidae and Appendicularia mainly. Data obtained in this study suggested that abundance composition might be useful when describing community taxonomic changes, while size-spectra gives an idea of the ecosystem structure, predatory interactions with higher trophic levels and shifts in size structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Couret
- Instituto de Oceanografía y Cambio Global, IOCAG, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Unidad Asociada ULPGC-CSIC, Campus de Taliarte, 35214, Telde, Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain.
| | - José M Landeira
- Instituto de Oceanografía y Cambio Global, IOCAG, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Unidad Asociada ULPGC-CSIC, Campus de Taliarte, 35214, Telde, Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Víctor M Tuset
- Instituto de Oceanografía y Cambio Global, IOCAG, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Unidad Asociada ULPGC-CSIC, Campus de Taliarte, 35214, Telde, Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Airam N Sarmiento-Lezcano
- Instituto de Oceanografía y Cambio Global, IOCAG, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Unidad Asociada ULPGC-CSIC, Campus de Taliarte, 35214, Telde, Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Pedro Vélez-Belchí
- Instituto Español de Oceanografia, CO Canarias, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Santiago Hernández-León
- Instituto de Oceanografía y Cambio Global, IOCAG, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Unidad Asociada ULPGC-CSIC, Campus de Taliarte, 35214, Telde, Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
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4
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Vagnon C, Rohr RP, Bersier LF, Cattanéo F, Guillard J, Frossard V. Combining food web theory and population dynamics to assess the impact of invasive species. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.913954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The impacts of invasive species on resident communities are driven by a tangle of ecological interactions difficult to quantify empirically. Combining a niche model with a population dynamic model, both allometrically parametrized, may represent a consistent framework to investigate invasive species impacts on resident communities in a food web context when empirical data are scarce. We used this framework to assess the ecological consequences of an invasive apex predator (Silurus glanis) in peri-Alpine lake food webs. Both increases and decreases of resident species abundances were highlighted and differed when accounting for different S. glanis body sizes. Complementarily, the prominence of indirect effects, such as trophic cascades, suggested that common approaches may only capture a restricted fraction of invasion consequences through direct predation or competition. By leveraging widely available biodiversity data, our approach may provide relevant insights for a comprehensive assessment and management of invasive species impacts on aquatic ecosystems.
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Daskin JH, Becker JA, Kartzinel TR, Potter AB, Walker RH, Eriksson FAA, Buoncore C, Getraer A, Long RA, Pringle RM. Allometry of behavior and niche differentiation among congeneric African antelopes. ECOL MONOGR 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua H. Daskin
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology Princeton University Princeton NJ USA
- Archbold Biological Station Venus FL USA
| | - Justine A. Becker
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology Princeton University Princeton NJ USA
- Department of Zoology & Physiology University of Wyoming Laramie WY USA
| | - Tyler R. Kartzinel
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology Brown University Providence RI USA
| | - Arjun B. Potter
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology Princeton University Princeton NJ USA
| | - Reena H. Walker
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences University of Idaho Moscow ID USA
| | | | - Courtney Buoncore
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology Princeton University Princeton NJ USA
| | - Alexander Getraer
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology Princeton University Princeton NJ USA
| | - Ryan A. Long
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences University of Idaho Moscow ID USA
| | - Robert M. Pringle
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology Princeton University Princeton NJ USA
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6
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Hořák D, Rivas-Salvador J, Farkač J, Reif J. Traits and ecological space availability predict avian densities at the country scale of the Czech Republic. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9119. [PMID: 35866025 PMCID: PMC9289119 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Species' geographical distributions and abundances are a central focus of current ecological research. Although multiple studies have been conducted on their elucidation, some important information is still missing. One of them is the knowledge of ecological traits of species responsible for the population density variations across geographical (i.e., total physical area) and ecological spaces (i.e., suitable habitat area). This is crucial for understanding how ecological specialization shapes the geographical distribution of species, and provides key knowledge about the sensitivity of species to current environmental challenges. Here, we precisely describe habitat availability for individual species using fine-scale field data collected across the entire Czech Republic. In the next step, we used this information to test the relationships between bird traits and country-scale estimates of population densities assessed in both geographical and ecological spaces. We did not find any effect of habitat specialization on avian density in geographical space. But when we recalculated densities for ecological space available, we found a positive correlation with habitat specialization. Specialists occur at higher densities in suitable habitats. Moreover, birds with arboreal and hole-nesting strategies showed higher densities in both geographical and ecological spaces. However, we found no significant effects of morphological (body mass and structural body size) and reproductive (position along the slow-fast life-history continuum) traits on avian densities in either geographical or ecological space. Our findings suggest that ecological space availability is a strong determinant of avian abundance and highlight the importance of precise knowledge of species-specific habitat requirements. Revival of this classical but challenging ecological topic of habitat-specific densities is needed for both proper understanding of pure ecological issues and practical steps in the conservation of nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hořák
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science Charles University Prague Czech Republic
| | - Javier Rivas-Salvador
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science Charles University Prague Czech Republic
| | - Jan Farkač
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science Charles University Prague Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Reif
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science Charles University Prague Czech Republic.,Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science Palacký University Olomouc Czech Republic.,Czech Society for Ornithology Prague Czech Republic
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Rubalcaba JG, Gouveia SF, Villalobos F, Cruz-Neto AP, Castro MG, Amado TF, Martinez PA, Navas CA, Dobrovolski R, Diniz-Filho JAF, Olalla-Tárraga MÁ. Physical constraints on thermoregulation and flight drive morphological evolution in bats. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2103745119. [PMID: 35377801 PMCID: PMC9169619 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2103745119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Body size and shape fundamentally determine organismal energy requirements by modulating heat and mass exchange with the environment and the costs of locomotion, thermoregulation, and maintenance. Ecologists have long used the physical linkage between morphology and energy balance to explain why the body size and shape of many organisms vary across climatic gradients, e.g., why larger endotherms are more common in colder regions. However, few modeling exercises have aimed at investigating this link from first principles. Body size evolution in bats contrasts with the patterns observed in other endotherms, probably because physical constraints on flight limit morphological adaptations. Here, we develop a biophysical model based on heat transfer and aerodynamic principles to investigate energy constraints on morphological evolution in bats. Our biophysical model predicts that the energy costs of thermoregulation and flight, respectively, impose upper and lower limits on the relationship of wing surface area to body mass (S-MR), giving rise to an optimal S-MR at which both energy costs are minimized. A comparative analysis of 278 species of bats supports the model’s prediction that S-MR evolves toward an optimal shape and that the strength of selection is higher among species experiencing greater energy demands for thermoregulation in cold climates. Our study suggests that energy costs modulate the mode of morphological evolution in bats—hence shedding light on a long-standing debate over bats’ conformity to ecogeographical patterns observed in other mammals—and offers a procedure for investigating complex macroecological patterns from first principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan G. Rubalcaba
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1B1, Canada
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28933 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sidney F. Gouveia
- Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, 49100-000 Sergipe, Brazil
| | | | - Ariovaldo P. Cruz-Neto
- Departamento de Biodiversidade, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, 13506‐900 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mario G. Castro
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28933 Madrid, Spain
| | - Talita F. Amado
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28933 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo A. Martinez
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, 49100-000 Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Carlos A. Navas
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociência, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-090 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Dobrovolski
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 40170-115 Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | | | - Miguel Á. Olalla-Tárraga
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28933 Madrid, Spain
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8
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Wyenberg-Henzler T. Ecomorphospace occupation of large herbivorous dinosaurs from Late Jurassic through to Late Cretaceous time in North America. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13174. [PMID: 35433123 PMCID: PMC9009330 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Following the Late Jurassic, megaherbivore communities in North America undergo a dramatic turnover in faunal composition: sauropods decline to the point of becoming relatively minor components of ecosystems, stegosaurs become extinct, and hadrosaurids, ceratopsids and ankylosaurs rise in diversity and abundance. Although a variety of causes have been proposed to account for the dramatic decrease in sauropod diversity following the Late Jurassic and could have also been applicable to the disappearance of stegosaurs, the potential for competitive replacement of sauropods by hadrosauroids as an explanation has been previously dismissed due to morphological differences without further investigation. Using twelve ecomorphological correlates of the skull, this study provides a preliminary investigation into ecomorphospace occupation of major megaherbivore clades from the Late Jurassic through to the Late Cretaceous of North America and assess if morphological differences were enough to have potentially facilitated dietary niche partitioning between sauropods and iguanodontians and stegosaurs and ankylosaurs. Overlap in reconstructed ecomorphospace was observed between sauropods (particularly non-diplodocid sauropods) and iguanodontians, as would be expected if morphological differences were not enough to facilitate niche partitioning, contrary to original claims used to dismiss the competitive replacement hypothesis. Overlap was also observed between stegosaurs and ankylosaurs, particularly between Late Cretaceous ankylosaurs. Whether this overlap is reflective competitive replacement or opportunistic occupation of recently vacated niches will require further assessment as sampling of some clades prior to the Late Cretaceous is too poor to make a reliable assessment and several underlying assumptions necessary for competition to occur (e.g., resource limitation) still need investigation. Teasing out the cause(s) of the 'sauropod decline' and extinction of stegosaurs in North America following the Late Jurassic will require future research not only into the competitive exclusion hypothesis, but other hypotheses as well with better sampling from Early Cretaceous and Late Jurassic intervals.
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Kraus D, Brandl R, Achilles S, Bendix J, Grigusova P, Larsen A, Pliscoff P, Übernickel K, Farwig N. Vegetation and vertebrate abundance as drivers of bioturbation patterns along a climate gradient. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0264408. [PMID: 35245302 PMCID: PMC8896722 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioturbators shape their environment with considerable consequences for ecosystem processes. However, both the composition and the impact of bioturbator communities may change along climatic gradients. For burrowing animals, their abundance and composition depend on climatic and other abiotic components, with ants and mammals dominating in arid and semiarid areas, and earthworms in humid areas. Moreover, the activity of burrowing animals is often positively associated with vegetation cover (biotic component). These observations highlight the need to understand the relative contributions of abiotic and biotic components in bioturbation in order to predict soil-shaping processes along broad climatic gradients. In this study, we estimated the activity of animal bioturbation by counting the density of holes and the quantity of bioturbation based on the volume of soil excavated by bioturbators along a gradient ranging from arid to humid in Chile. We distinguished between invertebrates and vertebrates. Overall, hole density (no/ 100 m2) decreased from arid (raw mean and standard deviation for invertebrates: 14 ± 7.8, vertebrates: 2.8 ± 2.9) to humid (invertebrates: 2.8 ± 3.1, vertebrates: 2.2 ± 2.1) environments. However, excavated soil volume did not follow the same clear geographic trend and was 300-fold larger for vertebrates than for invertebrates. The relationship between bioturbating invertebrates and vegetation cover was consistently negative whereas for vertebrates both, positive and negative relationships were determined along the gradient. Our study demonstrates complex relationships between climate, vegetation and the contribution of bioturbating invertebrates and vertebrates, which will be reflected in their impact on ecosystem functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Kraus
- Department of Biology, Conservation Ecology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Roland Brandl
- Department of Biology, Animal Ecology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Achilles
- Department of Geography, Laboratory for Climatology and Remote Sensing, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Bendix
- Department of Geography, Laboratory for Climatology and Remote Sensing, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Paulina Grigusova
- Department of Geography, Laboratory for Climatology and Remote Sensing, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Annegret Larsen
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Soil Geography and Landscape, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Patricio Pliscoff
- Department of Ecology and Biodiversity and Institute of Geography, Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Kirstin Übernickel
- Department of Geosciences, Earth System Dynamics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Nina Farwig
- Department of Biology, Conservation Ecology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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10
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Brammer JR, Menzies AK, Carter LS, Giroux-Bougard X, Landry-Cuerrier M, Leblanc ML, Neelin MN, Studd EK, Humphries MM. Weighing the importance of animal body size in traditional food systems. Facets (Ott) 2022. [DOI: 10.1139/facets-2020-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional food systems based on harvest from the local environment are fundamental to the well-being of many communities, but their security is challenged by rapid socio-ecological change. We synthesized literature and data describing how a fundamental form of biodiversity, animal body size, contributes to the security of traditional food systems through relationships with species availability, accessibility, adequacy, and use. We found larger vertebrate species were more available, accessible, and used on a per kilogram basis, particularly for mammals. Conversely, larger species were no more or less adequate from a combined nutritional, health, and cultural perspective. Larger species represented more biomass, and this biomass required less time to harvest, with greater but more variable mean caloric returns over time. Smaller species provided more consistent caloric returns and were harvested during documented shortages of prey. This reliance on species with a range of body sizes is consistent with optimal foraging theory and the evolutionary value of flexibility, and highlights the importance of a biodiverse pool of species for traditional food security in times of change. Our synthesis of published literature and data highlights the many socio-ecological correlates of species size and how these relate to the security of traditional food systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy R. Brammer
- Natural Resources Department, Vuntut Gwitchin Government, P.O. Box 94, Old Crow, Yukon, Y0B 1N0, Canada
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
- National Wildlife Research Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Raven Road, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Allyson K. Menzies
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Laurence S. Carter
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Xavier Giroux-Bougard
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Manuelle Landry-Cuerrier
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Melanie-Louise Leblanc
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Mikhaela N. Neelin
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Emily K. Studd
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Murray M. Humphries
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
- Centre for Indigenous Peoples’ Nutrition and Environment, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec H9X 3V9, Canada
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11
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Xu L, Van Doorn S, Hildenbrandt H, Etienne RS. Inferring the Effect of Species Interactions on Trait Evolution. Syst Biol 2020; 70:463-479. [PMID: 32960972 PMCID: PMC8048392 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syaa072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Models of trait evolution form an important part of macroevolutionary biology. The Brownian motion model and Ornstein–Uhlenbeck models have become classic (null) models of character evolution, in which species evolve independently. Recently, models incorporating species interactions have been developed, particularly involving competition where abiotic factors pull species toward an optimal trait value and competitive interactions drive the trait values apart. However, these models assume a fitness function rather than derive it from population dynamics and they do not consider dynamics of the trait variance. Here, we develop a general coherent trait evolution framework where the fitness function is based on a model of population dynamics, and therefore it can, in principle, accommodate any type of species interaction. We illustrate our framework with a model of abundance-dependent competitive interactions against a macroevolutionary background encoded in a phylogenetic tree. We develop an inference tool based on Approximate Bayesian Computation and test it on simulated data (of traits at the tips). We find that inference performs well when the diversity predicted by the parameters equals the number of species in the phylogeny. We then fit the model to empirical data of baleen whale body lengths, using three different summary statistics, and compare it to a model without population dynamics and a model where competition depends on the total metabolic rate of the competitors. We show that the unweighted model performs best for the least informative summary statistic, while the model with competition weighted by the total metabolic rate fits the data slightly better than the other two models for the two more informative summary statistics. Regardless of the summary statistic used, the three models substantially differ in their predictions of the abundance distribution. Therefore, data on abundance distributions will allow us to better distinguish the models from one another, and infer the nature of species interactions. Thus, our framework provides a conceptual approach to reveal species interactions underlying trait evolution and identifies the data needed to do so in practice. [Approximate Bayesian computation; competition; phylogeny; population dynamics; simulations; species interaction; trait evolution.]
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Xu
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, PO Box 11103, Groningen 9700 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Van Doorn
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, PO Box 11103, Groningen 9700 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Hanno Hildenbrandt
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, PO Box 11103, Groningen 9700 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Rampal S Etienne
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, PO Box 11103, Groningen 9700 CC, The Netherlands
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12
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Spatial variance-mass allometry of population density in felids from camera-trapping studies worldwide. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14814. [PMID: 32908174 PMCID: PMC7481184 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71725-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Power laws are cornerstone relationships in ecology and evolutionary biology. The density-mass allometry (DMA), which predicts an allometric scaling of population abundance, and Taylor’s law (TL), which predicts a decrease in the population abundance variation along with a decrease in population density, have enhanced our knowledge of inter- and intra-specific variation in population abundance. When combined, these two power laws led to the variance-mass allometry (VMA), which states that larger species have lower spatial variation in population density than smaller species. The VMA has been predicted through theoretical models, however few studies have investigated if this law is also supported by empirical data. Here, to formally test the VMA, we have used the population density estimates obtained through worldwide camera trapping studies for an emblematic and ecologically important carnivorous taxa, the Felidae family. Our results showed that the VMA law hold in felids, as well as the TL and the DMA laws; bigger cat species showed less variation for the population density than smaller species. These results have important implications for the conservation of wildlife population and confirm the validity of important ecological concepts, like the allometric scaling of population growth rate and the slow-fast continuum of life history strategies.
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13
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Insect egg size and shape evolve with ecology but not developmental rate. Nature 2019; 571:58-62. [PMID: 31270484 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1302-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Over the course of evolution, organism size has diversified markedly. Changes in size are thought to have occurred because of developmental, morphological and/or ecological pressures. To perform phylogenetic tests of the potential effects of these pressures, here we generated a dataset of more than ten thousand descriptions of insect eggs, and combined these with genetic and life-history datasets. We show that, across eight orders of magnitude of variation in egg volume, the relationship between size and shape itself evolves, such that previously predicted global patterns of scaling do not adequately explain the diversity in egg shapes. We show that egg size is not correlated with developmental rate and that, for many insects, egg size is not correlated with adult body size. Instead, we find that the evolution of parasitoidism and aquatic oviposition help to explain the diversification in the size and shape of insect eggs. Our study suggests that where eggs are laid, rather than universal allometric constants, underlies the evolution of insect egg size and shape.
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14
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Genomic and phenotypic consequences of two independent secondary contact zones between allopatric lineages of the anadromous ice goby Leucopsarion petersii. Heredity (Edinb) 2019; 124:223-235. [PMID: 31186532 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-019-0239-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic and phenotypic analyses of independent secondary contact zones between certain pairs of divergent populations offer powerful opportunities to assess whether the consequences vary with different environmental backgrounds. Populations of the ice goby Leucopsarion petersii are distributed throughout the Japanese archipelago and comprise genetically and phenotypically divergent groups in the Japan Sea and the Pacific Ocean. In particular, populations in the Japan Sea have a larger body size and numbers of vertebrae than those in the Pacific Ocean. Herein, we performed integrated analyses of genotypes and phenotypes of two independent secondary contact zones and investigated their consequences. Population genetic analyses revealed asymmetric introgression of the mitochondrial genome of either lineage relative to little admixture of nuclear genomes in both secondary contact zones. On phenotype analyses, vertebral numbers were clearly explained by nuclear genomic ancestry in both secondary contact zones, whereas body size was not, suggesting that a little introgression of nuclear genes regulates body size. Actually, we observed biased introgression of a candidate gene, neuropeptide Y (NPY), which potentially controls body size in the ice goby. Moreover, the body size changes in the introgressed populations possibly affect the introgression patterns of mitochondrial genomes across these zones. Collectively, our results demonstrated that genomic and phenotypic consequences of secondary contact varied in marine variable environments.
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15
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Tarquini J, Morgan CC, Toledo N, Soibelzon LH. Comparative osteology and functional morphology of the forelimb ofCyonasua(Mammalia, Procyonidae), the first South American carnivoran. J Morphol 2019; 280:446-470. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Tarquini
- Laboratorio de Paleontología de Vertebrados; Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia de Tecnología a la Producción (CICYTTP-CONICET-Entre Ríos-UADER), Matteri y España s/n.; E3105BWA, Diamante Entre Ríos Argentina
| | - Cecilia C. Morgan
- División Zoología de Vertebrados, Sección Mastozoología, CONICET; Museo de La Plata, FCNyM-UNLP, Paseo del Bosque s/n., B1900FWA, La Plata; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Néstor Toledo
- División Paleontología Vertebrados; Unidades de Investigación Anexo Museo de La Plata, FCNyM-UNLP, CONICET; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Leopoldo H. Soibelzon
- División Paleontología Vertebrados, CONICET; Museo de La Plata, FCNyM-UNLP, Paseo del Bosque s/n., B1900FWA, La Plata; Buenos Aires Argentina
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16
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Santini L, González‐Suárez M, Russo D, Gonzalez‐Voyer A, von Hardenberg A, Ancillotto L. One strategy does not fit all: determinants of urban adaptation in mammals. Ecol Lett 2019; 22:365-376. [PMID: 30575254 PMCID: PMC7379640 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Urbanisation exposes wildlife to new challenging conditions and environmental pressures. Some mammalian species have adapted to these novel environments, but it remains unclear which characteristics allow them to persist. To address this question, we identified 190 mammals regularly recorded in urban settlements worldwide, and used phylogenetic path analysis to test hypotheses regarding which behavioural, ecological and life history traits favour adaptation to urban environments for different mammalian groups. Our results show that all urban mammals produce larger litters; whereas other traits such as body size, behavioural plasticity and diet diversity were important for some but not all taxonomic groups. This variation highlights the idiosyncrasies of the urban adaptation process and likely reflects the diversity of ecological niches and roles mammals can play. Our study contributes towards a better understanding of mammal association to humans, which will ultimately allow the design of wildlife-friendly urban environments and contribute to mitigate human-wildlife conflicts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Santini
- Department of Environmental ScienceInstitute of Water and Wetland ResearchRadboud UniversityNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Manuela González‐Suárez
- Ecology and Evolutionary BiologySchool of Biological SciencesUniversity of ReadingWhiteknightsReadingRG6 6ASUK
| | - Danilo Russo
- Wildlife Research UnitDipartimento di AgrariaUniversità degli Studi di Napoli Federico IIvia Università 100I‐80055Portici, NapoliItaly
| | - Alejandro Gonzalez‐Voyer
- Instituto de EcologíaDepartamento de Ecología EvolutivaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCiudad México04510México
| | - Achaz von Hardenberg
- Conservation Biology Research GroupDepartment of Biological SciencesUniversity of ChesterParkgate RoadChesterCH1 4BJUK
| | - Leonardo Ancillotto
- Wildlife Research UnitDipartimento di AgrariaUniversità degli Studi di Napoli Federico IIvia Università 100I‐80055Portici, NapoliItaly
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17
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Barichievy C, Angeler DG, Eason T, Garmestani AS, Nash KL, Stow CA, Sundstrom S, Allen CR. A method to detect discontinuities in census data. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:9614-9623. [PMID: 30386561 PMCID: PMC6202717 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The distribution of pattern across scales has predictive power in the analysis of complex systems. Discontinuity approaches remain a fruitful avenue of research in the quest for quantitative measures of resilience because discontinuity analysis provides an objective means of identifying scales in complex systems and facilitates delineation of hierarchical patterns in processes, structure, and resources. However, current discontinuity methods have been considered too subjective, too complicated and opaque, or have become computationally obsolete; given the ubiquity of discontinuities in ecological and other complex systems, a simple and transparent method for detection is needed. In this study, we present a method to detect discontinuities in census data based on resampling of a neutral model and provide the R code used to run the analyses. This method has the potential for advancing basic and applied ecological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Barichievy
- Zoological Society of LondonLondonUK
- Institute for Communities and Wildlife in AfricaUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
| | - David G. Angeler
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and AssessmentSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
| | - Tarsha Eason
- U.S. Environmental Protection AgencyOffice of Research and DevelopmentNational Risk Management Research LaboratoryCincinnatiOhio
| | - Ahjond S. Garmestani
- U.S. Environmental Protection AgencyOffice of Research and DevelopmentNational Risk Management Research LaboratoryCincinnatiOhio
| | - Kirsty L. Nash
- Centre for Marine SocioecologyHobartTASAustralia
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic StudiesUniversity of TasmaniaHobartTASAustralia
| | - Craig A. Stow
- NOAA Great Lakes Environmental Research LaboratoryAnn ArborMichigan
| | - Shana Sundstrom
- School of Natural ResourcesUniversity of NebraskaLincolnNebraska
| | - Craig R. Allen
- U.S. Geological SurveyNebraska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research UnitUniversity of NebraskaLincolnNebraska
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18
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Santini L, Benítez-López A, Ficetola GF, Huijbregts MAJ. Length-mass allometries in amphibians. Integr Zool 2018; 13:36-45. [PMID: 28493499 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Body mass is rarely recorded in amphibians, and other body measurements (e.g. snout to vent length, SVL) are generally collected instead. However, length measurements, when used as proxies of body mass in comparative analyses, are problematic if different taxa and morphotypes are included. We developed allometric relationships to derive body mass from SVL measurements. We fitted phylogenetic generalized least square models for frogs (Anura) and salamanders (Caudata) and for several families separately. We tested whether allometric relationships differed between species with different habitat preferences and between morphs in salamanders. Models were fitted with SVL-mass measurements for 88 frog and 42 salamander species. We assessed the predictive performance of the models by cross-validation. Overall, the models showed high explained variance and low forecasting errors. Models differed among semi-aquatic, terrestrial and arboreal frogs, and between paedomorphic and non-paedomorphic salamanders. Body mass estimates derived from our models allow for comparability of studies on multiple taxa and can be used for testing theories built upon evolutionary and ecological processes which are directly related to body mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Santini
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute for Wetland and Water Research, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Ana Benítez-López
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute for Wetland and Water Research, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Gentile Francesco Ficetola
- Department of Bioscience, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Alpine Ecology Laboratory, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble, France
| | - Mark A J Huijbregts
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute for Wetland and Water Research, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, The Hague, the Netherlands
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19
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McGarvey R, Dowling N, Cohen JE. Two Processes Regulating Trophic Energy Flow in Pelagic and Terrestrial Ecosystems: Trophic Efficiency and Body Size–Dependent Biomass Production: (A Reply to Giacomini). Am Nat 2018. [DOI: 10.1086/695847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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20
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Prato G, Thiriet P, Di Franco A, Francour P. Enhancing fish Underwater Visual Census to move forward assessment of fish assemblages: An application in three Mediterranean Marine Protected Areas. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178511. [PMID: 28594836 PMCID: PMC5464568 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Monitoring fish assemblages is needed to assess whether Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are meeting their conservation and fisheries management goals, as it allows one to track the progress of recovery of exploited species and associated communities. Underwater Visual Census techniques (UVC) are used to monitor fish assemblages in MPAs. UVCs should be adapted to fish abundance, body-size and behaviour, which can strongly affect fish detectability. In Mediterranean subtidal habitats, however, UVC strip transects of one surface area (25x5 m2) are commonly used to survey the whole fish assemblage, from large shy fish to small crypto-benthic fish. Most high trophic level predators (HTLPs) are large shy fish which rarely swim close to divers and, consequently, their abundance may be under-estimated with commonly used transects. Here, we propose an improvement to traditional transect surveys to better account for differences in behaviour among and within species. First, we compared the effectiveness of combining two transect surface areas (large: 35x20 m2; medium: 25x5 m2) in quantifying large, shy fish within and outside Mediterranean MPAs. We identified species-specific body-size thresholds defining a smaller and a larger size class better sampled by medium and large transects respectively. Combining large and medium transects provided more accurate biomass and species richness estimates for large, shy species than using medium transects alone. We thus combined the new approach with two other transect surface areas commonly used to survey crypto-benthic (10x1 m2) and necto-benthic (25x5 m2) species in order to assess how effectively MPAs protection the whole fish assemblage. We verified that MPAs offer significant protection for HTLPs, their response in terms of biomass and density increase in MPAs was always higher in magnitude than other functional groups. Inside MPAs, the contribution of HTLP reached >25% of total fish biomass, against < 2% outside MPAs. Surveys with multiple transect surface areas allow for a more realistic assessment of the structure of the whole fish assemblage and better assessment of potential recovery of HTLPs within reserves of HTLP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Prato
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, FRE 3729 ECOMERS, Parc Valrose, Avenue Valrose, Nice, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Pierre Thiriet
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, FRE 3729 ECOMERS, Parc Valrose, Avenue Valrose, Nice, France
- UMR 7208 BOREA—MNHN, CNRS, UPMC, IRD 207, UCN, UA—Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, DMPA, UMR BOREA, Paris, France
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Station Marine de Dinard—CRESCO, Dinard, France
| | - Antonio Di Franco
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, FRE 3729 ECOMERS, Parc Valrose, Avenue Valrose, Nice, France
- CRIOBE, USR 3278 CNRS-EPHE, University of Perpignan, CNRS, Perpignan, France
- Consorzio Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare, CoNISMa, Piazzale Flaminio 9, Rome, Italy
| | - Patrice Francour
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, FRE 3729 ECOMERS, Parc Valrose, Avenue Valrose, Nice, France
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21
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22
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Jacquet C, Mouillot D, Kulbicki M, Gravel D. Extensions of Island Biogeography Theory predict the scaling of functional trait composition with habitat area and isolation. Ecol Lett 2016; 20:135-146. [PMID: 28000368 DOI: 10.1111/ele.12716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The Theory of Island Biogeography (TIB) predicts how area and isolation influence species richness equilibrium on insular habitats. However, the TIB remains silent about functional trait composition and provides no information on the scaling of functional diversity with area, an observation that is now documented in many systems. To fill this gap, we develop a probabilistic approach to predict the distribution of a trait as a function of habitat area and isolation, extending the TIB beyond the traditional species-area relationship. We compare model predictions to the body-size distribution of piscivorous and herbivorous fishes found on tropical reefs worldwide. We find that small and isolated reefs have a higher proportion of large-sized species than large and connected reefs. We also find that knowledge of species body-size and trophic position improves the predictions of fish occupancy on tropical reefs, supporting both the allometric and trophic theory of island biogeography. The integration of functional ecology to island biogeography is broadly applicable to any functional traits and provides a general probabilistic approach to study the scaling of trait distribution with habitat area and isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Jacquet
- UMR 9190 MARBEC (MARine Biodiversity, Exploitation and Conservation), Université de Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon - bât 24 - CC093, 34095, Montpellier Cedex 05, France.,Département de biologie, chimie et géographie, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 300 Allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, QC, G5L 3A1, Canada.,Quebec Center for Biodiversity Science, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - David Mouillot
- UMR 9190 MARBEC (MARine Biodiversity, Exploitation and Conservation), Université de Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon - bât 24 - CC093, 34095, Montpellier Cedex 05, France.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
| | - Michel Kulbicki
- IRD UMR "Entropie", Labex"Corail", Université de Perpignan, 66000, Perpignan, France
| | - Dominique Gravel
- Quebec Center for Biodiversity Science, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Chaire de recherche en Écologie intégrative, Département de biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 Boulevard Université, Sherbrooke, QC, J1K 2R1, Canada
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23
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Body size drives allochthony in food webs of tropical rivers. Oecologia 2016; 183:505-517. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-016-3786-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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24
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Burress ED, Holcomb JM, Bonato KO, Armbruster JW. Body size is negatively correlated with trophic position among cyprinids. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2016; 3:150652. [PMID: 27293777 PMCID: PMC4892439 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.150652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Body size has many ecological and evolutionary implications that extend across multiple levels of organization. Body size is often positively correlated with species traits such as metabolism, prey size and trophic position (TP) due to physiological and mechanical constraints. We used stable isotope analysis to quantify TP among minnows across multiple assemblages that differed in their species composition, diversity and food web structure. Body size significantly predicted TP across different lineages and assemblages, and indicated a significant negative relationship. The observed negative relationship between body size and TP is contrary to conventional knowledge, and is likely to have arisen owing to highly clade-specific patterns, such that clades consist of either large benthic species or small pelagic species. Cyprinids probably subvert the physiological and mechanical constraints that generally produce a positive relationship between body size and TP using anatomical modifications and by consuming small-bodied prey, respectively. The need for herbivorous cyprinids to digest cellulose-rich foods probably selected for larger bodies to accommodate longer intestinal tracts and thereby to facilitate digestion of nutrient-poor resources, such as algae. Therefore, body size and TP are likely to have coevolved in cyprinids in association with specialization along the benthic to pelagic resource axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward D. Burress
- Department of Biological Sciences and Museum of Natural History, Auburn University, 101 Life Sciences Building, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Jordan M. Holcomb
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, 7386 Northwest 71st Street, Gainesville, FL 32653, USA
| | - Karine Orlandi Bonato
- Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Biociências, CEP 91501-970, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Jonathan W. Armbruster
- Department of Biological Sciences and Museum of Natural History, Auburn University, 101 Life Sciences Building, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
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25
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Peters RH, Cabana G, Choulik B, Cohen T, Griesbach S, McCanny SJ. General models for trophic fluxes in animals based on their body size. ECOSCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/11956860.1996.11682354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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26
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Hager HA. Area-sensitivity of reptiles and amphibians: Are there indicator species for habitat fragmentation? ECOSCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/11956860.1998.11682463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Salin K, Roussel D, Rey B, Voituron Y. David and goliath: a mitochondrial coupling problem? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 317:283-93. [PMID: 25363578 DOI: 10.1002/jez.1722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Revised: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
An organism's size, known to affect biological structures and processes from cellular metabolism to population dynamics, depends upon the duration and rate of growth. However, it is still poorly understood how mitochondrial function affects the energetic basis of growth, especially in ectotherms, which represent a huge majority of animal biodiversity. Here, we present an intraspecies comparison of neighboring populations of frogs (Rana temporaria) that have large differences in body mass even at the same age. By investigating liver mitochondrial bioenergetics, we find that frogs with high growth rates and large body sizes exhibit higher ATP synthesis rates and more efficient oxidative phosphorylation compared to the smaller frogs with low growth rates. This higher energy transduction efficiency is not associated with significant increased oxidative capacity or membrane potential values, but instead may rely on a higher mitochondrial phosphorylation system activity in combination with a lower inner membrane proton leakage. Overall, the present study introduces the mitochondrial energy transduction system as an important mechanism for balancing physiological and ecological trade-offs associated with body size. Whether phenotype differences in mitochondrial function result from local ecological constraints or reflect a natural genetic variability within wild populations of common frogs remains an open question. However, our findings highlight the need for closer consideration of all aspects of mitochondrial metabolism for a better understanding of the physiological basis of the link between size, metabolism, and energy production in wild-dwelling organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Salin
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie des Hydrosystèmes Naturels et Anthropisés (U.M.R. CNRS 5023), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
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28
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Anile S, Devillard S. Study design and body mass influence RAIs from camera trap studies: evidence from the Felidae. Anim Conserv 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/acv.12214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Anile
- Dipartimento di Biologia Animale; Università di Catania; Catania Italy
| | - S. Devillard
- Université de Lyon; F-69000 Lyon France
- Université Lyon 1; F-69622 Villeurbanne France
- CNRS, UMR5558; Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive; F-69622 Villeurbanne France
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Broadway KJ, Pyron M, Gammon JR, Murry BA. Shift in a large river fish assemblage: body-size and trophic structure dynamics. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124954. [PMID: 25902144 PMCID: PMC4406865 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
As the intensity and speed of environmental change increase at both local and global scales it is imperative that we gain a better understanding of the ecological implications of community shifts. While there has been substantial progress toward understanding the drivers and subsequent responses of community change (e.g. lake trophic state), the ecological impacts of food web changes are far less understood. We analyzed Wabash River fish assemblage data collected from 1974-2008, to evaluate temporal variation in body-size structure and functional group composition. Two parameters derived from annual community size-spectra were our major response variables: (1) the regression slope is an index of ecological efficiency and predator-prey biomass ratios, and (2) spectral elevation (regression midpoint height) is a proxy for food web capacity. We detected a large assemblage shift, over at least a seven year period, defined by dramatic changes in abundance (measured as catch-per-unit-effort) of the dominant functional feeding groups among two time periods; from an assemblage dominated by planktivore-omnivores to benthic invertivores. There was a concurrent increase in ecological efficiency (slopes increased over time) following the shift associated with an increase in large-bodied low trophic level fish. Food web capacity remained relatively stable with no clear temporal trends. Thus, increased ecological efficiency occurred simultaneous to a compensatory response that shifted biomass among functional feeding groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle J. Broadway
- Institute for Great Lakes Research, Biology Dept., Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48858, United States of America
| | - Mark Pyron
- Department of Biology, Ball State University, Muncie, IN 47306, United States of America
| | - James R. Gammon
- Department of Biology, DePauw University, Greencastle, IN 46135, United States of America
| | - Brent A. Murry
- Institute for Great Lakes Research, Biology Dept., Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48858, United States of America
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Young HS, Dirzo R, McCauley DJ, Agwanda B, Cattaneo L, Dittmar K, Eckerlin RP, Fleischer RC, Helgen LE, Hintz A, Montinieri J, Zhao S, Helgen KM. Drivers of Intensity and Prevalence of Flea Parasitism on Small Mammals in East African Savanna Ecosystems. J Parasitol 2015; 101:327-35. [PMID: 25634599 DOI: 10.1645/14-684.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The relative importance of environmental factors and host factors in explaining variation in prevalence and intensity of flea parasitism in small mammal communities is poorly established. We examined these relationships in an East African savanna landscape, considering multiple host levels: across individuals within a local population, across populations within species, and across species within a landscape. We sampled fleas from 2,672 small mammals of 27 species. This included a total of 8,283 fleas, with 5 genera and 12 species identified. Across individual hosts within a site, both rodent body mass and season affected total intensity of flea infestation, although the explanatory power of these factors was generally modest (<10%). Across host populations in the landscape, we found consistently positive effects of host density and negative effects of vegetation cover on the intensity of flea infestation. Other factors explored (host diversity, annual rainfall, anthropogenic disturbance, and soil properties) tended to have lower and less consistent explanatory power. Across host species in the landscape, we found that host body mass was strongly positively correlated with both prevalence and intensity of flea parasitism, while average robustness of a host species to disturbance was not correlated with flea parasitism. Cumulatively, these results provide insight into the intricate roles of both host and environmental factors in explaining complex patterns of flea parasitism across landscape mosaics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hillary S Young
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106
| | | | - Douglas J McCauley
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106
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Abstract
Understanding the effects of individual organisms on material cycles and energy fluxes within ecosystems is central to predicting the impacts of human-caused changes on climate, land use, and biodiversity. Here we present a theory that integrates metabolic (organism-based bottom-up) and systems (ecosystem-based top-down) approaches to characterize how the metabolism of individuals affects the flows and stores of materials and energy in ecosystems. The theory predicts how the average residence time of carbon molecules, total system throughflow (TST), and amount of recycling vary with the body size and temperature of the organisms and with trophic organization. We evaluate the theory by comparing theoretical predictions with outputs of numerical models designed to simulate diverse ecosystem types and with empirical data for real ecosystems. Although residence times within different ecosystems vary by orders of magnitude-from weeks in warm pelagic oceans with minute phytoplankton producers to centuries in cold forests with large tree producers-as predicted, all ecosystems fall along a single line: residence time increases linearly with slope = 1.0 with the ratio of whole-ecosystem biomass to primary productivity (B/P). TST was affected predominantly by primary productivity and recycling by the transfer of energy from microbial decomposers to animal consumers. The theory provides a robust basis for estimating the flux and storage of energy, carbon, and other materials in terrestrial, marine, and freshwater ecosystems and for quantifying the roles of different kinds of organisms and environments at scales from local ecosystems to the biosphere.
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Samani P, Low-Decarie E, McKelvey K, Bell T, Burt A, Koufopanou V, Landry CR, Bell G. Metabolic variation in natural populations of wild yeast. Ecol Evol 2015; 5:722-32. [PMID: 25691993 PMCID: PMC4328774 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ecological diversification depends on the extent of genetic variation and on the pattern of covariation with respect to ecological opportunities. We investigated the pattern of utilization of carbon substrates in wild populations of budding yeast Saccharomyces paradoxus. All isolates grew well on a core diet of about 10 substrates, and most were also able to grow on a much larger ancillary diet comprising most of the 190 substrates we tested. There was substantial genetic variation within each population for some substrates. We found geographical variation of substrate use at continental, regional, and local scales. Isolates from Europe and North America could be distinguished on the basis of the pattern of yield across substrates. Two geographical races at the North American sites also differed in the pattern of substrate utilization. Substrate utilization patterns were also geographically correlated at local spatial scales. Pairwise genetic correlations between substrates were predominantly positive, reflecting overall variation in metabolic performance, but there was a consistent negative correlation between categories of substrates in two cases: between the core diet and the ancillary diet, and between pentose and hexose sugars. Such negative correlations in the utilization of substrate from different categories may indicate either intrinsic physiological trade-offs for the uptake and utilization of substrates from different categories, or the accumulation of conditionally neutral mutations. Divergence in substrate use accompanies genetic divergence at all spatial scales in S. paradoxus and may contribute to race formation and speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedram Samani
- Department of Biology, McGill University Montreal, Québec, Canada, H3A 1B1
| | - Etienne Low-Decarie
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, U.K
| | - Kyra McKelvey
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3G3
| | - Thomas Bell
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, Berkshire, SL5 7PY, U.K
| | - Austin Burt
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, Berkshire, SL5 7PY, U.K
| | - Vassiliki Koufopanou
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, Berkshire, SL5 7PY, U.K
| | - Christian R Landry
- Département de Biologie, Université Laval Québec, Québec, Canada, G1V 0A6
| | - Graham Bell
- Department of Biology, McGill University Montreal, Québec, Canada, H3A 1B1
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Richard E, Saïd S, Hamann JL, Gaillard JM. Daily, seasonal, and annual variations in individual home-range overlap of two sympatric species of deer. CAN J ZOOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2014-0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Behavioural tactics of animals are determined by both environmental and social factors. Among nonmigratory ungulates, most home-range studies focused either on the effect of environmental variables on home-range size or on the overlap between home ranges of different individuals. Here, as rarely in previous studies, we aim to identify the dynamics of the home range of a given individual, involving variation in home-range size and home-range overlap between periods, for two resident populations of contrasting species: red deer (Cervus elaphus L., 1758) and roe deer (Capreolus capreolus (L., 1758)). In both species, yearly and seasonal home-range fidelity was high and constant (mean of 64% in red deer and mean of 66% in roe deer), possibly because of benefits accruing from knowledge of spatial distribution of food resources and refugia. Home range in winter, when food availability was low, was larger than other seasonal home ranges for both species. Differences in body size between red deer and roe deer accounted for observed between-species differences in space use, especially when the species were active at night. Our study clearly demonstrates that patterns of variation in home-range size are similar; however, between-species differences in body size lead to differential patterns of home-range size and fidelity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Richard
- Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche 5558, Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Bâtiment 711, 43 boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, 69 622 Villeurbanne CEDEX, France
- Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage, Centre National d’Etudes et de Recherches Appliquées sur les Cervidés-Sanglier, 85 bis avenue de Wagram, 75 017 Paris, France
| | - Sonia Saïd
- Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage, Centre National d’Etudes et de Recherches Appliquées sur les Cervidés-Sanglier, 85 bis avenue de Wagram, 75 017 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Luc Hamann
- Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage, Centre National d’Etudes et de Recherches Appliquées sur les Cervidés-Sanglier, 85 bis avenue de Wagram, 75 017 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Michel Gaillard
- Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche 5558, Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Bâtiment 711, 43 boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, 69 622 Villeurbanne CEDEX, France
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Segovia J. Statistical thermodynamics concepts and mathematical tools for a multi-agent ecosystem. ARTIFICIAL LIFE 2014; 20:237-270. [PMID: 24494614 DOI: 10.1162/artl_a_00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Finding the distribution of systems over their possible states is a mathematical problem. One possible solution is the method of the most probable distribution developed by Boltzmann. This method has been instrumental in developing statistical mechanics and explaining the origin of many thermodynamics concepts, like entropy or temperature, but is also applicable in many other fields like ecology or economics. Artificial ecosystems have many features in common with ecological or economic systems, but surprisingly the method does not appear to have been very successful in this field of application. The hypothesis of this article is that this failure is due to the incorrect interpretation of the method's concepts and mathematical tools. We propose to review and reinterpret the method so that it can be correctly applied and all its potential exploited in order to study and characterize the global behavior of an artificial multi-agent ecosystem.
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Ehnes RB, Pollierer MM, Erdmann G, Klarner B, Eitzinger B, Digel C, Ott D, Maraun M, Scheu S, Brose U. Lack of energetic equivalence in forest soil invertebrates. Ecology 2014; 95:527-37. [DOI: 10.1890/13-0620.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Cutter AD, Jovelin R, Dey A. Molecular hyperdiversity and evolution in very large populations. Mol Ecol 2013; 22:2074-95. [PMID: 23506466 PMCID: PMC4065115 DOI: 10.1111/mec.12281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Revised: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The genomic density of sequence polymorphisms critically affects the sensitivity of inferences about ongoing sequence evolution, function and demographic history. Most animal and plant genomes have relatively low densities of polymorphisms, but some species are hyperdiverse with neutral nucleotide heterozygosity exceeding 5%. Eukaryotes with extremely large populations, mimicking bacterial and viral populations, present novel opportunities for studying molecular evolution in sexually reproducing taxa with complex development. In particular, hyperdiverse species can help answer controversial questions about the evolution of genome complexity, the limits of natural selection, modes of adaptation and subtleties of the mutation process. However, such systems have some inherent complications and here we identify topics in need of theoretical developments. Close relatives of the model organisms Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster provide known examples of hyperdiverse eukaryotes, encouraging functional dissection of resulting molecular evolutionary patterns. We recommend how best to exploit hyperdiverse populations for analysis, for example, in quantifying the impact of noncrossover recombination in genomes and for determining the identity and micro-evolutionary selective pressures on noncoding regulatory elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asher D Cutter
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Allometric scaling of population variance with mean body size is predicted from Taylor's law and density-mass allometry. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:15829-34. [PMID: 23019367 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1212883109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Two widely tested empirical patterns in ecology are combined here to predict how the variation of population density relates to the average body size of organisms. Taylor's law (TL) asserts that the variance of the population density of a set of populations is a power-law function of the mean population density. Density-mass allometry (DMA) asserts that the mean population density of a set of populations is a power-law function of the mean individual body mass. Combined, DMA and TL predict that the variance of the population density is a power-law function of mean individual body mass. We call this relationship "variance-mass allometry" (VMA). We confirmed the theoretically predicted power-law form and the theoretically predicted parameters of VMA, using detailed data on individual oak trees (Quercus spp.) of Black Rock Forest, Cornwall, New York. These results connect the variability of population density to the mean body mass of individuals.
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Taborsky B, Heino M, Dieckmann U. Size-dependent mortality and competition interactively shape community diversity. Evolution 2012; 66:3534-44. [PMID: 23106716 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2012.01692.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Body size is recognized as a major factor in evolutionary processes mediating sympatric diversification and community structuring. Life-history types with distinct body sizes can result from two fundamental mechanisms, size-dependent competition and size-dependent mortality. While previous theoretical studies investigated these two processes in separation, the model analyzed here allows both selective forces to affect body-size evolution interactively. Here we show for the first time that in the presence of size-dependent competition, size-dependent mortality can give rise to multiple, coexisting size morphs representing the final outcomes of evolution. Moreover, our results demonstrate that interactions between size-dependent competition and mortality can create characteristic abrupt changes in size structure and nonmonotonic patterns of biological diversity along continuous and monotonic environmental gradients. We find that the two selective forces differentially affect the body-size ratios of coexisting morphs: size-dependent competition results in small and relatively constant ratios, whereas size-dependent mortality can open niches for morphs that greatly differ in body size. We show that these differential effects result in characteristic distributions of size ratios across communities, which we suggest can help detect the concurrent action and relative influence of size-dependent competition and mortality in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Taborsky
- Behavioural Ecology, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Wohlenstrasse 50A, CH-3032 Hinterkappelen, Switzerland.
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Maritz B, Alexander GJ. Population Density and Survival Estimates of the African Viperid, Bitis schneideri. HERPETOLOGICA 2012. [DOI: 10.1655/herpetologica-d-11-00043.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Yamanaka T, White PCL, Spencer M, Raffaelli D. Patterns and processes in abundance-body size relationships for marine benthic invertebrates. J Anim Ecol 2011; 81:463-71. [PMID: 22010834 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2011.01921.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyuko Yamanaka
- Department of Environment, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
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Branton M, Richardson JS. Assessing the value of the umbrella-species concept for conservation planning with meta-analysis. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2011; 25:9-20. [PMID: 21091767 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2010.01606.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The umbrella-species concept, which suggests that conservation strategies designed for one species may benefit co-occurring species, has been promoted as a framework for conservation planning. Nevertheless, there has been considerable variation in the outcome of empirical tests of this concept that has led researchers to question its value, so we used data from 15 published studies in a meta-analysis to evaluate whether conservation of putative umbrella species also conserves co-occurring species. We tested the effectiveness of putative umbrella species categorized by taxonomic group, taxonomic similarity to co-occurring species, body size, generality of resource use, and trophic level to evaluate criteria proposed to guide the selection of umbrella species. We compared species richness and number of individuals (by species and higher taxonomic group) between sites with and without putative umbrella species to test whether more co-occurring species were present in greater abundances when the area or resource needs of umbrella species were met. Species richness and abundance of co-occurring species were consistently higher in sites where umbrella species were present than where they were not and for conservation schemes with avian than with mammalian umbrella species. There were no differences in species richness or species abundance with resource generalist or specialist umbrella species or based on taxonomic similarity of umbrella and co-occurring species. Taxonomic group abundance was higher in across-taxonomic umbrella species schemes than when umbrella species were of the same taxon as co-occurring species. Co-occurring species had similar, or higher, species richness with small-bodied umbrella species relative to larger-bodied umbrella species. The only significant difference among umbrella species categorized by trophic level was that species richness was higher with omnivorous than it was with carnivorous avian umbrella species. Our results suggest there is merit to the umbrella-species concept for conservation, but they do not support the use of the criteria we used to identify umbrella species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Branton
- Department of Forest Sciences and Centre for Applied Conservation Research, University of British Columbia, 3041-2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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Abstract
This article surveys current answers to the factual question posed in the title and reviews the kinds of information that are needed to make these answers more precise. Various factors affecting diversity are also reviewed. These include the structure of food webs, the relative abundance of species, the number of species and of individuals in different categories of body size, along with other determinants of the commonness and rarity of organisms.
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Hayward A, Kolasa J, Stone JR. The scale-dependence of population density–body mass allometry: Statistical artefact or biological mechanism? ECOLOGICAL COMPLEXITY 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecocom.2009.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Community structure of Auchenorrhyncha (Homoptera) in montane rain forest in Vietnam. JOURNAL OF TROPICAL ECOLOGY 2009. [DOI: 10.1017/s0266467400006301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACTThe adult Auchenorrhyncha community within the understorey of a montane tropical forest in Vietnam is described A total of 1132 specimens representing 223 morphospecies and 16 families was found in a 4300-sweep sample None of the species exceeded the 5% dominance level More than half the species are represented by single individuals within the 309 ms of vegetation Spatial community pattern is mosaic like at a scale of hundreds of metres as the similarity of 100 sweep samples does not depend on their spatial distance Areas 1 5–3 km distant from one another differ markedly in their Auchenorrhyncha communities These between-site differences exceed the intra-site community heterogeneity Population density of Auchenorrhyncha species is not correlated with their body size The Auchenorrhyncha community within a forest markedly differs from the community of an adjacent ruderal area A transitional zone between these habitats is intermediate in Auchenorrhyncha species composition
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Lewis HM, Law R, McKane AJ. Abundance-body size relationships: the roles of metabolism and population dynamics. J Anim Ecol 2008; 77:1056-62. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2008.01405.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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DAMUTH JOHN. Interspecific allometry of population density in mammals and other animals: the independence of body mass and population energy-use. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.1987.tb01990.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 353] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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