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Riquelme-Guzmán C, Sandoval-Guzmán T. The salamander limb: a perfect model to understand imperfect integration during skeletal regeneration. Biol Open 2024; 13:bio060152. [PMID: 38319134 PMCID: PMC10868587 DOI: 10.1242/bio.060152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Limb regeneration in salamanders is achieved by a complex coordination of various biological processes and requires the proper integration of new tissue with old. Among the tissues found inside the limb, the skeleton is the most prominent component, which serves as a scaffold and provides support for locomotion in the animal. Throughout the years, researchers have studied the regeneration of the appendicular skeleton in salamanders both after limb amputation and as a result of fracture healing. The final outcome has been widely seen as a faithful re-establishment of the skeletal elements, characterised by a seamless integration into the mature tissue. The process of skeletal integration, however, is not well understood, and several works have recently provided evidence of commonly occurring flawed regenerates. In this Review, we take the reader on a journey through the course of bone formation and regeneration in salamanders, laying down a foundation for critically examining the mechanisms behind skeletal integration. Integration is a phenomenon that could be influenced at various steps of regeneration, and hence, we assess the current knowledge in the field and discuss how early events, such as tissue histolysis and patterning, influence the faithful regeneration of the appendicular skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilo Riquelme-Guzmán
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Center for Healthy Aging, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Tatiana Sandoval-Guzmán
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Center for Healthy Aging, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of Helmholtz Centre Munich, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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2
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Johnson GL, Glasser MB, Charles JF, Duryea J, Lehoczky JA. En1 and Lmx1b do not recapitulate embryonic dorsal-ventral limb patterning functions during mouse digit tip regeneration. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111701. [PMID: 36417876 PMCID: PMC9727699 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The mouse digit tip regenerates following amputation. How the regenerate is patterned is unknown, but a long-standing hypothesis proposes developmental patterning mechanisms are re-used during regeneration. The digit tip bone exhibits dorsal-ventral (DV) polarity, so we focus on En1 and Lmx1b, two factors necessary for DV patterning during limb development. We investigate whether they are re-expressed during regeneration in a developmental-like pattern and whether they direct DV morphology of the regenerate. We find that both En1 and Lmx1b are expressed in the regenerating digit tip epithelium and mesenchyme, respectively, but without DV polarity. Conditional genetics and quantitative analysis of digit tip bone morphology determine that genetic deletion of En1 or Lmx1b in adult digit tip regeneration modestly reduces bone regeneration but does not affect DV patterning. Collectively, our data suggest that, while En1 and Lmx1b are re-expressed during mouse digit tip regeneration, they do not define the DV axis during regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma L. Johnson
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA,Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Morgan B. Glasser
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Julia F. Charles
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jeffrey Duryea
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jessica A. Lehoczky
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA,Lead contact,Correspondence:
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3
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Johnson GL, Lehoczky JA. Mammalian Digit Tip Regeneration: Moving from Phenomenon to Molecular Mechanism. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2022; 14:a040857. [PMID: 34312249 PMCID: PMC8725625 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a040857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we present the current state of knowledge surrounding mammalian digit tip regeneration. We discuss the origin and formation of the blastema, a structure integral to digit tip regeneration, as well as recent insights driven by single-cell RNA sequencing into the molecular markers and cellular composition of the blastema. The digit tip is a composite of many different tissue types and we address what is known about the role of these separate tissues in regeneration of the whole digit tip. Specifically, we discuss the most extensively studied tissues in the digit tip: bone, nail epithelium, and peripheral nerves. We also address how known molecular pathways in limb development can inform research into digit tip regeneration. Overall, the mouse digit tip is an excellent model of complex mammalian regeneration that can provide insight into inducing regeneration in human tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma L Johnson
- Department of Orthopedics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Jessica A Lehoczky
- Department of Orthopedics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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4
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Abstract
Species that can regrow their lost appendages have been studied with the ultimate aim of developing methods to enable human limb regeneration. These examinations highlight that appendage regeneration progresses through shared tissue stages and gene activities, leading to the assumption that appendage regeneration paradigms (e.g. tails and limbs) are the same or similar. However, recent research suggests these paradigms operate differently at the cellular level, despite sharing tissue descriptions and gene expressions. Here, collecting the findings from disparate studies, I argue appendage regeneration is context dependent at the cellular level; nonetheless, it requires (i) signalling centres, (ii) stem/progenitor cell types and (iii) a regeneration-permissive environment, and these three common cellular principles could be more suitable for cross-species/paradigm/age comparisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Aztekin
- School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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5
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Wang MH, Hsu CL, Wu CH, Chiou LL, Tsai YT, Lee HS, Lin SP. Timing Does Matter: Nerve-Mediated HDAC1 Paces the Temporal Expression of Morphogenic Genes During Axolotl Limb Regeneration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:641987. [PMID: 34041236 PMCID: PMC8143519 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.641987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Sophisticated axolotl limb regeneration is a highly orchestrated process that requires highly regulated gene expression and epigenetic modification patterns at precise positions and timings. We previously demonstrated two waves of post-amputation expression of a nerve-mediated repressive epigenetic modulator, histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1), at the wound healing (3 days post-amputation; 3 dpa) and blastema formation (8 dpa onward) stages in juvenile axolotls. Limb regeneration was profoundly inhibited by local injection of an HDAC inhibitor, MS-275, at the amputation sites. To explore the transcriptional response of post-amputation axolotl limb regeneration in a tissue-specific and time course-dependent manner after MS-275 treatment, we performed transcriptome sequencing of the epidermis and soft tissue (ST) at 0, 3, and 8 dpa with and without MS-275 treatment. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis of each coregulated gene cluster revealed a complex array of functional pathways in both the epidermis and ST. In particular, HDAC activities were required to inhibit the premature elevation of genes related to tissue development, differentiation, and morphogenesis. Further validation by Q-PCR in independent animals demonstrated that the expression of 5 out of 6 development- and regeneration-relevant genes that should only be elevated at the blastema stage was indeed prematurely upregulated at the wound healing stage when HDAC1 activity was inhibited. WNT pathway-associated genes were also prematurely activated under HDAC1 inhibition. Applying a WNT inhibitor to MS-275-treated amputated limbs partially rescued HDAC1 inhibition, resulting in blastema formation defects. We propose that post-amputation HDAC1 expression is at least partially responsible for pacing the expression timing of morphogenic genes to facilitate proper limb regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu-Hui Wang
- College of Bioresources and Agriculture, Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Lang Hsu
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Oncology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medical Genomics and Proteomics, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Han Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ling-Ling Chiou
- Liver Disease Prevention and Treatment Research Foundation, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Tzang Tsai
- College of Bioresources and Agriculture, Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsuan-Shu Lee
- College of Bioresources and Agriculture, Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shau-Ping Lin
- College of Bioresources and Agriculture, Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Center of Systems Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,The Research Center of Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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6
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Leigh ND, Sessa S, Dragalzew AC, Payzin-Dogru D, Sousa JF, Aggouras AN, Johnson K, Dunlap GS, Haas BJ, Levin M, Schneider I, Whited JL. von Willebrand factor D and EGF domains is an evolutionarily conserved and required feature of blastemas capable of multitissue appendage regeneration. Evol Dev 2020; 22:297-311. [PMID: 32163674 PMCID: PMC7390686 DOI: 10.1111/ede.12332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Regenerative ability varies tremendously across species. A common feature of regeneration of appendages such as limbs, fins, antlers, and tails is the formation of a blastema—a transient structure that houses a pool of progenitor cells that can regenerate the missing tissue. We have identified the expression of von Willebrand factor D and EGF domains (vwde) as a common feature of blastemas capable of regenerating limbs and fins in a variety of highly regenerative species, including axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum), lungfish (Lepidosiren paradoxa), and Polpyterus (Polypterus senegalus). Further, vwde expression is tightly linked to the ability to regenerate appendages in Xenopus laevis. Functional experiments demonstrate a requirement for vwde in regeneration and indicate that Vwde is a potent growth factor in the blastema. These data identify a key role for vwde in regenerating blastemas and underscore the power of an evolutionarily informed approach for identifying conserved genetic components of regeneration. vwde expression is a common feature of blastemas capable of fin and limb regeneration. vwde expression is tightly tied to regeneration‐competency. vwde is required for axolotl limb regeneration, with transient knockdown resulting in severe endpoint phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas D Leigh
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Sofia Sessa
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Aline C Dragalzew
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Duygu Payzin-Dogru
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Josane F Sousa
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Anthony N Aggouras
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Kimberly Johnson
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Garrett S Dunlap
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Brian J Haas
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Michael Levin
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts.,Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts
| | - Igor Schneider
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Jessica L Whited
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts
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7
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Tsai SL, Baselga-Garriga C, Melton DA. Midkine is a dual regulator of wound epidermis development and inflammation during the initiation of limb regeneration. eLife 2020; 9:50765. [PMID: 31934849 PMCID: PMC6959999 DOI: 10.7554/elife.50765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Formation of a specialized wound epidermis is required to initiate salamander limb regeneration. Yet little is known about the roles of the early wound epidermis during the initiation of regeneration and the mechanisms governing its development into the apical epithelial cap (AEC), a signaling structure necessary for outgrowth and patterning of the regenerate. Here, we elucidate the functions of the early wound epidermis, and further reveal midkine (mk) as a dual regulator of both AEC development and inflammation during the initiation of axolotl limb regeneration. Through loss- and gain-of-function experiments, we demonstrate that mk acts as both a critical survival signal to control the expansion and function of the early wound epidermis and an anti-inflammatory cytokine to resolve early injury-induced inflammation. Altogether, these findings unveil one of the first identified regulators of AEC development and provide fundamental insights into early wound epidermis function, development, and the initiation of limb regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L Tsai
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Clara Baselga-Garriga
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Douglas A Melton
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
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8
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Wang MH, Wu CH, Huang TY, Sung HW, Chiou LL, Lin SP, Lee HS. Nerve-mediated expression of histone deacetylases regulates limb regeneration in axolotls. Dev Biol 2019; 449:122-131. [PMID: 30826398 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2019.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Axolotls have amazing abilities to regenerate their lost limbs. Nerve and wound epidermis have great impacts on this regeneration. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) have been shown to play roles in the regeneration of amphibian tails and limbs. In this study, a bi-phasic up-regulation of HDAC1 was noted before early differentiation stage of axolotl limb regeneration. Limb regeneration was delayed in larvae incubated with an HDAC inhibitor MS-275. Local injection of MS-275 or TSA, another HDAC inhibitor, into amputation sites of the juveniles did not interfere with wound healing but more profoundly inhibited local HDAC activities and blastema formation/limb regeneration. Elevation of HDAC1 expression was more apparent in wound epidermis than in mesenchyme. Prior denervation prohibited this elevation and limb regeneration. Supplementation of nerve factors BMP7, FGF2, and FGF8 in the stump ends after amputation on denervated limbs not only enabled HDAC1 up-regulation but also led to more extent of limb regeneration. In conclusion, nerve-mediated HDAC1 expression is required for blastema formation and limb regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu-Hui Wang
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Han Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Yu Huang
- Liver Disease Prevention and Treatment Research Foundation, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Wei Sung
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ling-Ling Chiou
- Liver Disease Prevention and Treatment Research Foundation, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shau-Ping Lin
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Center of Systems Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; The Research Center of Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Hsuan-Shu Lee
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
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9
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Leigh ND, Dunlap GS, Johnson K, Mariano R, Oshiro R, Wong AY, Bryant DM, Miller BM, Ratner A, Chen A, Ye WW, Haas BJ, Whited JL. Transcriptomic landscape of the blastema niche in regenerating adult axolotl limbs at single-cell resolution. Nat Commun 2018; 9:5153. [PMID: 30514844 PMCID: PMC6279788 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07604-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Regeneration of complex multi-tissue structures, such as limbs, requires the coordinated effort of multiple cell types. In axolotl limb regeneration, the wound epidermis and blastema have been extensively studied via histology, grafting, and bulk-tissue RNA-sequencing. However, defining the contributions of these tissues is hindered due to limited information regarding the molecular identity of the cell types in regenerating limbs. Here we report unbiased single-cell RNA-sequencing on over 25,000 cells from axolotl limbs and identify a plethora of cellular diversity within epidermal, mesenchymal, and hematopoietic lineages in homeostatic and regenerating limbs. We identify regeneration-induced genes, develop putative trajectories for blastema cell differentiation, and propose the molecular identity of fibroblast-like blastema progenitor cells. This work will enable application of molecular techniques to assess the contribution of these populations to limb regeneration. Overall, these data allow for establishment of a putative framework for adult axolotl limb regeneration. Limb regeneration requires a blastema with progenitor cells, immune cells, and an overlying wound epidermis, but molecular identities of these populations are unclear. Here, the authors use single-cell RNA-sequencing to identify transcriptionally distinct cell populations in adult axolotl limb blastemas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas D Leigh
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, The Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Garrett S Dunlap
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, The Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Kimberly Johnson
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, The Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Rachelle Mariano
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, The Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Rachel Oshiro
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, The Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Alan Y Wong
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, The Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Donald M Bryant
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, The Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Bess M Miller
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, The Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Alex Ratner
- ICCB-L Single Cell Core, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Andy Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, The Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - William W Ye
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, The Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Brian J Haas
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Jessica L Whited
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, The Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. .,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA. .,Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
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10
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Makanae A, Satoh A. Early Regulation of Axolotl Limb Regeneration. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2012; 295:1566-74. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.22529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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11
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Monaghan JR, Athippozhy A, Seifert AW, Putta S, Stromberg AJ, Maden M, Gardiner DM, Voss SR. Gene expression patterns specific to the regenerating limb of the Mexican axolotl. Biol Open 2012; 1:937-48. [PMID: 23213371 PMCID: PMC3507169 DOI: 10.1242/bio.20121594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Salamander limb regeneration is dependent upon tissue interactions that are local to the amputation site. Communication among limb epidermis, peripheral nerves, and mesenchyme coordinate cell migration, cell proliferation, and tissue patterning to generate a blastema, which will form missing limb structures. An outstanding question is how cross-talk between these tissues gives rise to the regeneration blastema. To identify genes associated with epidermis-nerve-mesenchymal interactions during limb regeneration, we examined histological and transcriptional changes during the first week following injury in the wound epidermis and subjacent cells between three injury types; 1) a flank wound on the side of the animal that will not regenerate a limb, 2) a denervated limb that will not regenerate a limb, and 3) an innervated limb that will regenerate a limb. Early, histological and transcriptional changes were similar between the injury types, presumably because a common wound-healing program is employed across anatomical locations. However, some transcripts were enriched in limbs compared to the flank and are associated with vertebrate limb development. Many of these genes were activated before blastema outgrowth and expressed in specific tissue types including the epidermis, peripheral nerve, and mesenchyme. We also identified a relatively small group of transcripts that were more highly expressed in innervated limbs versus denervated limbs. These transcripts encode for proteins involved in myelination of peripheral nerves, epidermal cell function, and proliferation of mesenchymal cells. Overall, our study identifies limb-specific and nerve-dependent genes that are upstream of regenerative growth, and thus promising candidates for the regulation of blastema formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Monaghan
- Department of Biology, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL 32611 , USA
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12
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Asahina K, Obara M, Yoshizato K. Expression of genes of type I and type II collagen in the formation and development of the blastema of regenerating newt limb. Dev Dyn 1999; 216:59-71. [PMID: 10474166 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0177(199909)216:1<59::aid-dvdy8>3.0.co;2-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We cloned cDNAs of alpha1(I) and alpha1(II) collagen, and studied their expression profiles in regenerating limbs of newts, Cynops pyrrhogaster. The expression of the alpha1(I) gene was markedly up-regulated at the early bud stage of the blastema. In situ hybridization experiments revealed that the alpha1(I) gene was expressed in not only mesenchymal cells of the blastema, but also the basal cells of the wound epidermis at the wound healing stage when the epidermal basement membrane was absent. This unique expression continued until 21 days (late bud stage), while the basement membrane began to form at 14 days. These results indicate biochemical differences between the wound and normal epidermis, and suggest the direct involvement of the former in the synthesis of blastemal matrices of type I collagen. Actually, immunohistochemistry revealed that type I collagen began to be deposited beneath the wound epidermis at 8 days, and accumulated there and around blastemal mesenchymal cells at 14 to 21 days. Undifferentiated mesenchymal cells associated with the amputated muscle fibers actively expressed the alpha1(I) gene. Mesenchymal cells in the central region of blastemas deposited type I collagen fibers around them. Concomitantly with the appearance of prechondrocytes, the alpha1(II) collagen gene became activated. The present study clearly shows that the expression of the genes of both type I and type II collagen in blastemal cells is temporally and regionally well-regulated in a cooperative manner. Dev Dyn 1999;216:59-71.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Asahina
- Yoshizato MorphoMatrix Project, ERATO, JRDC, and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Department of Biological Science, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
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13
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Géraudie J, Ferretti P. Gene expression during amphibian limb regeneration. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1998; 180:1-50. [PMID: 9496633 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)61769-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Limb regeneration in adult urodeles is an important phenomenon that poses fundamental questions both in biology and in medicine. In this review, we focus on recent advances in the characterization of the regeneration blastema at cellular and molecular levels and on the current understanding of the molecular basis of limb regeneration and its relationship to development. In particular, we discuss (i) the spatiotemporal distribution of genes and gene products in the mesenchyme and wound epidermis of the regenerating limb, (ii) how growth is controlled in the regeneration blastema, and (iii) molecules that are likely to be involved in patterning the regenerating limb such as homeobox genes and retinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Géraudie
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement, Université Paris, France
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14
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Mescher AL, Connell E, Hsu C, Patel C, Overton B. Transferrin is necessary and sufficient for the neural effect on growth in amphibian limb regeneration blastemas. Dev Growth Differ 1997; 39:677-84. [PMID: 9493827 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-169x.1997.t01-5-00003.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cell proliferation during the early phase of growth in regenerating amphibian limbs requires a permissive influence of nerves. Based on analyses of proliferative activity in denervated blastemas, it was proposed that nerves provide factors important for cells to complete the proliferative cycle rather than for mitogenesis itself. One such factor, the iron-transport protein transferrin (Tf), is abundant in regenerating peripheral nerves where it is axonally transported and released at growth cones. Using blastemas in organ culture, which have been widely used in previous investigations of the neural effect on growth, it was shown here that the growth-promoting activity of neural extract was completely removed by immuno-absorption with antiserum against Tf and restored by addition of Tf. Purified Tf or a low molecular weight ferric ionophore were as active as the neural extract in this assay, indicating that the trophic effect of Tf involves its capacity for iron delivery. Both Tf and ferric ionophore also maintained DNA synthesis in denervated blastemas in vivo. A dose-response assay indicated that purified axolotl Tf stimulates growth of cultured blastemal cells at concentrations as low as 100 ng/mL. The Tf mRNA in axolotl nervous tissue was shown by northern analysis to be similar in size to that of liver. These results are discussed together with those from previous in vitro studies of blastemal growth and support the hypothesis that cell division in the blastema depends on axonally released Tf during the early, nerve-dependent phase of limb regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Mescher
- Medical Sciences Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington 47405, USA
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15
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Taban CH, Hondermarck H, Bradshaw RA, Biolly B. Effect of a dipeptide inhibiting ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation nerve-dependent limb regeneration in the newt. EXPERIENTIA 1996; 52:865-70. [PMID: 8925882 DOI: 10.1007/bf01938871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The dipeptide Leu-Ala, which inhibits ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation, has been shown to act in vitro as an inhibitor of neurite outgrowth of PC12 cells (Hondermarck et al. [1992] Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 189:280). Using agarose beads as vehicles, we tested, in vivo, the effect of this dipeptide (and the inactive inverse, Ala-Leu, as a control) on limb regeneration in the newt (Triturus cristatus), a nerve-dependent developmental process. Leu-Ala inhibited the growth of mid-bud blastemas without altering blastema differentiation, while Ala-Leu had no effect. Cytological observations of dipeptide-treated blastemas using Bodian staining or neurofilament antibodies showed that all the blastema tissues were unmodified except with regard to innervation. Leu-Ala-treated blastemas were devoid of nerve fibers in the epidermal cap, while the mesenchyme distal to the dipeptide impregnated bead exhibited fewer nerve fibers than did Ala-Leu-treated blastemas, which were similar to the control nontreated blastemas. Thus, Leu-Ala, in reducing blastema innervation, inhibits its growth in the same manner as surgical denervation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Taban
- Centre de Biologie Cellulaire, Université de Lille, F-59655 Villeneuved'Ascq Cedex, France
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Boilly B, Cavanaugh KP, Thomas D, Hondermarck H, Bryant SV, Bradshaw RA. Acidic fibroblast growth factor is present in regenerating limb blastemas of axolotls and binds specifically to blastema tissues. Dev Biol 1991; 145:302-10. [PMID: 2040374 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(91)90128-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The growth of regenerating limbs of amphibians depends upon proliferation of the blastema cells that accumulate beneath the epidermal cap. The epidermal cap is known to be mitogenic for the blastema cells. We have extracted a mitogenic activity from both the mesenchymal and epidermal (epidermal cap) components of cone stage blastemas which is retained on heparin-Sepharose and elutes with 1.15 M NaCl. This fraction stimulates neurite outgrowth of PC12 cells and [3H]thymidine incorporation into CCL 39 cells and is potentiated by heparin. The 2 M fraction was inactive. The heparin-Sepharose-purified growth factor cross-reacts with bovine acidic FGF polyclonal antibodies and shows a Mr of 16,000 on Western blots. Blastema membranes contain specific high affinity binding sites (Kd = 25 pM; capacity = 30 fmole/mg protein) and low affinity binding sites (Kd = 18 nM; capacity = 30 pmole/mg protein) for aFGF as revealed by Scatchard analysis. 125I-aFGF which is bound specifically by both the epidermal cap and mesenchyme of blastema frozen sections is displaced by an excess of unlabeled factor and inhibited by heparin. Heparinase treatment and 2 M NaCl washing which decreased the binding was fourfold more efficient for epidermal cap than for mesenchyme suggesting the presence of high affinity receptors in the latter tissue. The presence of aFGF (or a closely related molecule) in blastemas is consistent with our earlier results that showed stimulation of proliferation of cultured blastema cells by acidic or basic FGF or heparin alone. These results suggest the possibility that aFGF is stored in the epidermal cap during limb regeneration and that it stimulates the proliferation of the underlaying mesenchyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Boilly
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Facteurs de Croissance, Université de Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
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