1
|
Wu C, Xiong W, Dai J, Wu Q. Kinetic flux profiling dissects nitrogen utilization pathways in the oleaginous green alga Chlorella protothecoides. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2016; 52:116-124. [PMID: 26987093 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
As a promising candidate for biodiesel production, the green alga Chlorella protothecoides can efficiently produce oleaginous biomass and the lipid biosynthesis is greatly influenced by the availability of nitrogen source and corresponding nitrogen assimilation pathways. Based on isotope-assisted kinetic flux profiling (KFP), the fluxes through the nitrogen utilization pathway were quantitatively analyzed. We found that autotrophic C. protothecoides cells absorbed ammonium mainly through glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), and partially through glutamine synthetase (GS), which was the rate-limiting enzyme of nitrogen assimilation process with rare metabolic activity of glutamine oxoglutarate aminotransferase (GOGAT, also known as glutamate synthase); whereas under heterotrophic conditions, the cells adapted to GS-GOGAT cycle for nitrogen assimilation in which GS reaction rate was associated with GOGAT activity. The fact that C. protothecoides chooses the adenosine triphosphate-free and less ammonium-affinity GDH pathway, or alternatively the energy-consuming GS-GOGAT cycle with high ammonium affinity for nitrogen assimilation, highlights the metabolic adaptability of C. protothecoides exposed to altered nitrogen conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado, 80401, USA
| | - Junbiao Dai
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Qingyu Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ugalde U, Castrillo J. Single cell proteins from fungi and yeasts. AGRICULTURE AND FOOD PRODUCTION 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s1874-5334(02)80008-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
3
|
Dijkerman R, Ledeboer J, Verhappen AB, den Camp HJ, der Drift CV, Vogels GD. The anaerobic fungus Piromyces sp. strain E2: nitrogen requirement and enzymes involved in primary nitrogen metabolism. Arch Microbiol 1996; 166:399-404. [PMID: 9082917 DOI: 10.1007/bf01682986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The anaerobic fungus Piromyces sp. strain E2 appeared restricted in nitrogen utilization. Growth was only supported by ammonium as source of nitrogen. Glutamine also resulted in growth, but this was due to release of ammonia rather than to uptake and utilization of the amino acid. The fungus was not able to grow on other amino acids, albumin, urea, allantoin, or nitrate. Assimilation of ammonium is very likely to be mediated by NADP-linked glutamate dehydrogenase (NADP-GDH) and glutamine synthetase (GS). One transaminating activity, glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), was demonstrated. Glutamate synthase (GOGAT), NAD-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase (NAD-GDH), and the transaminating activity glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (GPT) were not detected in cell-free extracts of Piromyces sp. strain E2. Specific enzyme activities of both NADP-GDH and GS increased four- to sixfold under nitrogen-limiting conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Dijkerman
- Department of Microbiology and Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Nijmegen, Toernooiveld 1, NL-6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Regulation of nitrogen-metabolizing enzymes in the commercial Mushroom Agaricus bisporus. Curr Microbiol 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00294697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
5
|
Castrillo JI, de Miguel I, Ugalde UO. Proton production and consumption pathways in yeast metabolism. A chemostat culture analysis. Yeast 1995; 11:1353-65. [PMID: 8585319 DOI: 10.1002/yea.320111404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
In this investigation, a method for the accurate quantitative determination of net proton production or consumption in biological cultures has been devised. Cells are cultured under constant pH conditions. The specific rate of proton production or consumption by the culture (qH+, mmol h-1 per g biomass) is proportional to the mmol of base or acid required to maintain constant pH per unit time, and this equivalence is independent of the buffering capacity of the culture medium. The above method has been applied to chemostat cultures of Candida utilis growing on glucose or glycerol as carbon source, and different nitrogen sources. The results indicate that the nitrogen assimilation pathway alone determines the value of qH+, and a fixed stoichiometric relationship between nitrogen uptake rate qN (meq h-1 per g biomass) and qH+ has been found for each nitrogen source employed. Thus, qH+/qN values of +1, 0 and -1 were found for ammonium ions, urea and nitrate respectively. Under oxidative metabolism, the contribution of carbon catabolism to the value of qH+ was undetectable. Sine qN may be related to growth and production of type 1 compounds in fermentation processes, the parameter qH+ was incorporated into a model of growth and energy metabolism in chemostat culture (Castrillo and Ugalde, Yeast 10, 185 - 197, 1994), resulting in adequate simulations of experimentally observed culture performance. Thus, it is suggested that qH+ may be employed as a simple and effective control parameter for biotechnological processes involving biomass-related products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J I Castrillo
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Basque Country, San Sebastián, Spain
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hipkin CR, Flynn KJ, Marjot E, Hamoudi ZS, Cannons AC. Ammonium assimilation by the nitrate-utilizing yeast, Candida nitratophila. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 1990; 114:429-434. [PMID: 33873966 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.1990.tb00410.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ammonium-nitrogen was assimilated rapidly by nitrogen-replete cultures of the nitrate-utilizing yeast, Candida nitratophila as long as a suitable source of carbon was available. These cultures contained high activities of an NADPH-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase with a relatively high affinity for ammonium (Km = 0.27 mM) and high glutamine synthetase activity. Both enzyme activities were apparently derepressed when glutamine-grown cultures were starved of nitrogen or transferred to nitrate medium. Nitrogen-deficient cultures also contained NADH-dependent glutamate synthase activity that was inhibited by azaserine in vitro. Ammonium assimilation in vivo, was inhibited by methionine sulphoximine whilst addition of azaserine resulted in an accumulation of intracellular glutamine and an inhibition of glutamate production. Our results suggest that, in C. nitratophila, there is a potential for ammonium assimilation via both the glutamate dehydrogenase pathway and the glutamine synthetase/glutamate synthase pathway with the latter pathway predominating in nitrogen-deficient cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C R Hipkin
- Biochemistry Research Group, School of Biological Sciences, University College of Swansea, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - K J Flynn
- Biochemistry Research Group, School of Biological Sciences, University College of Swansea, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - E Marjot
- Biochemistry Research Group, School of Biological Sciences, University College of Swansea, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Z S Hamoudi
- Biochemistry Research Group, School of Biological Sciences, University College of Swansea, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - A C Cannons
- Biochemistry Research Group, School of Biological Sciences, University College of Swansea, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lima Filho JL, Ledingham WM. Studies on Saccharomyces cerevisiae carrying the plasmid pCYG4 related with ammonia assimilation. Batch experiments. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 1988; 19:27-32. [PMID: 3060013 DOI: 10.1007/bf02921463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Batch culture experiments of three different strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been carried out. The first strain was transformed by a plasmid pCYG4, which carries the glutamate dehydrogenase (NADP-GDH, E.C. 1.4.14) gene conferring an 11-fold increase in activity. The second was transformed by the same plasmid, but without NADP-GDH, and the third was the wild type. The specific growth rates of the two recombinant DNA strains were below that of the wild type, which can be related to extra plasmid protein production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J L Lima Filho
- Departamento de Bioquimica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Cidade Universitaria, Recife-PE, Brasil
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
|
9
|
|
10
|
Meister A. Glutamate synthase from Escherichia coli, Klebsiella aerogenes, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Methods Enzymol 1985; 113:327-37. [PMID: 3911003 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(85)13045-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
11
|
|
12
|
|
13
|
Masters DS, Meister A. Inhibition of homocysteine sulfonamide of glutamate synthase purified from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)34186-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
|
14
|
NISBET BRIANA, SLAUGHTER JCOLIN. GLUTAMATE DEHYDROGENASE AND GLUTAMATE SYNTHASE FROM THE YEASTKLUYVEROMYCES FRAGILIS: VARIABILITY IN OCCURRENCE AND PROPERTIES. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1980. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.1980.tb01613.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
|
15
|
Zauner E, Schlanderer G, Held W, Dellweg H. Growth of the yeast Hansenula anomala with nitrate as sole source of nitrogen under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Biotechnol Lett 1979. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01388185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
16
|
Satrústegui J, Machado A. Specific inactivation of NADP-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1978. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1978.tb02858.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
|
17
|
van Andel JG, Brown CM. Ammonia assimilation in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe 972. Arch Microbiol 1977; 111:265-70. [PMID: 13760 DOI: 10.1007/bf00549365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glutamine synthetase (GS) activity of Schizosaccharomyces pombe 972 was high in ammonia-limited cultures, low in phosphate- and sulphate-limited cultures and not detected in glucose-limited cultures. When ammonia was 'pulsed' into an ammonia-limited culture then GS activity decreased at a rate faster than that calculated if enzyme synthesis ceased and enzyme was diluted out by growth. Enzyme activity increased in ammonia-starved, phosphate-limited cultures and in the ammonia 'pulse' system when the added ammonia had been utilised. These increases in enzyme activity were prevented by the presence of 100 mug/ml cycloheximide. GS activity was inversely related to the intracellular concentration of glutamate.
Collapse
|
18
|
|
19
|
|