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Kan M, Huang T, Zhao P. Artificial chromosome technology and its potential application in plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:970943. [PMID: 36186059 PMCID: PMC9519882 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.970943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Plant genetic engineering and transgenic technology are powerful ways to study the function of genes and improve crop yield and quality in the past few years. However, only a few genes could be transformed by most available genetic engineering and transgenic technologies, so changes still need to be made to meet the demands for high throughput studies, such as investigating the whole genetic pathway of crop traits and avoiding undesirable genes simultaneously in the next generation. Plant artificial chromosome (PAC) technology provides a carrier which allows us to assemble multiple and specific genes to produce a variety of products by minichromosome. However, PAC technology also have limitations that may hinder its further development and application. In this review, we will introduce the current state of PACs technology from PACs formation, factors on PACs formation, problems and potential solutions of PACs and exogenous gene(s) integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manman Kan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tengbo Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Panpan Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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2
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Sartsanga C, Phengchat R, Fukui K, Wako T, Ohmido N. Surface structures consisting of chromatin fibers in isolated barley (Hordeum vulgare) chromosomes revealed by helium ion microscopy. Chromosome Res 2021; 29:81-94. [PMID: 33615407 DOI: 10.1007/s10577-021-09649-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The chromosome compaction of chromatin fibers results in the formation of the nucleosome, which consists of a DNA unit coiled around a core of histone molecules associated with linker histone. The compaction of chromatin fibers has been a topic of controversy since the discovery of chromosomes in the 19th century. Although chromatin fibers were first identified using electron microscopy, the chromatin fibers on the surface of chromosome structures in plants remain unclear due to shrinking and breaking caused by prior chromosome isolation or preparation with alcohol and acid fixation, and critical point drying occurred into dehydration and denatured chromosomal proteins. This study aimed to develop a high-quality procedure for the isolation and preparation of plant chromosomes, maintaining the native chromosome structure, to elucidate the organization of chromatin fibers on the surface of plant chromosomes by electron microscopy. A simple technique to isolate intact barley (Hordeum vulgare) chromosomes with a high yield was developed, allowing chromosomes to be observed with a high-resolution scanning ion microscopy and helium ion microscopy (HIM) imaging technology, based on a scanning helium ion beam. HIM images from the surface chromatin fibers were analyzed to determine the size and alignment of the chromatin fibers. The unit size of the chromatin fibers was 11.6 ± 3.5 nm and was closely aligned to the chromatin network model. Our findings indicate that compacting the surface structure of barley via a chromatin network and observation via HIM are powerful tools for investigating the structure of chromatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Channarong Sartsanga
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Rinyaporn Phengchat
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Kiichi Fukui
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Wako
- Institute of Crop Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 2-1-1 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan
| | - Nobuko Ohmido
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan.
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3
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Dawe RK. Charting the path to fully synthetic plant chromosomes. Exp Cell Res 2020; 390:111951. [PMID: 32151492 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.111951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The concepts of synthetic biology have the potential to transform plant genetics, both in how we analyze genetic pathways and how we transfer that knowledge into useful applications. While synthetic biology can be applied at the level of the single gene or small groups of genes, this commentary focuses on the ultimate challenge of designing fully synthetic plant chromosomes. Engineering at this scale will allow us to manipulate whole genome architecture and to modify multiple pathways and traits simultaneously. Advances in genome synthesis make it likely that the initial phases of plant chromosome construction will occur in bacteria and yeast. Here I discuss the next steps, including specific ways of overcoming technical barriers associated with plant transformation, functional centromere design, and ensuring accurate meiotic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kelly Dawe
- Department of Genetics and Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
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4
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Verhoeven HA, Ramulu KS, Gilissen LJW, Famelaer I, Dijkhuis P, Blaas J. Partial genome transfer through micronuclei in plants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.1991.tb01518.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. A. Verhoeven
- Department of Cell Biology; Centre for Plant Breeding and Reproduction Research CPRO; P.O. Box 16 6700 AA Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - K. Sree Ramulu
- Department of Cell Biology; Centre for Plant Breeding and Reproduction Research CPRO; P.O. Box 16 6700 AA Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - L. J. W. Gilissen
- Department of Cell Biology; Centre for Plant Breeding and Reproduction Research CPRO; P.O. Box 16 6700 AA Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - I. Famelaer
- Department of Cell Biology; Centre for Plant Breeding and Reproduction Research CPRO; P.O. Box 16 6700 AA Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - P. Dijkhuis
- Department of Cell Biology; Centre for Plant Breeding and Reproduction Research CPRO; P.O. Box 16 6700 AA Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - J. Blaas
- Department of Cell Biology; Centre for Plant Breeding and Reproduction Research CPRO; P.O. Box 16 6700 AA Wageningen The Netherlands
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5
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Refined examination of plant metaphase chromosome structure at different levels made feasible by new isolation methods. Chromosoma 1993. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00356026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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6
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Doležel J, Cíhalíková J, Lucretti S. A high-yield procedure for isolation of metaphase chromosomes from root tips of Vicia faba L. PLANTA 1992; 188:93-98. [PMID: 24178204 DOI: 10.1007/bf00198944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/1992] [Accepted: 03/07/1992] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A new method is described for the isolation of large quantities of Vicia faba metaphase chromosomes. Roots were treated with 2.5 mM hydroxyurea for 18 h to accumulate meristem tip cells at the G1/S interface. After release from the block, the cells re-entered the cell cycle with a high degree of synchrony. A treatment with 2.5 μM amiprophos-methyl (APM) was used to accumulate mitotic cells in metaphase. The highest metaphase index (53.9%) was achieved when, 6 h after the release from the hydroxyurea block, the roots were exposed to APM for 4 h. The chromosomes were released from formaldehyde-fixed root tips by chopping with a scalpel in LB01 lysis buffer. Both the quality and the quantity of isolated chromosomes, examined microscopically and by flow cytometry, depended on the extent of the fixation. The best results were achieved after fixation with 6% formaldehyde for 30 min. Under these conditions, 1 · 10(6) chromosomes were routinely obtained from 30 root tips. The chromosomes were morphologically intact and suitable both for high-resolution chromosome studies and for flow-cytometric analysis and sorting. After the addition of hexylene glycol, the chromosome suspensions could be stored at 4° C for six months without any signs of deterioration.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Doležel
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Institute of Experimental Botany, Sokolovská 6, CS-77200, Olomouc, Czechoslovakia
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Verhoeven HA, Sree Ramulu K, Dijkhuis P. A comparison of the effects of various spindle toxins on metaphase arrest and formation of micronuclei in cell-suspension cultures ofNicotiana plumbaginifolia. PLANTA 1990; 182:408-414. [PMID: 24197192 DOI: 10.1007/bf02411392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/1990] [Accepted: 06/12/1990] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The effects of the spindle toxins colchicine, oryzalin and amiprophos-methyl (APM) on metaphase arrest, chromosome scattering, and on the induction and yield of micronuclei were compared in suspension cells ofNicotiana plumbaginifolia (kanamycin-resistant "Doba" line). The inhibition of spindle formation is stronger with oryzalin and APM than with colchicine, which resulted in a more efficient accumulation of meta-phases with well-scattered chromosomes, allowing the isolation of single chromosomes. Further, APM and oryzalin treatments resulted in a higher frequency of micro-nucleated cells and greater yield of micronuclei than after colchicine treatment. The different actions of the chemicals on the functioning of the spindle, development of nuclear membranes around the chromosomes, formation of micronuclei and fusion of micronuclei, resulting in restitution nuclei, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Verhoeven
- Research Institute Ital, P. O. Box 48, NL-6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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8
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Chromosome Transplantation and Applications of Flow Cytometry in Plants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-74454-9_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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9
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In Vitro Genetic Manipulation of Cereals and Grasses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-007906-3.50015-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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10
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de Laat AM, Verhoeven HA, Sree Ramulu K, Dijkhuis P. Efficient induction by amiprophos-methyl and flow-cytometric sorting of micronuclei in Nicotiana plumbaginifolia. PLANTA 1987; 172:473-478. [PMID: 24226065 DOI: 10.1007/bf00393862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/1987] [Accepted: 06/30/1987] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Amiprophos-methyl (APM) is a potential herbicide which acts at the level of microtubules. By exposure of suspension cells of Nicotiana plumbaginifolia to this agent, a high degree of metaphase arrest was observed and single as well as groups of chromosomes were scattered throughout the cell, offering good prospects for application in cytology and chromosome isolation. After prolonged exposure to the drug, the chromosomes decondensed and micronuclei were formed. Based on their DNA content, the micronuclei were sorted by flow cytometry. Prospects for application of isolated micronuclei for partial genome transfer and gene mapping are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M de Laat
- Research Institute ITAL, P.O. Box 48, NL-6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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11
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Bates GW, Hasenkampf CA, Contolini CL, Piastuch WC. Asymmetric hybridization in Nicotiana by fusion of irradiated protoplasts. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 1987; 74:718-726. [PMID: 24240331 DOI: 10.1007/bf00247548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/1986] [Accepted: 06/16/1987] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Mesophyll protoplasts of a kanamycin-resistant, nopaline-positive Nicotiana plumbaginifolia seed line were inactivated by γ-irradiation and electrically fused with unirradiated mesophyll protoplasts of N. tabacum. Hybrids were selected on kanamycin and regenerated. Genetic material from N. plumbaginifolia was detected in these plants by the following criteria: (1) morphology, (2) esterase isozyme profiles, and (3) the presence of nopaline in leaf extracts. All of the plants regenerated were morphologically more similar to N. tabacum than to N. plumbaginifolia, and many were indistinguishable from N. tabacum. It was found that 37 plants displayed one or two esterases characteristic of N. plumbaginifolia in addition to a full set of esterases from N. tabacum. Based on their esterases, we have classified these plants as somatic hybrids. However, irradiation has clearly reduced the amount of N. plumbaginifolia genetic material that they retain; 24 plants were found that had only N. tabacum esterases but that produced nopaline and were kanamycin resistant. Genomic DNA from several of these plants was probed by Southern blotting for the presence of the authentic neomycin phosphotransferase gene (kanamycin-resistance gene) - all were found to contain the gene. These plants were classified as asymmetric hybrids. Finally, 25 plants were regenerated that were kanamycin sensitive, negative for nopaline, and contained only N. tabacum esterases. All of the regenerated plants, including this final category, were male sterile. As transferring the N. plumbaginifolia cytoplasm to an N. tabacum nuclear background results in an alloplasmic form of male sterility, all of the plants regenerated in this study appear to be cybrids irrespective of their nuclear constitution. Chromosome analysis of the asymmetric hybrids showed that most of them contained one more chromosome than is normal for N. tabacum. The somatic hybrids examined all had several additional chromosomes. Although male sterile, the asymmetric hybrids were female fertile to varying degrees and were successfully backcrossed with N. tabacum. Analysis of the resultant F1 progeny indicated that the kanamycin-resistance gene from N. plumbaginifolia is partially unstable during meiosis, as would be expected for factors inherited on an unpaired chromosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- G W Bates
- Department of Biological Science and the Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, 32306, Tallahassee, FL, USA
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12
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Conia J, Bergounioux C, Perennes C, Muller P, Brown S, Gadal P. Flow cytometric analysis and sorting of plant chromosomes from Petunia hybrida protoplasts. CYTOMETRY 1987; 8:500-8. [PMID: 3665674 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.990080511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A method to obtain a high metaphase index and thereafter a plant chromosome suspension is described for Petunia hybrida (2n = 14). Mesophyll protoplast cultures have been used, giving easily disrupted cell walls and a high percentage of dividing cells after 42 h. On 2.5 mM colchicine-treated cells, metaphase indexes reaching 10% were routinely obtained. The lysis medium in which the protoplast-derived cells were disrupted was a simplified culture medium. After chromosome release, samples were stained with Hoechst 33342 dye and analysed by flow cytofluorometry. The histogram of fluorescence intensities included three peaks of metaphase chromosomes and a duplication of this flow karyotype provoked by "monochromatid chromosome." This interpretation was established after flow sorting; micronuclei could also be observed and sorted. Of the 7 chromosomes, only the largest formed a distinct peak while the others were incompletely resolved, due to the similar DNA content of various chromosomes. Model distributions of Petunia hybrida chromosomes have been computed according to the relative chromosome length. The theoretical histograms indicated that low variability is indispensable for resolving distinctive chromosome peaks. The experimental flow karyotype was consistent with one of the models having CV of 2.5%.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Conia
- CNRS UA 1128, Université de Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
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13
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14
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The Evolved Chromosomes of Higher Plants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)60394-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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15
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Guri A, Zelcer A, Izhar S. Induction of high mitotic index in Petunia suspension cultures by sequential treatment with aphidicolin and colchicine. PLANT CELL REPORTS 1984; 3:219-221. [PMID: 24253570 DOI: 10.1007/bf00269296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/1984] [Revised: 09/11/1984] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Significantly higher than normal mitotic index (MI) values were induced in Petunia cell suspensions following treatments with colchicine, aphidicolin, drastic medium replacement, or a sequential application of aphidicolin and colchicine. This last treatment yielded the highest MI values: cells incubated with 30 μg/ml aphidicolin for 18 h, then cultured in drug-free medium for 8 h and finally exposed to 0.1% colchicine for 8 additional hours exhibited MI of 62.8% and 65.7% respectively, for the two cell lines in study.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Guri
- Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, 50 250, Bet Dagan, Israel
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Negrutiu I, Jacobs M, Cattoir-Reynaerts A. Progress in cellular engineering of plants: biochemical and genetic assessment of selectable markers from cultured cells. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1984; 3:289-302. [PMID: 24310514 DOI: 10.1007/bf00017783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Recent availability of stable and well characterized selectable markers and ability to combine alien genomes parasexually have contributed to the development of molecular biology in higher plants, including gene expression and genetic manipulation.Several types of biochemical mutants (resistant to inhibitory concentrations of aminoacid(s) or aminoacid analogs as well as deficient for enzyme activity) have recently been isolated and characterized biochemically and genetically. Among them, mutants with alterations in the nitrogen and aminoacid metabolism, or in the activity of alcohol dehydrogenases are being used in the development of more efficient techniques of gene transfer.The manipulation of whole genomes by sexual or somatic cell fusion offers new potential in this field, but refinement of transfer techniques is desirable. The new set of selectable markers obtained through advanced cellular technology, as well as our ability to regenerate plants from manipulated cell lines are expected to play a major role in cellular engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Negrutiu
- Plantengenetica, Instituut voor Moleculaire Biologie, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, B-1640, Sint-Genesius Rode, Belgium
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17
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In Vitro Approaches to Interspecific Hybridization and Chromosome Manipulation in Crop Plants. GENE MANIPULATION IN PLANT IMPROVEMENT 1984. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4613-2429-4_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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18
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DNA staining of fixed and non-fixed plant protoplasts for flow cytometry with hoechst 33342. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/0304-4211(83)90101-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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19
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Matthews BF. Isolation of mitotic chromosomes from partially synchronized carrot (D. carota) cell suspension cultures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/0304-4211(83)90053-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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20
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Sybenga J. Genetic manipulation in plant breeding: somatic versus generative. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 1983; 66:179-201. [PMID: 24263916 DOI: 10.1007/bf00251141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/1983] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A comparison is made between molecular/ in vitro/somatic and plant-level/generative approaches in the reconstruction of genotypes and reproductive systems. Although classical methods will remain the basis of plant breeding, a number of new somatic as well as generative genetic manipulation techniques are definitely applicable in several special situations. The first are technically more demanding, the latter are often conceptually more difficult, and both are laborious. Choice of approach is determined by the plant species, the stage of development of the techniques, the amount of background genetic information and the genetic diversity available, and the capacity of the institution involved. In the final stages of the program traditional selection and testing procedures remain indispensable. Whether any particular breeding program will profit from the incorporation of sophisticated genetic manipulation techniques must be carefully analysed. This discussion is intended to provide a basis for this analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sybenga
- Department of Genetics, Agricultural University, General Foulkesweg 53, NL-6703, BM Wageningen, The Netherlands
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21
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Hadlaczky G, Bisztray G, Praznovszky T, Dudits D. Mass isolation of plant chromosomes and nuclei. PLANTA 1983; 157:278-285. [PMID: 24264160 DOI: 10.1007/bf00405195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/1982] [Accepted: 11/23/1982] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A method is presented for mass isolation of metaphase chromosomes and nuclei from plant protoplasts. The isolation procedure was developed for both monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous species using wheat (Triticum monococcum) and poppy (Papaver somniferum) cell cultures. Metaphase chromosomes were isolated from partially synchronized mitotic protoplasts, while for the isolation of nuclei unsynchronized protoplasts were used. Light and electron-microscopic studies revealed that isolated chromosomes and nuclei preserved their intact morphology. A preliminary biochemical study of chromosomal proteins was made by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. Because of the purity and high quantity of isolated chromosomes and nuclei, the given isolation procedure can supply useful material for structural and biochemical studies, and for genetic manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Hadlaczky
- Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 521, H-6701, Szeged, Hungary
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22
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MOORE G, COLLINS G. New Challenges Confronting Plant Breeders. DEVELOPMENTS IN PLANT GENETICS AND BREEDING 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-42226-2.50008-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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23
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Gupta PP, Gupta M, Schieder O. Correction of nitrate reductase defect in auxotrophic plant cells through protoplast-mediated intergeneric gene transfers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00330037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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24
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Griesbach R, Malmberg R, Carlson P. An improved technique for the isolation of higher plant chromosomes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/0304-4211(82)90008-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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25
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